Bulletin of the History of Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Health and Efficiency: Fatigue, the Science of Work, and the Making of the Working-Class Body by Steffan Blayney (review)","authors":"Whitney Laemmli","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a922717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a922717","url":null,"abstract":"<p><span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li> <!-- html_title --> <em>Health and Efficiency: Fatigue, the Science of Work, and the Making of the Working-Class Body</em>by Steffan Blayney <!-- /html_title --> </li> <li> Whitney Laemmli </li> </ul> Steffan Blayney. <em>Health and Efficiency: Fatigue, the Science of Work, and the Making of the Working-Class Body</em>. Activist Studies of Science & Technology</article-title>. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2022. xii + 248 pp. Ill. $28.95 (978-1-62534-649-0). <p>Pop open a jar of Bovril in 1916 and you would have encountered a thick, glossy paste with a salty tang and the powerful odor of meat. The substance, first known as Johnston's Fluid Beef, had been developed for Napoleon III's troops in the Franco-Prussian War, but by the first decades of the twentieth century it had become a <strong>[End Page 652]</strong>popular consumer good in Britain. Some savored Bovril slathered on toast with a bit of butter; others diluted it with water to make a warm \"beef tea.\" As Steffan Blayney discusses in his <em>Health and Efficiency: Fatigue, the Science of Work, and the Making of the Working-Class Body</em>, however, Bovril's popularity was not the result of a spontaneous burst of enthusiasm for meat goo. Instead, its ubiquity was entwined with its maker's promise that Bovril could banish fatigue and boost energy among the country's industrial workers, transforming the \"imperfect biological material of the human body\" into a \"maximally efficient productive machine\" (p. 118).</p> <p>Indeed, Blayney uses Bovril—alongside a host of other foodstuffs, medical products, and factory floor interventions—as part of the book's larger effort to examine the development and consequences of the \"new sciences of work\" in Britain between 1870 and 1939. Beginning by exploring how developments in late nineteenth-century thermodynamics helped produce an idea of the human body as a machine amenable to optimization, Blayney then traces the effects of this conceptual shift on physiological and psychological research, workplace practice, popular culture, and workers' own bodies. The broad outlines of this story—including the hope that the right kind of scientific expertise could provide an \"objective,\" politically neutral solution to the problem of worker unrest—will likely be familiar, especially to readers of Anson Rabinbach's classic text <em>The Human Motor</em>. <sup>1</sup></p> <p>But while Rabinbach focused on developments in continental Europe and the United States, Blayney trains his attention on the United Kingdom, rooting his discussion in the specifics of national dynamics and institutions, including World War I's Health of Munition Workers Committee and the interwar period's Industrial Fatigue Research Board and National Institute of Industrial Psychology. Blayney also pays special attention to the ways in which industrial physiology and industrial psychology eventually supplanted the more obviously coercive te","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140199344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Underrepresented Minority Recruitment: Manpower as Motivator in Late Twentieth-Century Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy","authors":"Andrew J. Hogan","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a922709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a922709","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>This article offers a historical perspective on diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives in health professions. Historians have highlighted how workforce shortages have facilitated increased gender diversity in male-dominated scientific and clinical occupations. Less attention has been given to manpower as a motivator for enhancing racial/ethnic diversity. I explore the history of minority recruitment, retention, and inclusion initiatives in occupational therapy and physical therapy after 1970 and examine the evolving ways in which the longstanding underrepresentation of racial/ethnic minority health professions students and practitioners was recognized, mobilized, and instrumentalized in each field. I argue that broad-based manpower concerns, though often compelling initial motivators for action, were insufficient for sustaining successful and long-term minority initiatives, due to constant shifts in job market demand. Instead, this article shows that annual and institutionalized minority-specific awards and fundraisers were the most effective strategies for maintaining minority recruitment initiatives over multiple decades.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140199350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Four Corners and a Void\": Idiocy and Childhood Disability in Nineteenth-Century America.","authors":"Kathryn Irving","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a929784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a929784","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the second half of the nineteenth century, thousands of Americans were admitted to schools for so-called idiotic children, later known as institutions for the feebleminded and linked to the Eugenics movement. While idiocy is often presumed to be the antecedent of intellectual disability, an analysis of the stories of three hundred children admitted to one such institution over a forty-year period demonstrates an unexpected diversity of appearances, abilities, and behaviors. Within the walls of the institution, idiocy was composed of children whose perceived abilities deviated from the expectations of their social position. Families further shaped the diagnosis of idiocy by negotiating the timing of admission for their children, influenced not only by personal factors, but by shifting educational and employment opportunities, and cultural tolerance of diversity. Consequently, idiocy became the broadest descriptor of disability during the nineteenth century.</p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"98 1","pages":"61-92"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141332569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editors' Note.","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a929781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a929781","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"98 1","pages":"vii"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141332571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobile Monkeys and Modified Microbes: Medical Experimentation between Metropolitan and Colonial Laboratories, 1880-ca. 1925.","authors":"Thaddeus Sunseri","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a929783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a929783","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Following the medical breakthroughs of Pasteur and Koch after 1880, the use of simians became pivotal to laboratory research to develop vaccines and cultivate microbes through the technique of serial passage. These innovations fueled research on multiple diseases and unleashed a demand for simians, which died easily in captivity. European and American colonial expansion facilitated a burgeoning market for laboratory animals that intensified hunting for live animals. This demand created novel opportunities for disease transfers and viral recombinations as simians of different species were confined in precarious settings. As laboratories moved into the colonies for research into a variety of diseases, notably syphilis, sleeping sickness, and malaria, the simian market was intensified. While researchers expected that colonial laboratories offered more natural environments than their metropolitan affiliates, amassing apes, people, microbes, and insects at close quarters instead created unnatural conditions that may have facilitated the spread of undetectable diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"98 1","pages":"26-60"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141332588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dreams: Charcot's Last Words on Hysteria.","authors":"Toby Gelfand","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a929782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a929782","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), the leading neurologist of his time, is best remembered for his studies on hysteria presented in clinical lectures at the Paris Salpêtrière hospital. Developing the concept of traumatic male hysteria after accidents in which patients suffered slight physical damage led him to advance a psychological explanation for hysteria. Traumatic hysteria is the context for a close reading of Charcot's \"last words\" based upon a final unpublished lesson in 1893. This case history concerns a seventeen-year-old Parisian artisan whose various signs of hysteria developed following a dream in which he imagined himself the victim of a violent assault. Charcot identifies the dream/nightmare as the \"original\" feature determining traumatic hysteria. The dream sets in motion an overwhelming consciousness followed by a susceptibility to \"autosuggestion\" producing somatic signs of hysteria. Charcot's final lesson on dreams thus culminates his study of the psychological basis of traumatic hysteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"98 1","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141332570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Creation and Circulation of Evidence and Knowledge in American Medicine through the Lens of the \"Husband's Stitch\".","authors":"Sarah B Rodriguez","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a929785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a929785","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Physicians in the twentieth century routinely used episiotomy-a cut made during childbirth-to better facilitate labor, using the evidence of their experiences that it was useful. But physicians were not alone in producing evidence regarding episiotomy and its repair. Here I consider how three groups-male physicians, husbands, and laboring women-were involved in creating evidence and circulating knowledge about episiotomies, specifically, the intention of its repair, the so-called \"husband's stitch,\" to sexually benefit men. By doing so I seek to consider the meanings of evidence within medicine, evidence as a basis for challenging the hegemony of medicine by lay women, and how medical knowledge is produced and shared among physicians and non-physicians.</p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"98 1","pages":"93-121"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141332589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"A Person Like Me\": Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Gender, and Racial Immunity in the Twentieth-Century United States.","authors":"Mike Winstead","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a929786","DOIUrl":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a929786","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder that affects mostly women and disproportionately Black women. Until the 1940s, SLE was rarely diagnosed in Black Americans, reflecting racist medical beliefs about Black immunity. In the 1940s and 1950s, SLE and its treatment were part of a patriarchal narrative of American industrialization. By the 1960s, newer diagnostic techniques increased recognition of SLE, especially among Black women; medical thinking about SLE shifted from external causes like infection or allergy to autoimmunity, which emphasized biological, genetically determined racial difference. In the 1970s and 1980s, an advocacy structure crystalized around memoirs by women with SLE, which emphasized the experiences of able-bodied, economically privileged white women, while Black feminist health discourse and SLE narratives by Black authors grappled with SLE's more complicated intersections. Throughout the twentieth century, SLE embodied immunity as a gendered, racialized, and culturally invested process.</p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"98 1","pages":"122-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141332568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sounding Bodies: Music and the Making of Biomedical Science by Peter Pesic (review)","authors":"Myles W. Jackson","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915272","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;Sounding Bodies: Music and the Making of Biomedical Science&lt;/em&gt; by Peter Pesic &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Myles W. Jackson &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Peter Pesic. &lt;em&gt;Sounding Bodies: Music and the Making of Biomedical Science&lt;/em&gt;. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2022. 408 pp. Ill. $55.00 ( 978-0-262-04635-0). &lt;p&gt;There have been a number of works over the years in the history of science that detail the importance of music to the development of physical theory and experimentation. The same has not been true of the role of music in the biological and medical sciences. Peter Pesic's work goes a long way in filling that substantial void. By tracing the development of biology and medicine over two and a half millennia, Pesic convincingly demonstrates that while the influences of music and sound were certainly substantial, they were rather different from those that shaped the physical sciences.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pesic's tome is divided into four parts based on themes, which are organized chronologically. Part I takes us to the ancient origins of the quadrivium. Pythagorean thought, for example, shaped the rational medicine of the Hippocrates and his followers, who insisted that numbers regulated critical moments in the development of diseases in the body. Plato considered medicine as a paradigm for the practice of philosophy as it could heal the souls suffering from ignorance and delusion. Herophilus linked musical ratios with the health and illness of the pulse. And subsequent scholars, such as Galen, elucidated upon the connection between musical ratios and pulses. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, music was seen as a treatment of melancholia. In addition to this important medical practice, the theoretical link between astronomy and music was forged by Robert Grosseteste, Marsilio Ficino, and of course Johannes Kepler, who famously argued that musical harmony was the essence of \"the soul,\" which animated humans, animals, the earth, and even the cosmos.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Part II details what Pesic refers to as \"the sonic turn.\" This section details how the human body was no longer seen as being composed of the four humors but rather was viewed as comprising fibers and organs that could respond to sonic vibrations. In short, sound became for scholars a powerful resource in reconceptualizing how living organisms respond to stimuli. By the eighteenth century, sound became an important diagnostic tool for a number of physicians. For example, Austrian physician Leopold Auenbrugger invented the technique of percussion, and the nineteenth-century French physician René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laënnec, who was a skilled flautist and carved his own wooden flutes, invented the stethoscope and the technique of clinical auscultation.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Part III addresses the ways in which sounds were employed in understanding and treating mental illness. On the one hand, Gaetano Brunetti wonderfully captured the musical fascination with mania, a","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138744024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"All Health Politics Is Local: Community Battles for Medical Care and Environmental Health by Merlin Chowkwanyun (review)","authors":"Beatrix Hoffman","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915278","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;All Health Politics Is Local: Community Battles for Medical Care and Environmental Health&lt;/em&gt; by Merlin Chowkwanyun &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Beatrix Hoffman &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Merlin Chowkwanyun. &lt;em&gt;All Health Politics Is Local: Community Battles for Medical Care and Environmental Health&lt;/em&gt;. Studies in Social Medicine. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2022. xii + 338 pp. Ill. $29.95 ( 978-1-4696-6767-6). &lt;p&gt;In 2019, General Iron, a polluting scrap metal company, began to relocate from Chicago's affluent Lincoln Park neighborhood to a poor Latinx community on the city's southeast side. Both the previous mayor, Rahm Emanuel, and the new one, Lori Lightfoot, encouraged the move. But after three years of protests by southeast side residents, including a monthlong hunger strike and a federal civil rights lawsuit, the city withdrew General Iron's permit.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;With both the Green New Deal and Medicare for All facing daunting political obstacles, this is an excellent time to pay closer attention to environmental and health care activism at the neighborhood level. Merlin Chowkwanyun's &lt;em&gt;All Health Politics Is Local: Community Battles for Medical Care and Environmental Health&lt;/em&gt; provides the invigorating analysis we need to begin to assess the efficacy and possibilities of community action to defend the public's health. Taking as a starting &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 523]&lt;/strong&gt; point Tip O'Neill's adage that \"all politics is local,\" Chowkwanyun argues that historians of U.S. health politics have synthesized national developments at the expense of variation at the grassroots. To address this deficiency, &lt;em&gt;All Health Politics Is Local&lt;/em&gt; presents examples from New York, Los Angeles, Cleveland, and Central Appalachia \"to identify cross-cutting and common themes across places while preserving local uniqueness\" (p. 5). Utilizing this ingenious comparative structure, Chowkwanyun incisively evaluates six ground-level political battles around industrial pollution and medical care.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;While the case studies, which take place from the 1950s through the 1970s, are organized geographically, readers will also find it useful to read the themed chapters alongside each other. Four of the chapters are about community fights around hospital and clinic care, and two are about environmental health movements. In New York, neighborhood groups, health workers' unions, and medical organizations protested the city's strategy to shut down some of its public hospitals and affiliate the rest with academic medical centers. They won their demand for a new Gouverneur Hospital on the Lower East Side but lost the larger battle against affiliation, primarily due to the overwhelming fiscal pressures on cities in the 1970s. In Los Angeles, activists in the wake of the Watts uprising led a movement for a new public hospital. Here Chowkwanyun's comparative approach provides crucial insights, since the loc","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"29 8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138744033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}