Bulletin of the History of Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Intimate Technologies of Family Making: Birth Control Politics in Cold War Turkey.","authors":"Seçil Yilmaz","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a944547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a944547","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In April 1965, the Turkish Parliament passed the law legalizing birth control, including the pills and the use of intrauterine devices. This article examines the beginnings and expansion of family planning in Turkey in the 1960s by tracing the encounters of American experts, Turkish physicians along with bureaucrats, and thousands of urban squatter dwelling and rural women and men. Different from the previous historical accounts framing family planning as an insular and state-driven modernization project, it provides a transnational history of family planning in Turkey by unearthing intimate links between the discourses of development and histories of family, sexuality, and reproduction. By using Population Council documents, Turkish official papers, Parliament minutes, visual materials, and national and feminist press accounts, this article demonstrates that family planning practices with new technologies of contraceptives constituted often-neglected but indispensable components of infrastructure in the formation of technologies of governance in Turkey in Cold War context.</p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"98 3","pages":"428-461"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142711901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Creation and Circulation of Evidence and Knowledge in American Medicine through the Lens of the \"Husband's Stitch\".","authors":"Sarah B Rodriguez","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a929785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a929785","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Physicians in the twentieth century routinely used episiotomy-a cut made during childbirth-to better facilitate labor, using the evidence of their experiences that it was useful. But physicians were not alone in producing evidence regarding episiotomy and its repair. Here I consider how three groups-male physicians, husbands, and laboring women-were involved in creating evidence and circulating knowledge about episiotomies, specifically, the intention of its repair, the so-called \"husband's stitch,\" to sexually benefit men. By doing so I seek to consider the meanings of evidence within medicine, evidence as a basis for challenging the hegemony of medicine by lay women, and how medical knowledge is produced and shared among physicians and non-physicians.</p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"98 1","pages":"93-121"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141332589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"A Person Like Me\": Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Gender, and Racial Immunity in the Twentieth-Century United States.","authors":"Mike Winstead","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a929786","DOIUrl":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a929786","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder that affects mostly women and disproportionately Black women. Until the 1940s, SLE was rarely diagnosed in Black Americans, reflecting racist medical beliefs about Black immunity. In the 1940s and 1950s, SLE and its treatment were part of a patriarchal narrative of American industrialization. By the 1960s, newer diagnostic techniques increased recognition of SLE, especially among Black women; medical thinking about SLE shifted from external causes like infection or allergy to autoimmunity, which emphasized biological, genetically determined racial difference. In the 1970s and 1980s, an advocacy structure crystalized around memoirs by women with SLE, which emphasized the experiences of able-bodied, economically privileged white women, while Black feminist health discourse and SLE narratives by Black authors grappled with SLE's more complicated intersections. Throughout the twentieth century, SLE embodied immunity as a gendered, racialized, and culturally invested process.</p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"98 1","pages":"122-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141332568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sounding Bodies: Music and the Making of Biomedical Science by Peter Pesic (review)","authors":"Myles W. Jackson","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915272","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;Sounding Bodies: Music and the Making of Biomedical Science&lt;/em&gt; by Peter Pesic &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Myles W. Jackson &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Peter Pesic. &lt;em&gt;Sounding Bodies: Music and the Making of Biomedical Science&lt;/em&gt;. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2022. 408 pp. Ill. $55.00 ( 978-0-262-04635-0). &lt;p&gt;There have been a number of works over the years in the history of science that detail the importance of music to the development of physical theory and experimentation. The same has not been true of the role of music in the biological and medical sciences. Peter Pesic's work goes a long way in filling that substantial void. By tracing the development of biology and medicine over two and a half millennia, Pesic convincingly demonstrates that while the influences of music and sound were certainly substantial, they were rather different from those that shaped the physical sciences.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pesic's tome is divided into four parts based on themes, which are organized chronologically. Part I takes us to the ancient origins of the quadrivium. Pythagorean thought, for example, shaped the rational medicine of the Hippocrates and his followers, who insisted that numbers regulated critical moments in the development of diseases in the body. Plato considered medicine as a paradigm for the practice of philosophy as it could heal the souls suffering from ignorance and delusion. Herophilus linked musical ratios with the health and illness of the pulse. And subsequent scholars, such as Galen, elucidated upon the connection between musical ratios and pulses. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, music was seen as a treatment of melancholia. In addition to this important medical practice, the theoretical link between astronomy and music was forged by Robert Grosseteste, Marsilio Ficino, and of course Johannes Kepler, who famously argued that musical harmony was the essence of \"the soul,\" which animated humans, animals, the earth, and even the cosmos.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Part II details what Pesic refers to as \"the sonic turn.\" This section details how the human body was no longer seen as being composed of the four humors but rather was viewed as comprising fibers and organs that could respond to sonic vibrations. In short, sound became for scholars a powerful resource in reconceptualizing how living organisms respond to stimuli. By the eighteenth century, sound became an important diagnostic tool for a number of physicians. For example, Austrian physician Leopold Auenbrugger invented the technique of percussion, and the nineteenth-century French physician René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laënnec, who was a skilled flautist and carved his own wooden flutes, invented the stethoscope and the technique of clinical auscultation.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Part III addresses the ways in which sounds were employed in understanding and treating mental illness. On the one hand, Gaetano Brunetti wonderfully captured the musical fascination with mania, a","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138744024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"All Health Politics Is Local: Community Battles for Medical Care and Environmental Health by Merlin Chowkwanyun (review)","authors":"Beatrix Hoffman","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915278","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;All Health Politics Is Local: Community Battles for Medical Care and Environmental Health&lt;/em&gt; by Merlin Chowkwanyun &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Beatrix Hoffman &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Merlin Chowkwanyun. &lt;em&gt;All Health Politics Is Local: Community Battles for Medical Care and Environmental Health&lt;/em&gt;. Studies in Social Medicine. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2022. xii + 338 pp. Ill. $29.95 ( 978-1-4696-6767-6). &lt;p&gt;In 2019, General Iron, a polluting scrap metal company, began to relocate from Chicago's affluent Lincoln Park neighborhood to a poor Latinx community on the city's southeast side. Both the previous mayor, Rahm Emanuel, and the new one, Lori Lightfoot, encouraged the move. But after three years of protests by southeast side residents, including a monthlong hunger strike and a federal civil rights lawsuit, the city withdrew General Iron's permit.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;With both the Green New Deal and Medicare for All facing daunting political obstacles, this is an excellent time to pay closer attention to environmental and health care activism at the neighborhood level. Merlin Chowkwanyun's &lt;em&gt;All Health Politics Is Local: Community Battles for Medical Care and Environmental Health&lt;/em&gt; provides the invigorating analysis we need to begin to assess the efficacy and possibilities of community action to defend the public's health. Taking as a starting &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 523]&lt;/strong&gt; point Tip O'Neill's adage that \"all politics is local,\" Chowkwanyun argues that historians of U.S. health politics have synthesized national developments at the expense of variation at the grassroots. To address this deficiency, &lt;em&gt;All Health Politics Is Local&lt;/em&gt; presents examples from New York, Los Angeles, Cleveland, and Central Appalachia \"to identify cross-cutting and common themes across places while preserving local uniqueness\" (p. 5). Utilizing this ingenious comparative structure, Chowkwanyun incisively evaluates six ground-level political battles around industrial pollution and medical care.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;While the case studies, which take place from the 1950s through the 1970s, are organized geographically, readers will also find it useful to read the themed chapters alongside each other. Four of the chapters are about community fights around hospital and clinic care, and two are about environmental health movements. In New York, neighborhood groups, health workers' unions, and medical organizations protested the city's strategy to shut down some of its public hospitals and affiliate the rest with academic medical centers. They won their demand for a new Gouverneur Hospital on the Lower East Side but lost the larger battle against affiliation, primarily due to the overwhelming fiscal pressures on cities in the 1970s. In Los Angeles, activists in the wake of the Watts uprising led a movement for a new public hospital. Here Chowkwanyun's comparative approach provides crucial insights, since the loc","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"29 8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138744033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stethoscope: The Making of a Medical Icon by Anna Harris and Tom Rice (review)","authors":"Shelley McKellar","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915276","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;Stethoscope: The Making of a Medical Icon&lt;/em&gt; by Anna Harris and Tom Rice &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Shelley McKellar &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Anna Harris and Tom Rice. &lt;em&gt;Stethoscope: The Making of a Medical Icon&lt;/em&gt;. London: Reaktion Books, 2022. 224 pp. Ill. $27.50 ( 978-1-7891-4633-2). &lt;p&gt;The stethoscope is a familiar and \"deceptively simple\" medical instrument that the authors of this book complicate by exploring the multiple ways it has been \"used and thought about\" in its more than 200-year history (pp. 10–11). To great effect, anthropologists Anna Harris and Tom Rice conduct observer-participant field work to study the use and meaning of the stethoscope, also drawing from history, science, and sound studies for their analysis. It is worth noting that Harris, who is an Australian-trained physician, and Rice, who logged clinical hours training with medical students, bridge medical and social science worlds in their examination of the stethoscope. Harris and Rice describe the profession's use and adoption of the stethoscope as well as their personal experiences of their encounters with the stethoscope as patients. The latter stories highlight the emotional aspects arising out of the \"auditory gaze\" (p. 15).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The first three chapters explore the invention, reception, and use of the stethoscope in the medical world. Historians of medicine will already know much of this narrative as Harris and Rice describe Rene Laennec's paper cylinder, the practice of mediate auscultation, instrument modifications, a \"golden age of stethoscopy\" in the nineteenth century, and the embodiment of medical expertise via the stethoscope during the rise of physical diagnosis (p. 7). These chapters draw heavily from the strong scholarship of Jacalyn Duffin, Projit Bihari Mukharji, Roy Porter, Stanley Joel Reiser, and Malcolm Nicolson.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Chapters four and five muddy the waters of expertise with the involvement of non-medical users and the difficulties of learning auscultation to consolidate the placement of the stethoscope exclusively in the doctor's bag. By the early twentieth &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 520]&lt;/strong&gt; century, according to Harris and Rice in chapter four, the stethoscope and its use had become routine, and it now served as a symbol and icon for the physician. But how does its medical use by nurses and vets as well as its non-medical use by plumbers and bomb disposal experts reinforce or disrupt this? Check out the image of the mechanic using a stethoscope to listen to an engine (p. 93)! Harris and Rice offer interesting non-medical usage of the stethoscope but leave out the degree to which this activity was undertaken and its effect. Chapter five offers a stronger argument about the difficulties with learning how to use a stethoscope, to detect and distinguish body sounds, and to produce \"sonic alignment\" (p. 106). Arguably, the mastery of mediate auscultation both established as we","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138744034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomy of the Medical Image: Knowledge Production and Transfiguration from the Renaissance to Today ed. by Axel Fliethmann and Christiane Weller (review)","authors":"Jennifer Wallis","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915274","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;Anatomy of the Medical Image: Knowledge Production and Transfiguration from the Renaissance to Today&lt;/em&gt; ed. by Axel Fliethmann and Christiane Weller &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Jennifer Wallis &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Axel Fliethmann and Christiane Weller, eds. &lt;em&gt;Anatomy of the Medical Image: Knowledge Production and Transfiguration from the Renaissance to Today&lt;/em&gt;. Clio Medica vol. 104. Leiden: Brill, 2021. xvi + 311 pp. Ill. $153.00 ( 978-90-04-40675-9). &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Anatomy of the Medical Image&lt;/em&gt; is an edited collection seeking to explore \"the role images play in knowledge formation\" (p. 8). The editors note that \"even in medical knowledge formations there is not &lt;em&gt;one&lt;/em&gt; body but &lt;em&gt;many&lt;/em&gt;\" (p. 8), and the thirteen chapters that make up the volume consider, among other themes, \"the anatomical, pathological, gendered, imagined, and consumed body\" (p. 8).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The volume is relatively broad in its geographical scope, a welcome approach, and thematically arranged into three parts. A variety of media are covered, from paintings (Rembrandt's &lt;em&gt;Anatomy Lesson&lt;/em&gt;) to photographs (for example, those exchanged between Charles Darwin and psychiatrist James Crichton-Browne during the research for Darwin's 1872 &lt;em&gt;Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals&lt;/em&gt;). Other chapters cover physical culture and classical beauty ideals in eighteenth-and nineteenth-century Germany, nineteenth- and twentieth-century medical portraiture, German fin-de-siècle public health posters, microscopy in the Weimar Republic, psychiatric art collections, graphic medicine, and zombie TV drama. An especially interesting chapter is that by Axel Fliethmann on sixteenth-and seventeenth-century accounts of \"pathologies of imagination\" (p. 58). It is an intriguing chapter, and although it would have benefitted from a greater word count to properly explore the medical and epistemological frameworks of the period under discussion, it is an innovative exploration of images and the conceptualization of the \"visual\" in medicine.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Some of the strongest chapters are those that focus on discrete networks of production, or individual artists and makers who have been relatively overlooked in the historiography to date. Elizabeth Stephens's chapter on obstetric models is a fascinating exploration of female wax modelers such as Anna Morandi, whose self-portrait in wax (ca. 1760)—depicting her in the process of dissecting a brain—was \"explicitly designed to reposition the female body in anatomical research and practice\" (p. 80). The striking and aesthetically pleasing waxes of male artists like Clemente Susini—whose reclining \"anatomical Venus\" models were adorned with jewelry, their hair carefully arranged on plush pillows—have, Stephens argues, eclipsed the more functional models used in anatomical teaching, such as the eighteenth-century birthing machine of Angélique de Coudray.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Carolyn Lau's chapter is wor","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138744023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Africanizing Oncology: Creativity, Crisis, and Cancer in Uganda by Marissa A. Mika (review)","authors":"Melissa Graboyes, Marlee Odell","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915279","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;Africanizing Oncology: Creativity, Crisis, and Cancer in Uganda&lt;/em&gt; by Marissa A. Mika &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Melissa Graboyes and Marlee Odell &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Marissa A. Mika. &lt;em&gt;Africanizing Oncology: Creativity, Crisis, and Cancer in Uganda&lt;/em&gt;.New African Histories. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2021. xxiv + 260 pp. Ill. $80.00 ( 978-0-8214-2465-0). &lt;p&gt;In &lt;em&gt;Africanizing Oncology&lt;/em&gt;, Marissa Mika provides an engaging and thought-provoking history of the Uganda Center Institute (UCI), a unit of the Mulago Hospital at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda. The book is more than just a narrow institutional history or a medical history of a single disease, as she tells the story of how Uganda Africanized oncology. At the center of those efforts, and her story, are African experts, institute employees, and Ugandan patients. Throughout the book, Mika presents examples of Ugandans resourcefully providing care despite material constraints, political instability, and social challenges. She persuasively argues that oncology developed at the UCI through Ugandans adapting research, resources, infrastructures, and techniques to fit their unique (often challenging) circumstances. &lt;em&gt;Africanizing Oncology&lt;/em&gt; is a creative, interdisciplinary work that serves as a model for how the history of medicine, science and technology studies (STS), and the history of science can be in productive conversation with African studies.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The book is well researched and carefully put together. Mika draws on a combination of historical and anthropological sources and methods, including UCI archival sources, months of ethnographic fieldwork at the UCI, forty formal oral histories with prominent individuals in the history of cancer in Uganda, twenty interviews with patient caregivers, and interviews with international colleagues based at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle. The book is organized into six chapters and a moving final epilogue. Chapters 1 through 4 offer a chronological history of cancer care and research in Uganda, starting with early colonial cancer research and the founding of the UCI in 1967. In these chapters readers see how physicians and researchers responded creatively during times of crisis. Mika describes how the UCI often operated under conditions of \"normal &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 525]&lt;/strong&gt; emergency\" and had to continue care during times when \"drugs were missing, gloves were rarely in stock, and blood was only to be found in the veins of relatives willing to donate\" (pp. 101–2). Chapters 5 and 6 explore international partnerships and new investments by institutions such as the Fred Hutchinson Center.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Mika's work responds to and builds on Julie Livingston's groundbreaking 2012 book, &lt;em&gt;Improvising Medicine: An African Oncology Ward in an Emerging Cancer Epidemic. Africanizing Oncology&lt;/em&gt; contributes much-needed geographical context from the east","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138744025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethics by Committee: A History of Reasoning Together about Medicine, Science, Society, and the State by Noortje Jacobs (review)","authors":"Simon N. Whitney","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915277","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;Ethics by Committee: A History of Reasoning Together about Medicine, Science, Society, and the State&lt;/em&gt; by Noortje Jacobs &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Simon N. Whitney &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Noortje Jacobs. &lt;em&gt;Ethics by Committee: A History of Reasoning Together about Medicine, Science, Society, and the State&lt;/em&gt;. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2022. xiv + 290 pp. Ill. $35.00 ( 978-0-226-81932-7). &lt;p&gt;In the decades after World War II, advances in medical science presented developed countries with one conundrum after another. In &lt;em&gt;Ethics by Committee&lt;/em&gt;, Noortje Jacobs provides a careful, thoughtful review of the evolution of Dutch medical ethics from its wobbly beginnings to the carefully structured system that was in place by the end of the century. Her book is a treat, not just for historians of the topic but for anyone who is interested in how societies grapple with evolving issues that will never admit of a final answer.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In the postwar period, Dutch doctors, like doctors everywhere, were still accustomed to their medical judgments being considered beyond question. Early ethicists attacked this paternalism. At the same time, Dutch patients became increasingly mondig, which Jacobs defines as \"mouthy, assertive, mature\" (p. 83). The mondig patient wanted—with good reason—to play a part in their own medical decisions. The decisions themselves became more complex with new interventions, especially at the beginning of life, with artificial insemination and other reproductive technologies, and at the end, with families and patients alike questioning the value of life prolonged on a machine. Dutch cultural and political traditions strongly colored these debates over ethics in clinical medicine, and Jacobs reviews them with admirable clarity.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The Dutch development of research oversight, in contrast, owed more to international trends. While specific Dutch personalities and traditions played a significant part, the American example was at least as important. It served as both a horror story, particularly in the Tuskegee syphilis experiment, and a model, with the development in the United States of institutional review boards, which are generally known in the rest of the world as research ethics committees. Research funding also gave the U.S. model an outsized importance, for American largesse was restricted to institutions that had set up their own review committees along the American model (p. 151). The international flowering of oversight led, in time, to an equally universal degradation of review from an attempt to ensure ethical research into a bureaucracy with boxes to check and forms to complete. Dutch ethical ideals were not immune, and they, too, fell victim to this apparently inexorable decay. Jacobs notes that in 2001 Heleen Dupuis, famous doyenne of &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 522]&lt;/strong&gt; the Dutch health ethics movement, cried out that Dutch ethics committees had turn","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138821637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Charity to Commerce: Bondholders, Women's Auxiliaries, and Community Health Care in Arizona","authors":"Anthony Pratcher II","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915271","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>This article contrasts women's auxiliaries as volunteers and fundraisers at a voluntary sanatorium and a community hospital in metropolitan Phoenix. Their experience highlights the rising importance of private investors in nonprofit health care. Nonprofit community hospitals depended on volunteer labor from women's auxiliaries to keep their doors open in the mid-twentieth-century United States. However, their position became subordinate to financial demands from bondholders—these (and other) financial influences eroded the social capital created by charitable labor. At Maryvale Hospital, one of the \"eight-percenter\" mortgage bond hospitals built across the Sun Belt during the early sixties, bondholders assumed much of the fundraising and advocacy activities reserved for women's auxiliaries. Once bondholders assumed the duties of women's auxiliaries, their profitability became the determinant for success in nonprofit health care. Their rise reflects a shift from the social capital associated with charitable volunteers to the bond markets necessary for modern metropolitan development.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138743668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}