Bulletin of the History of Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Rabbit Spleen and Medicinal Herbs: Animal Infectious Diseases, Grassroots Communes, and the State in Maoist China","authors":"Jongsik Christian Yi","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937507","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>This article explores how Mao-era China responded to major epizootic and zoonotic diseases. It foregrounds a series of patterns in fighting contagious animal diseases—lockdowns, quarantines, disinfection, mass animal vaccination, mass education, and prioritizing the treatment of infected animals over mass culling—which were together called the Comprehensive Prevention and Treatment (CPT). Shedding light on this understudied topic in the fields of the history of medicine and of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), the author argues that it was not the central or provincial governments but rather local communes that led the effort to protect livestock from animal infectious diseases. This article critically demonstrates how the story of the CPT highlights the resilience of communal actors as well as the possibilities and limitations of the Maoist ideal of self-reliance.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Tribute to Caroline Catherine Hannaway (1943–2024)","authors":"Sharon E. Kingsland, Jeremy A. Greene","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937502","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; A Tribute to Caroline Catherine Hannaway (1943–2024) &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Sharon E. Kingsland and Jeremy A. Greene &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;Caroline Catherine Hannaway (née Moorhouse), a historian of medicine with close ties to the Johns Hopkins Departments of History of Medicine and History of Science and Technology for many years, passed away on March 14, 2024. Caroline was born in Melbourne, Australia, on August 22, 1943. Her father, Charles Edmund Moorhouse (1911–2002), was a professor of electrical engineering at the University of Melbourne. Her mother, Catherine Albright Moorhouse (née Manderson; 1914–1989), was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, later becoming an Australian citizen. Caroline grew up in Melbourne along with her sister, Jane, and her brother, Weston.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Caroline’s undergraduate studies in the 1960s were in the history and philosophy of science at the University of Melbourne. Students were expected to study the history of all sciences, including astronomy, physics, mathematics, chemistry, and biology. Caroline did not intend originally to be a historian of medicine, but there was one seminar in the history of nineteenth-century British medicine, taught by Diana Dyason, that piqued her interest because the course focused on reading primary texts.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; She decided to leave Australia for graduate study in Baltimore at the Institute of the History of Medicine at the Johns Hopkins University, which had offered her tuition and a fellowship. She ended up staying in Baltimore after graduation, not her original intent, because she met Owen Hannaway, historian of chemistry in the History of Science Department. Owen was a brilliant and creative scholar, teacher, and raconteur. They fell in love, married in 1969, and were a devoted couple until Owen’s death in 2006. Since Owen was from Glasgow, they enjoyed not only visits to Scotland over the years, but also the Scottish and Celtic festivals in Maryland.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Both Owen and William Coleman, who was historian of biology and medicine in the Department of History of Science, encouraged Caroline’s interests in French medicine, which became the subject of her doctoral &lt;strong&gt;[End Page v]&lt;/strong&gt; dissertation. Coleman had pointed out the obvious advantages to working on French history, namely that one could spend weeks in Paris enjoying the food and historical surroundings as well as having adventures in the archives. She and Owen took this advice to heart, spending many summers in France working on various projects. But digging in the archives for her dissertation research presented many challenges and required perseverance. The records she needed were in the Academy of Medicine in Paris, but prospective users had first to persuade the porter to open the street door to allow entry, then thread their way along corridors and stairways mostly in the dark: “The keeper of the archives saw herself as the guardian of treasures to be protected rather than","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Art of Childbirth: A Bilingual Edition by Marie Baudoin (review)","authors":"Lianne McTavish","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937508","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;The Art of Childbirth: A Bilingual Edition&lt;/em&gt; by Marie Baudoin &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Lianne McTavish &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Marie Baudoin. &lt;em&gt;The Art of Childbirth: A Bilingual Edition&lt;/em&gt;. Ed. and trans. Cathy McClive. The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe: The Toronto Series, 98. New York: Iter Press, 2022. x + 244 pp. Ill $54.95 (978-1-64959-078-7). &lt;p&gt;Cathy McClive has produced the first thorough analysis of a previously unpublished manuscript written in 1671 by French midwife Marie Baudoin. McClive’s book begins with a masterful introduction to the life and work of Baudoin, who was the chief mistress-midwife and governor of the Hôtel-Dieu in Clermont-Ferrand, located about 420 kilometres south of Paris. This lengthy introduction (132 pp.) is followed by an annotated translation of the seventeenth-century French text (44 pp.), and then a transcription of it (34 pp.). The translation into English of a largely unknown midwifery text is important, and it sheds new light on the early modern period.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;McClive’s introduction is arguably the highlight of the publication. Meticulously researched, it draws on her expertise in the history of childbirth to place Baudoin’s writing within the context of early modern midwifery practice and theories of childbirth. The introduction goes, however, far beyond the medical domain to consider the diverse circumstances that shaped Baudoin’s midwifery text. McClive draws on archival sources to examine Baudoin’s personal relationships, notably her marriage and position within an influential Jansenist network, as well as the midwife’s savvy use of microcredit to pursue her goals after separating from her husband, and her role in managing disputes with the &lt;em&gt;soeurs grises&lt;/em&gt; at the hospital in Clermont-Ferrand. McClive further considers the materiality of the midwifery manuscript, the opportunities and limitations of surviving historical records, and the gendered dynamics that inform all of the topics she addresses. This nuanced approach reveals the complex life of one early modern French woman, while undermining simplistic understandings of early modern midwifery, including the idea that male practitioners used instruments, while women did not.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The original manuscript by Baudoin is unique in several respects. It was written in the form of a forty-page letter, addressed to the Parisian physician Noël Vallant, perhaps at his request. Though Vallant had planned to publish Baudoin’s discussion of her midwifery theory and hands-on practice, he never did so. Sections of Baudoin’s text were published in 1899, when physician Paul-Émile Le Maguet extracted parts of the letter from Vallant’s &lt;em&gt;portefeuille&lt;/em&gt;, now at the Bibliothèque Nationale, and commented on them in his medical thesis, but, as McClive shows, he excluded the most innovative and historically interesting aspects of the manuscript.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; McClive suggests that Le Maguet d","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Clinic for the People: Toward an Antiracist Psychiatry at the Tuskegee Institute 1947–1965","authors":"Kylie M. Smith","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937505","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>From 1947 until 1963, a small group of psychiatrists from the Tuskegee Veterans Administration Hospital ran a Mental Hygiene Clinic designed to provide outpatient care and education to the Black residents of Macon County, Alabama. In an analysis of the clinic and the work of its Director, Dr. Prince Barker, we see the ways that Black psychiatrists tried to develop an antiracist approach to psychiatry and to develop their own autonomy in segregated Alabama. But there were limitations to this work. Tensions between the state funding body, local politics, and the internal racism of psychiatry itself all made it difficult for Tuskegee psychiatrists to provide alternatives to care beyond the veil of the color line.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Doctor Who Would Be King by Guillaume Lachenal (review)","authors":"Matthew M. Heaton","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937509","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;The Doctor Who Would Be King&lt;/em&gt; by Guillaume Lachenal &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Matthew M. Heaton &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Guillaume Lachenal. &lt;em&gt;The Doctor Who Would Be King&lt;/em&gt;. Trans. Cheryl Smeall. Theory in Forms. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2022. x + 301 pp. Ill. $28.95 (978-1-4780-1786-8). &lt;p&gt;In this rather idiosyncratic volume, Lachenal recounts the life and times of Dr. John Joseph David, a French colonial army doctor who twice found himself in the position of acting as a high-level colonial administrator of French-controlled territories, first on Wallis Island in the South Pacific (1933–38) and later in the Haut-Nyong province of Cameroon (1939–44). In both instances, Dr. David took on responsibilities above and beyond the traditional role of a colonial doctor and in the process established regimes effectively governed by principles of public health, fundamentally linking prospects for economic development and effective administration to the health and well-being of indigenous populations. In both places, David also developed something of a cult of personality, remembered mostly as strong, capable, and variously kind and severe, depending on the circumstances. David’s bearing was so regal that he became known colloquially as “Emperor” in Haut-Nyongo, and as “King” in Wallis, despite never holding either title within French or indigenous political structures.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Telling the story of Dr. David, however, is more easily conceptualized than executed. The Haut-Nyong efforts in medical administration seemed novel on first blush, but ultimately “[led] to a somewhat disappointing conclusion: ‘the Haut-Nyong experiment was not very original, neither in substance nor in form’” (p. 74). Though based on principles of prioritizing public health, David’s developmentalist administration ultimately looked very much like other colonial projects of the time, despite being run by doctors. Hoping that David’s earlier odyssey in Wallis might provide insights to reinvigorate the search for historical significance, Lachenal delves into what for him are new and uncharted waters. In Wallis he uncovers another episode of quintessential colonial bravado, in which David insinuated himself into the local political system and instituted significant economic reforms to incorporate Wallis into the imperial economy. But the story here fizzled out, too, with David leaving unceremoniously in the wake of a catastrophic epidemic of typhoid fever, without much to show for his time as “king.” &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 328]&lt;/strong&gt; Ultimately, Lachenal laments, “Wallis would be a case study that would have no instance of any generality, except . . . that of ‘micro-insularity’ itself” (p. 137).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Lachenal does his due diligence, but the documentary record of David’s tenure is spotty at best. Oral interviews with friends and associates of Dr. David’s in Cameroon and Wallis produce a range of impressions and ar","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landscapes of Care: Immigration and Health in Rural America by Thurka Sangaramoorthy (review)","authors":"Theodore L. Michaels, Seth M. Holmes","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937512","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;Landscapes of Care: Immigration and Health in Rural America&lt;/em&gt; by Thurka Sangaramoorthy &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Theodore L. Michaels and Seth M. Holmes &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Thurka Sangaramoorthy. &lt;em&gt;Landscapes of Care: Immigration and Health in Rural America&lt;/em&gt;. Studies in Social Medicine. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2023. xxii + 174 pp. $22.95 (978-1-4696-7417-9). &lt;p&gt;In &lt;em&gt;Landscapes of Care&lt;/em&gt;, Thurka Sangaramoorthy invites readers to Maryland’s Eastern Shore, a profoundly rural area that has seen a significant rise in immigration over the past decades for its low-wage employment opportunities in seafood, livestock, and agriculture. Through compelling vignettes, the book guides readers through the Eastern Shore’s “landscape,” as its history and current state shape its residents’ health: from macro features of racial capitalism and health care corporatization to local geographies of care, to ethnic hierarchies at workplaces (p. xiv). As a dual-trained medical anthropologist and public health practitioner, Sangaramoorthy aptly integrates concerns for pressing material disparities with diverse theorizations of precarity, infrastructure, and temporality.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;This book foregrounds the “inextricability of immigration and rural health” through three primary claims (p. 16). First, Sangaramoorthy contests “myth-making” about the rural as “pristine” and white to frame it instead as an area of remarkable poverty and flux of migrant workers (p. 15). Second, she situates racial capitalism as the fundamental organizing principle of immigrant health; immigration status, which has frequently occupied this position for popular media and many academics, is then shown to be a sequela of corporate interests.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Third, neo-liberal policies and extractive capitalism have withered rural health infrastructure to leave only an “archipelago” of “Band-Aid” care for those most in need (p. 113).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Sangaramoorthy revises common portrayals of the rural United States as “overwhelmingly white and racially homogenous, geographically isolated, and stuck in time” (p. 25). Throughout rural areas, the historical decline of manufacturing and concomitant white flight engendered an influx of low-paying employers that attracted migrant workers. The Eastern Shore exemplifies the variegated nature of these patterns. The activity of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), the primary governmental body incarcerating and deporting people without documentation, varies across geographic locales, thus corralling migrants to areas that experience less surveillance (p. 85). This tendency effectively reproduces segregation with a capitalist complexion: geographic overlap between low-wage industry and little surveillance indicates a functional collusion between the state and corporations. Compounding the complexity of these geographies, many migrants seasonally shuttle between Marylan","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Citizen as a Public Health Actor: Complaints as Public Engagement with Aedes Mosquito Control in Singapore, 1965–1985","authors":"Timothy Sim","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937506","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>In 1986, the World Health Organization heralded Singapore as a model for the control of dengue fever, a viral disease spread by the <i>Aedes aegypti</i> mosquito. Between 1965 and 1985, public health officials successfully employed educational campaigns and mandatory home inspections to convince citizens to guard against mosquito breeding at home. Although this story appears to recapitulate standard narratives of top-down progress in Singapore, this paper argues that the significant role of the public in public health has been overlooked. Citizens complained frequently, sometimes publicly, to public health authorities and often compelled direct responses from them. Through these complaints, citizens modified official anti-mosquito measures and expanded the reach of public health. Public health in Singapore thus appears not simply as the imposition of an autonomous state’s vision onto a docile or even resistant citizenry but as a coevolution of the state and the public.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"194 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Segregated in Life and Death: Arnold R. Rich and the Racial Science of Tuberculosis","authors":"Margo A. Peyton","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>Arnold Rich (1893–1968) was an acclaimed pathologist and the first Jewish department chair at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. In his landmark text, <i>The Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis</i>, Rich continued to advance the concept of racial susceptibility to tuberculosis a decade after mainstream medicine recognized that environmental factors fueled the disease. While Rich fits into the historical narrative that embedded categories of race facilitated scientific racism, two characteristics unique to Rich help to explain why he persisted. First were the scientific origins of his theories. While racial theorists sought to prove racial difference through science, Rich used racial difference to prove his outlying theories of tuberculosis immunology. Second was his identity as a prewar Jewish person when America’s focus on a racial binary pressured Jewish Americans to assimilate into white culture. Rich’s life and research exemplify how examining scientific racism through an individual complicates and expands our understanding of how race is constructed in the United States.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wondrous Transformations: A Maverick Physician, the Science of Hormones, and the Birth of the Transgender Revolution by Alison Li (review)","authors":"Ketil Slagstad","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937510","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;Wondrous Transformations: A Maverick Physician, the Science of Hormones, and the Birth of the Transgender Revolution&lt;/em&gt; by Alison Li &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Ketil Slagstad &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Alison Li. &lt;em&gt;Wondrous Transformations: A Maverick Physician, the Science of Hormones, and the Birth of the Transgender Revolution&lt;/em&gt;. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2023. xvi + 250 pp. Ill. $30.00 (978-1-4696-7485-8). &lt;p&gt;In the introduction to her beautifully written biography of Harry Benjamin, Alison Li discusses the relevance of biographical approaches to history and the risk of contributing another hagiography of a grand white physician. The question is important, not least in fields such as trans medicine, where historians have noted the crucial role of trans people, children and adults, in shaping clinical and research practice.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Yet, Li argues, the biography has not outlived its role because it offers a format for tracing the complexities and contradictions of a single life: Lives are messy and do not unfold in a systematic way, Li reminds us, and it was only in the last phase of his clinical life, when Benjamin, often considered the “father” of trans medicine, turned to this practice.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Wondrous Transformations&lt;/em&gt; follows a chronological structure, tracing Benjamin’s life in twelve chapters, from his childhood in Berlin in the 1880s and 1890s to his medical studies in Tübingen and move across the Atlantic, where he practiced medicine in San Francisco and New York until he died in 1986. Benjamin originally came to the United States at the age of twenty-eight to become an assistant to Friedrich Franz Friedmann, who claimed to have developed a cure for tuberculosis based on a serum extracted from turtles in the Berlin Zoo. This quickly proved to be quackery. However, a trip back to Europe in 1921 was to shape the rest of Benjamin’s life. In Vienna he met the physiologist Eugen Steinach, who had developed a surgical technique for rejuvenation that involved cutting off the vas deferens. In Berlin, he met Magnus Hirschfeld, whose Institut für Sexualwissenschaft, opened two years earlier, became a laboratory for the combination of science and activism, and whose intricate theory of sexual variation as spectrally &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 330]&lt;/strong&gt; distributed was directed against the pathologizing understandings of psychiatry. Benjamin became part of this network of physician-scientists who sought the explanation of human mysteries—disease, behavior, identity—in biology, particularly in glandular secretions. This was not just a theoretical insight; it was a program for clinical action: From organotherapy and extracts from the urine of horses or students, and later in the 1930s also from synthetic hormones, health could be optimized, diseases cured, and bodies modified. Back in the United States, Benjamin became a promoter of rejuvenation therapy.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;T","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Artificial Appetite: The Nineteenth-Century Struggle to Define Habitual Drunkenness","authors":"David Korostyshevsky","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937503","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>After discovering in 1811 that alcohol existed as a discrete chemical substance in all intoxicating drinks, physicians reconsidered the individual’s responsibility for becoming a compulsive drinker. Looking to science and medicine for legitimacy, temperance reformers ascribed a deleterious agency to alcohol and personified it as an agent of physiological destruction. Alcohol destroyed the body and transformed natural alimentary desires into a compulsive artificial appetite for alcohol. Reformers, prohibitionists, and physicians were troubled that alcohol possessed the ability to destroy the physical capacity for the power of choice. Ascribing agency to alcohol destabilized long-standing understandings of intemperance as a vice and imbued habitual drunkenness with medical meanings. However, most professionals remained anxious about absolving the habitual drunkard of all responsibility, especially for taking the first drink. An inchoate attempt to capture the medical and moral dilemmas of compulsion, habitual drunkenness represents a conceptual missing link in the genealogy of addiction.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}