Bulletin of the History of Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Landscapes of Care: Immigration and Health in Rural America by Thurka Sangaramoorthy (review)","authors":"Theodore L. Michaels, Seth M. Holmes","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937512","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Landscapes of Care: Immigration and Health in Rural America</em> by Thurka Sangaramoorthy <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Theodore L. Michaels and Seth M. Holmes </li> </ul> Thurka Sangaramoorthy. <em>Landscapes of Care: Immigration and Health in Rural America</em>. Studies in Social Medicine. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2023. xxii + 174 pp. $22.95 (978-1-4696-7417-9). <p>In <em>Landscapes of Care</em>, Thurka Sangaramoorthy invites readers to Maryland’s Eastern Shore, a profoundly rural area that has seen a significant rise in immigration over the past decades for its low-wage employment opportunities in seafood, livestock, and agriculture. Through compelling vignettes, the book guides readers through the Eastern Shore’s “landscape,” as its history and current state shape its residents’ health: from macro features of racial capitalism and health care corporatization to local geographies of care, to ethnic hierarchies at workplaces (p. xiv). As a dual-trained medical anthropologist and public health practitioner, Sangaramoorthy aptly integrates concerns for pressing material disparities with diverse theorizations of precarity, infrastructure, and temporality.</p> <p>This book foregrounds the “inextricability of immigration and rural health” through three primary claims (p. 16). First, Sangaramoorthy contests “myth-making” about the rural as “pristine” and white to frame it instead as an area of remarkable poverty and flux of migrant workers (p. 15). Second, she situates racial capitalism as the fundamental organizing principle of immigrant health; immigration status, which has frequently occupied this position for popular media and many academics, is then shown to be a sequela of corporate interests.<sup>1</sup> Third, neo-liberal policies and extractive capitalism have withered rural health infrastructure to leave only an “archipelago” of “Band-Aid” care for those most in need (p. 113).</p> <p>Sangaramoorthy revises common portrayals of the rural United States as “overwhelmingly white and racially homogenous, geographically isolated, and stuck in time” (p. 25). Throughout rural areas, the historical decline of manufacturing and concomitant white flight engendered an influx of low-paying employers that attracted migrant workers. The Eastern Shore exemplifies the variegated nature of these patterns. The activity of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), the primary governmental body incarcerating and deporting people without documentation, varies across geographic locales, thus corralling migrants to areas that experience less surveillance (p. 85). This tendency effectively reproduces segregation with a capitalist complexion: geographic overlap between low-wage industry and little surveillance indicates a functional collusion between the state and corporations. Compounding the complexity of these geographies, many migrants seasonally shuttle between Marylan","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Citizen as a Public Health Actor: Complaints as Public Engagement with Aedes Mosquito Control in Singapore, 1965–1985","authors":"Timothy Sim","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937506","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>In 1986, the World Health Organization heralded Singapore as a model for the control of dengue fever, a viral disease spread by the <i>Aedes aegypti</i> mosquito. Between 1965 and 1985, public health officials successfully employed educational campaigns and mandatory home inspections to convince citizens to guard against mosquito breeding at home. Although this story appears to recapitulate standard narratives of top-down progress in Singapore, this paper argues that the significant role of the public in public health has been overlooked. Citizens complained frequently, sometimes publicly, to public health authorities and often compelled direct responses from them. Through these complaints, citizens modified official anti-mosquito measures and expanded the reach of public health. Public health in Singapore thus appears not simply as the imposition of an autonomous state’s vision onto a docile or even resistant citizenry but as a coevolution of the state and the public.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"194 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Segregated in Life and Death: Arnold R. Rich and the Racial Science of Tuberculosis","authors":"Margo A. Peyton","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>Arnold Rich (1893–1968) was an acclaimed pathologist and the first Jewish department chair at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. In his landmark text, <i>The Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis</i>, Rich continued to advance the concept of racial susceptibility to tuberculosis a decade after mainstream medicine recognized that environmental factors fueled the disease. While Rich fits into the historical narrative that embedded categories of race facilitated scientific racism, two characteristics unique to Rich help to explain why he persisted. First were the scientific origins of his theories. While racial theorists sought to prove racial difference through science, Rich used racial difference to prove his outlying theories of tuberculosis immunology. Second was his identity as a prewar Jewish person when America’s focus on a racial binary pressured Jewish Americans to assimilate into white culture. Rich’s life and research exemplify how examining scientific racism through an individual complicates and expands our understanding of how race is constructed in the United States.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wondrous Transformations: A Maverick Physician, the Science of Hormones, and the Birth of the Transgender Revolution by Alison Li (review)","authors":"Ketil Slagstad","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937510","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;Wondrous Transformations: A Maverick Physician, the Science of Hormones, and the Birth of the Transgender Revolution&lt;/em&gt; by Alison Li &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Ketil Slagstad &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Alison Li. &lt;em&gt;Wondrous Transformations: A Maverick Physician, the Science of Hormones, and the Birth of the Transgender Revolution&lt;/em&gt;. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2023. xvi + 250 pp. Ill. $30.00 (978-1-4696-7485-8). &lt;p&gt;In the introduction to her beautifully written biography of Harry Benjamin, Alison Li discusses the relevance of biographical approaches to history and the risk of contributing another hagiography of a grand white physician. The question is important, not least in fields such as trans medicine, where historians have noted the crucial role of trans people, children and adults, in shaping clinical and research practice.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Yet, Li argues, the biography has not outlived its role because it offers a format for tracing the complexities and contradictions of a single life: Lives are messy and do not unfold in a systematic way, Li reminds us, and it was only in the last phase of his clinical life, when Benjamin, often considered the “father” of trans medicine, turned to this practice.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Wondrous Transformations&lt;/em&gt; follows a chronological structure, tracing Benjamin’s life in twelve chapters, from his childhood in Berlin in the 1880s and 1890s to his medical studies in Tübingen and move across the Atlantic, where he practiced medicine in San Francisco and New York until he died in 1986. Benjamin originally came to the United States at the age of twenty-eight to become an assistant to Friedrich Franz Friedmann, who claimed to have developed a cure for tuberculosis based on a serum extracted from turtles in the Berlin Zoo. This quickly proved to be quackery. However, a trip back to Europe in 1921 was to shape the rest of Benjamin’s life. In Vienna he met the physiologist Eugen Steinach, who had developed a surgical technique for rejuvenation that involved cutting off the vas deferens. In Berlin, he met Magnus Hirschfeld, whose Institut für Sexualwissenschaft, opened two years earlier, became a laboratory for the combination of science and activism, and whose intricate theory of sexual variation as spectrally &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 330]&lt;/strong&gt; distributed was directed against the pathologizing understandings of psychiatry. Benjamin became part of this network of physician-scientists who sought the explanation of human mysteries—disease, behavior, identity—in biology, particularly in glandular secretions. This was not just a theoretical insight; it was a program for clinical action: From organotherapy and extracts from the urine of horses or students, and later in the 1930s also from synthetic hormones, health could be optimized, diseases cured, and bodies modified. Back in the United States, Benjamin became a promoter of rejuvenation therapy.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;T","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Artificial Appetite: The Nineteenth-Century Struggle to Define Habitual Drunkenness","authors":"David Korostyshevsky","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937503","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>After discovering in 1811 that alcohol existed as a discrete chemical substance in all intoxicating drinks, physicians reconsidered the individual’s responsibility for becoming a compulsive drinker. Looking to science and medicine for legitimacy, temperance reformers ascribed a deleterious agency to alcohol and personified it as an agent of physiological destruction. Alcohol destroyed the body and transformed natural alimentary desires into a compulsive artificial appetite for alcohol. Reformers, prohibitionists, and physicians were troubled that alcohol possessed the ability to destroy the physical capacity for the power of choice. Ascribing agency to alcohol destabilized long-standing understandings of intemperance as a vice and imbued habitual drunkenness with medical meanings. However, most professionals remained anxious about absolving the habitual drunkard of all responsibility, especially for taking the first drink. An inchoate attempt to capture the medical and moral dilemmas of compulsion, habitual drunkenness represents a conceptual missing link in the genealogy of addiction.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data Paradoxes: The Politics of Intensified Data Sourcing in Contemporary Healthcare by Klaus Hoeyer (review)","authors":"Kim Gallon","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937511","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;Data Paradoxes: The Politics of Intensified Data Sourcing in Contemporary Healthcare&lt;/em&gt; by Klaus Hoeyer &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Kim Gallon &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Klaus Hoeyer. &lt;em&gt;Data Paradoxes: The Politics of Intensified Data Sourcing in Contemporary Healthcare&lt;/em&gt;. Infrastructures Series. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2023. 314 pp Ill. $50.00 (978-0-262-54541-9). &lt;p&gt;It is virtually impossible to discuss health care in the twenty-first century without referencing data-driven decision-making. This is the basis for the major arguments of Klaus Hoeyer’s book, &lt;em&gt;Data Paradoxes: The Politics of Intensified Data Sourcing in Contemporary Healthcare&lt;/em&gt;. Hoeyer uses Denmark as a case study for exploring what he calls “intensified data sourcing,” the stated drive for more data in health care and the lack of consensus on how the data will be utilized. This is the central paradox &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 332]&lt;/strong&gt; of data in Denmark’s health care system. Hoeyer makes the case for a hyperlocal analysis of Denmark, beyond the obvious explanation that he is a researcher at the University of Copenhagen, because it has established a sophisticated digital health system that runs on an integrated data infrastructure. However, Hoeyer’s focus on Denmark precludes it from being solely a local study. Indeed, he argues that Denmark’s stated drive to be at the forefront of digital health care reflects the larger value other nations ascribe to data. In what he describes as an “ethno-graphic engagement” and anthropological discourse on data, Hoeyer explores the interconnections among policy, practice, and experience in Denmark’s health care system (p. 27).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The book is organized thematically to introduce readers to a series of paradoxes about data that people produce through their belief that it promises new knowledge and the potential to do good. Drawing on interviews with researchers, reports, and strategy papers, Hoeyer argues that promises lie at the heart of the politics of data. These promises produce “data living,” a state of being where people’s well-being and health are inextricably linked to data that stands in as a representative of that person.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Some of the most enlightening discussions in the book occur when Hoeyer explores “data work” and illuminates the multifaceted nature of data work in Denmark’s health system and the relatively large number of people who are involved in creating data infrastructure. The paradox in data, Hoeyer persuasively argues, is that data makes less work and more work at the same time.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In a surprising but ultimately useful turn, Hoeyer uses an autoethnographic method to disclose his own data experiences, to disclose broader meaning about how people interact with data infrastructures in their everyday lives. However, these data infrastructures are often invisible to most people. In other words, they do not manifest themselves in people’s lives. Instead","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Defoliation of America: Agent Orange Chemicals, Citizens, and Protests by Amy Hay (review)","authors":"Elena Conis","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a929789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a929789","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;The Defoliation of America: Agent Orange Chemicals, Citizens, and Protests&lt;/em&gt; by Amy Hay &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Elena Conis &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Amy Hay. &lt;em&gt;The Defoliation of America: Agent Orange Chemicals, Citizens, and Protests&lt;/em&gt;. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2021. 328 pp. Ill. $49.95 (978-0-8173-2108-6). &lt;p&gt;Amy Hay's &lt;em&gt;Defoliation of America&lt;/em&gt; is an argument for greater attention to the history of anti-toxic protest in twentieth-century U.S. history. In nine novel chapters, Hay reveals what comes into view when the ways in which citizens and scientists protest against the (known and unknown) toxic hazards of synthetic chemicals are traced and contextualized over time. Hay's specific focus is the Agent Orange herbicides, which include the two compounds notoriously combined to make the potent Vietnam War–era weed killer Agent Orange, 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, as well as the \"rainbow\" herbicides made with one or the other of these.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The Agent Orange herbicides, also known as phenoxy herbicides, work, paradoxically, by accelerating plant growth—\"to the point of death\" (p. 16). When the chemicals were first developed, in the 1940s, they were quickly put to nonmilitary use: on agricultural fields, weed-choked urban lots, fire-prone forests, and prized suburban lawns. Protest of a sort immediately ensued; early scientific &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 167]&lt;/strong&gt; writings readily sounded notes of caution. But it wasn't until the chemicals were deployed by the U.S. military in Vietnam to decimate enemy routes and destroy crops that their application became \"visible to the world\" (p. 220). And eventually, with countercultural and veteran opposition, their objectionable qualities, long known to few, became more widely visible too. Today, they're still best known for their use over vast swaths of the Vietnamese landscape and for claims of toxicity among war veterans and civilians.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;For Hay, this is just part of the Agent Orange herbicides' story. Her book is divided into three chronologically arranged parts, each of them featuring stories of opposition in dramatically different settings. In part I, the book moves swiftly from the herbicides' creation to the first protests launched by the Catholic left, other religious groups, college students, and pacifists. The book's second part offers three case studies of women in the western United States who fought the herbicides' use in their home communities or states. The final section follows the protests of countercultural activists, Vietnam veterans, and parents of children exposed in utero.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;What these stories demonstrate is the varied routes the rainbow herbicides followed from manufacturing plants, through landscapes, and into bodies. Hay swiftly moves through the familiar narrative of wartime defoliation so vast it affected \"more than half of South Vietnam's arable land\" (p. 35) to show what protests this use elicited ","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141520460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Personality Disorders: A Short History of Narcissistic, Borderline, Antisocial, and Other Types by Allan V. Horwitz (review)","authors":"Sharrona Pearl","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a929788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a929788","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;Personality Disorders: A Short History of Narcissistic, Borderline, Antisocial, and Other Types&lt;/em&gt; by Allan V. Horwitz &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Sharrona Pearl &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Allan V. Horwitz. &lt;em&gt;Personality Disorders: A Short History of Narcissistic, Borderline, Antisocial, and Other Types&lt;/em&gt;. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2023. xii + 227 pp. $35.00 (978-1-4214-4610-3). &lt;p&gt;Here's a pro tip: if you want someone to review your book, be sure to include \"short\" in the title. Read a short history of a compelling topic in my field? Sign. Me. Up. I didn't, I admit, stop to reflect too closely on what \"short\" might mean in the context of &lt;em&gt;A Brief History of Personality Disorders&lt;/em&gt;. It could mean the book is short, or the history is short, or (stretching a grammatical point) the history of personality disorders is itself, relative to history as a whole, short. Spoiler alert: it's not the first one. The book itself isn't, on the scale of academic-trade writing, particularly short, at 227 pages. What \"short\" means here is more like synthetic, or sweeping, or broad: this is an overview not just of personality disorders, but personality as a whole, and, indeed, disorders as a (culturally contingent) category. That's a lot to squeeze in; no wonder it isn't actually all that short, and to be honest, I'm glad it's not.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The book is in fact a bit breathless: a race (or at least a jog) through a couple of hundred years of history (and a look back to antiquity, as one does) to discuss not just the history of personality disorders, but indeed the history of both personality and disorders. If that means that the actual disorders get … errr … short shrift, it's worth it: as Horwitz compellingly explains, personality disorders are a particularly complicated category both as an entity, and indeed as individual components. As is true for a lot of mental illness, disease models simply do not fit. It's more acute in this case: personality, Horwitz outlines, is deeply shaped by social, political, and historical conditions. That makes it fair game for a variety of disciplines to study and claim, and at the same time, hard to determine norms. It's also really hard to study in traditional tests: with, say, IQ tests, there is an internal motivation to get it right. That's not that different to personality tests, except that \"getting it right\" is itself contingent on what the test-taker believes to be the best outcome. It's a motivated approach based on circumstance: if you want a job (or to get out of a job) you'll frame your answers accordingly. And even in cases where the test is untethered to an outcome, the answers reflect what the test-taker believes to be true about themselves rather than what might actually be the case. Personality is hard to measure, and it's hard to determine where a personality stops and a disorder starts. Unlike the classic medical model, which understands","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141520461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food Faiths: Diet, Religion, and the Science of Spiritual Eating by Catherine L. Newell (review)","authors":"Jonathan D. Riddle","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a929790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a929790","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;Food Faiths: Diet, Religion, and the Science of Spiritual Eating&lt;/em&gt; by Catherine L. Newell &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Jonathan D. Riddle &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Catherine L. Newell. &lt;em&gt;Food Faiths: Diet, Religion, and the Science of Spiritual Eating&lt;/em&gt;. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2023. ix + 253 pp. ( 978-1-79362-006-4). &lt;p&gt;Critics of diet and exercise cultures often complain that people treat their health practices like religions. They intend this observation as a critique. Comparison to religion in this context implies that devotees demonstrate excessive zeal for their lifestyles, expect too much from mere regimen, and, especially, engage in unwelcome proselytization. In &lt;em&gt;Food Faiths: Diet, Religion, and the Science of Spiritual Eating&lt;/em&gt;, historian Catherine L. Newell rejects this dismissive attitude and takes the resemblance between diets and religion seriously, exploring where food-focused lifestyles fit into the history of religion in the United States and how they operate as spiritual practices today.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Newell begins by situating the diets she denominates food faiths—veganism, Paleo, and various ancestral diets—within sociological conceptions of religious change in the last half century. According to the framework proposed by Robert Wuthnow and others, American believers moved from faiths focused on \"dwelling\" (p. 19) in traditions and institutions in the mid-twentieth century to \"seeking\" (p. 20) new forms of extra-institutional spirituality during the counter-culture years. Now, following the rise of the religiously unaffiliated, many believers simply focus on cultivating a \"spiritual practice\" (p. 22).&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Food faiths fit into this final stage, Newell argues. Here she proposes a secularization narrative. For as much as we should understand dieting as \"a new form of spiritual practice\" (p. 24), this practice derives not from belief in deities or scriptures but from belief in science. Dieting is not so much &lt;em&gt;like&lt;/em&gt; religion; it has &lt;em&gt;replaced&lt;/em&gt; religion, becoming \"secular theology for the science-minded\" (p. 14).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In the next two chapters—the longest of the book—Newell offers a detailed history of diet-based lifestyles from the health reform movement of Sylvester Graham in the early nineteenth century to the debates between Ancel Keys and John Yudkin over the lipid hypothesis in the late twentieth century. Secularization again provides the framework. While antebellum health reformers urged Americans to adopt abstemious diets as part of the divine plan for material and spiritual flourishing, late twentieth-century Atkins dieters followed the dictates of science in pursuit of bodily health and beauty. The turning point in this transition, Newell argues, came in the early twentieth century with John Harvey Kellogg. Kellogg began promoting healthy lifestyles at the Battle Creek Sanitarium as an extension of his Seventh-day Adventist faith, but, wh","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141531437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soviet Nightingales: Care Under Communism by Susan Grant (review)","authors":"Golfo Alexopoulos","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a929792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a929792","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Soviet Nightingales: Care Under Communism</em> by Susan Grant <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Golfo Alexopoulos </li> </ul> Susan Grant. <em>Soviet Nightingales: Care Under Communism</em>. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2022. 336 pp. Ill. $24.95 (978-1-5017-6259-8). <p>In this brilliant, deeply researched, and beautifully written book, Susan Grant seeks to \"show that nurses were crucial symbols of the new Soviet state\" (p. 3). The author draws from a variety of sources: archives in Russia (Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Sochi, and Tambov) as well as Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States. She uses a range of Soviet periodicals and newspapers, films and photographs, and other material to produce a compelling and important work.</p> <p>What is really different about Soviet nurses? The Soviet state prioritized the ideological and political role of nurses alongside their role to care for and administer to the sick. Soviet \"health authorities worried about the social and class background\" of medical workers (p. 77) and stressed the importance of \"training ideologically reliable workers\" (p. 100). The problems in health care reflected the problems of Soviet society generally, such as economic realities of shortage and informality (bribes, tips, etc.).</p> <p>One of the great strengths of the book is that it provides a history of the Soviet Union through the lens of health care. In the years that coincided with Stalinist repression and hunt for enemies, medical workers like other ordinary citizens were denounced, investigated, arrested, and even executed. During the war, medical workers faced deteriorating conditions. \"By late 1941 and 1942, measles, typhus, and other diseases spread eastward along evacuation routes. … By 1943 and 1944, medical workers had to cope with vast numbers suffering from starvation and tuberculosis\" (p. 145). Soviet authorities focused nurse training on the country's unique health care problems, such as high levels of infant mortality and tuberculosis. In the Soviet Union because there was a spectrum of middle- and junior-level medical workers that were typically lumped together, \"nurses, feldshers, and doctors worked together, and their roles often overlapped\" (p. 74).</p> <p>Although the Soviet context was unique in many ways, in other ways it was not. One common feature of Soviet nursing was that women dominated the nursing profession. The state's gendered discourse stressed the need for \"care\" and \"compassion\" and for medical workers to have \"maternal\" sensibilities, while male doctors often looked down upon nurses and diminished their value. The Soviet state paid them less too: \"Efforts to place women on a par with men did not always play out in practice. Conservatism was still entrenched at state and societal levels\" (p. 97).</p> <p>Moreover, in the Soviet Union, the United States, and elsewhere, rural areas were underserved because few medical ","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141531425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}