Human Movement Science最新文献

{"title":"Collision avoidance behaviours while young adults avoid a virtual pedestrian approaching on a 45° angle under attentionally demanding conditions","authors":"Brooke J. Thompson,&nbsp;Michael E. Cinelli","doi":"10.1016/j.humov.2024.103226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2024.103226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Individuals rely on visual information to determine when to adapt their behaviours (i.e., by changing path and/or speed) to avoid an approaching object or person. After initiating an avoidance behaviour, individuals may control the space (i.e., minimum clearance distance) between themselves and another person or object. The current study aimed to determine the action strategies of young adults while avoiding a virtual pedestrian approaching along a 45° angle in an attentionally demanding task. Twenty-one young adults (22.9 ± 1.9 yrs., 11 males) were immersed in a virtual environment and were instructed to walk along a 7.5 m path towards a goal located along the midline. Two virtual pedestrians (VP) positioned 2.83 m to the left and right of the midline approached participants on a 45° angle. To manipulate the point at which the participants and the VP would intersect during different trials, the VP approached at one of three speeds: 0.8×, 1.0×, or 1.2× each participants' average walking speed. Participants were instructed to walk to a goal without colliding with the VP while performing the attention task; reporting whether a shape changed above the VPs' heads. Results revealed that young adults did not modulate their timing of avoidance to the approach characteristics of the VP, as they consistently avoided the collision 1.67 s after the VP began moving. However, young adults seem to control how they avoid an oncoming collision by maintaining a consistent safety margin after an avoidance behaviour was initiated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55046,"journal":{"name":"Human Movement Science","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 103226"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140894632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal changes in vertical stride regularity, hip flexion, and knee flexion contribute to the alteration in gait speed during hospitalization for stroke","authors":"Sota Araki ,&nbsp;Hisanori Matsuura ,&nbsp;Takasuke Miyazaki ,&nbsp;Yuta Matsuzawa ,&nbsp;Yuki Nakai ,&nbsp;Masayuki Kawada ,&nbsp;Yasufumi Takeshita ,&nbsp;Motoaki Takamura ,&nbsp;Ryoji Kiyama","doi":"10.1016/j.humov.2024.103227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2024.103227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Changes in stride regularity and joint motion during gait appear to be related to improved gait speed in hospitalized patients with stroke. We aimed to clarify the changes in stride regularity and joint motion during gait through longitudinal observations. Furthermore, we aimed to clarify the relationship between changes in gait speed, stride regularity, and joint motion during gait. Seventeen inpatients with stroke were assessed for physical and gait functions at baseline, when they reached functional ambulation category 3, and before discharge. Physical function was assessed using the Fugl-Meyer assessment for the lower extremities and the Berg Balance Scale. Gait function was assessed on the basis of gait speed, joint motion, stride regularity, and step symmetry using inertial sensors. The correlations between the ratio of change in gait speed and each indicator from baseline to discharge were analyzed. Both physical and gait functions improved significantly during the hospital stay. The ratio of change in gait speed was significantly and positively correlated with the ratio of change in vertical stride regularity (<em>r</em> = 0.662), vertical step symmetry (rs = 0.627), hip flexion (rs = 0.652), knee flexion (affected side) (<em>r</em> = 0.611), and ankle plantarflexion (unaffected side) (rs = 0.547). Vertical stride regularity, hip flexion, and knee flexion (affected side) were significant factors in determining the ratio of changes in gait speed. Our results suggest that stride regularity, hip flexion, and knee flexion could explain the entire gait cycle and that of the affected side. These parameters can be used as indices to improve gait speed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55046,"journal":{"name":"Human Movement Science","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 103227"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140894634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Affordance-based control of braking in cycling: Experience reveals differences in the style of control","authors":"Gisele C. Gotardi ,&nbsp;John van der Kamp ,&nbsp;Martina Navarro ,&nbsp;Geert J.P. Savelsbergh ,&nbsp;Sérgio T. Rodrigues","doi":"10.1016/j.humov.2024.103225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2024.103225","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We investigated whether in an in-situ collision avoidance experiment cyclists regulate braking by adopting an affordance-based control strategy. Within an affordance-based control strategy for braking, deceleration is controlled relative to the maximum achievable deceleration rather than by nulling out deviations from ideal deceleration, and potentially allowing for different braking styles. Twenty active- and eighteen inactive-cyclists were asked to cycle on a straight path in an indoor gym and to stop as close as possible in front of a stationary obstacle. Maximum achievable deceleration was manipulated by loading the bike: no-load, load-5 kg, and load-10 kg. Two approach distances were used to vary cycling speed. Participants in both groups stopped farther from the obstacle when approaching with long- than short-initial distance conditions. No systematic effects of loading on braking performance and control were found across the two groups. However, both groups did increase the magnitude of brake adjustments as ideal deceleration increased and got closer to the action boundary, even when current deceleration approached the ideal deceleration. This indicates that participants adopted an affordance-based control strategy for braking. Two braking styles were identified: an aggressive style, characterized by a late braking onset and a high, steep peak in ideal deceleration, and a conservative style, characterized by an early braking onset and gradual, linear increase in ideal deceleration. The aggressive braking style was more prevalent among the active-cyclists. We suggest that the braking styles emerge from differences in calibration between information and action. The novelty of our work lies in confirming that cyclists adopt an affordance-based control strategy in an in-situ experiment and in demonstrating and explicating how affordance-based control can incorporate the emergence of different styles of braking.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55046,"journal":{"name":"Human Movement Science","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 103225"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167945724000484/pdfft?md5=6338dc00c2f25f1fec09f5d75d9bca44&pid=1-s2.0-S0167945724000484-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140821935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual behavior of racing bike cyclists in multi-tasking situations","authors":"Stefan Panzer ,&nbsp;Christina Pfeifer ,&nbsp;Peter Leinen ,&nbsp;Johannes Puhl","doi":"10.1016/j.humov.2024.103224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2024.103224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Distracted biking can have serious repercussions for the rider such as accidents. The purpose of the present experiment was to determine the effect of visually monitoring two parameters, the cadence, and the heart rate on a bike computer fixed on a racing bike, and simultaneously detect hazardous traffic situations. Individuals (<em>n</em> = 20) were instructed to ride a racing bike that was fitted onto a roller trainer. After conducting a bicycle step test to assess the maximal heart rate (HF_max), participants were assigned to a within subject-design on a separate day. They were instructed to perform the riding task in two single-task conditions (only watching the traffic at the video with occluded or without occluded bike computer), two multi-tasking conditions (monitoring the cadence of 70 RPM or 90 RPM, monitoring the heart rate, and observing the traffic) and one control condition (no instructions). Percentage dwell time of the eye movements, the constant error from the target cadence, keeping the heart rate in an interval of 50% - 70% of the HF_max, and percentage of the recognized hazard traffic situations were analyzed. The analysis indicated that monitoring the parameters on the bike computer induced no significant decline in perceived hazardous traffic situations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55046,"journal":{"name":"Human Movement Science","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 103224"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167945724000472/pdfft?md5=23d4df27f21b6e11307db4e3153dd68c&pid=1-s2.0-S0167945724000472-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140821936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual feedbacks influence short-term learning of torque versus motion profile with robotic guidance among young adults","authors":"C.R. Scotto ,&nbsp;Y. Blandin ,&nbsp;R. Crolan ,&nbsp;A. Eon ,&nbsp;P. Laguillaumie ,&nbsp;A. Decatoire","doi":"10.1016/j.humov.2024.103221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2024.103221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Robotic assistance can improve the learning of complex motor skills. However, the assistance designed and used up to now mainly guides motor commands for <em>trajectory learning</em>, not <em>dynamics learning.</em> The present study explored how a complex motor skill involving the right arm can be learned without suppressing task dynamics, by means of an innovative device with robotic guidance that allows a <em>torque</em> versus <em>motion profile</em> to be learned with admittance control. In addition, we assessed how concurrent visual feedback on this profile can enhance learning without creating dependency, by means of a fading procedure (i.e., feedback reduction across trials). On Day 1, a <em>Control</em> group performed an acquisition session (6 blocks) featuring concurrent visual feedback, while a <em>Fading</em> group performed the session with a gradual reduction in feedback (from 100% to 0% over the 6 blocks). On Day 2, both groups performed a block first without feedback (i.e., <em>Transfer</em> test), then with feedback (i.e., <em>Retention</em> test). Results revealed that on Day 1, movement rehearsal induced a significant improvement in spatiotemporal parameters for the <em>Control</em> group, compared with the <em>Fading</em> group. On Day 2, the opposite was found when this visual feedback was removed, as the <em>Fading</em> group performed significantly better than the <em>Control</em> group on the <em>Transfer</em> test. Vision allows a relationship to be established between the required torque and the motion profile. Its suppression then forces the processing of more intrinsic information, leading to the development of a stable internal representation of the task.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55046,"journal":{"name":"Human Movement Science","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 103221"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167945724000447/pdfft?md5=82eee8aa990260ce4d11ed5532c1ee56&pid=1-s2.0-S0167945724000447-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140816209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Online corrections can occur within movement imagery: An investigation of the motor-cognitive model","authors":"Robin Owen ,&nbsp;Caroline J. Wakefield ,&nbsp;James W. Roberts","doi":"10.1016/j.humov.2024.103222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2024.103222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The motor-cognitive model proposes that movement imagery additionally requires conscious monitoring owing to an absence of veridical online sensory feedback. Therefore, it is predicted that there would be a comparatively limited ability for individuals to update or correct movement imagery as they could within execution. To investigate, participants executed and imagined target-directed aiming movements featuring either an unexpected target perturbation (Exp. 1) or removal of visual sensory feedback (Exp. 2). The results of both experiments indicated that the time-course of executed and imagined movements was equally influenced by each of these online visual manipulations. Thus, contrary to some of the tenets of the motor-cognitive model, movement imagery holds the capacity to interpolate online corrections despite the absence of veridical sensory feedback. The further theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55046,"journal":{"name":"Human Movement Science","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 103222"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167945724000459/pdfft?md5=50e8182dc01385d8dd90f003770377d2&pid=1-s2.0-S0167945724000459-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140816208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduced trunk movement control during motor dual-tasking in older adults","authors":"Alyssa O. Vanderlinden ,&nbsp;Masood Nevisipour ,&nbsp;Thomas Sugar ,&nbsp;Hyunglae Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.humov.2024.103223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2024.103223","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Older adults have a decreased trunk movement control which is linked to their higher fall risk. While motor/cognitive dual-tasking deteriorates balance and walking in older adults, there is limited understanding on how trunk kinematics and kinetics are affected by dual-tasking in scenarios where falls can occur. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to determine the impacts of a challenging motor dual-task, specifically obstacle avoidance during walking, on trunk and lower-body kinematics and kinetics of older adults compared to young adults. The study captured three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data from 12 young adults and 10 older adults as they walked on a treadmill and stepped over an obstacle with both legs. The study analyzed trunk, hip, knee, and ankle angles and torques. Trunk torque was further broken down to trunk muscle torque, gravitational torque, and inertia torque. A linear mixed effects model was used to investigate the difference in each variable between the two groups. Older adults exhibited significantly increased trunk flexion angle and trunk extension muscle torque compared to young adults, with the trunk being the only segment/joint showing differences in both kinematics and kinetics. Trunk torque breakdown analysis revealed that larger trunk flexion led to a larger gravitational torque, which contributed to an increased compensatory trunk muscle torque. Moreover, older adults' less controlled trunk flexion during weight shifting from trail leg to the lead leg, necessitated a compensatory trunk deceleration during trail leg obstacle avoidance which was achieved by generating additional increase in trunk muscle torque. The study demonstrated that motor dual-tasking has the most negative effects on trunk control in older adults compared to young adults. This exposes older adults to a higher fall risk. Therefore, future work should focus on supporting trunk control during daily multi-tasking conditions where falls can occur.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55046,"journal":{"name":"Human Movement Science","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 103223"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140816207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring harmonic walking development in children with unilateral cerebral palsy and typically developing toddlers: Insights from walking experience","authors":"Daniela De Bartolo ,&nbsp;Marzieh Borhanazad ,&nbsp;Marije Goudriaan ,&nbsp;Annike Bekius ,&nbsp;Coen S. Zandvoort ,&nbsp;Annemieke I. Buizer ,&nbsp;Daniela Morelli ,&nbsp;Carla Assenza ,&nbsp;R. Jeroen Vermeulen ,&nbsp;Brian H.M. Martens ,&nbsp;Marco Iosa ,&nbsp;Nadia Dominici","doi":"10.1016/j.humov.2024.103218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2024.103218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This longitudinal study investigated the impact of the first independent steps on harmonic gait development in unilateral cerebral palsy (CP) and typically developing (TD) children. We analysed the gait ratio values (GR) by comparing the duration of stride/stance, stance/swing and swing/double support phases. Our investigation focused on identifying a potential trend towards the golden ratio value of 1.618, which has been observed in the locomotion of healthy adults as a characteristic of harmonic walking. Locomotor ability was assessed in both groups at different developmental stages: before and after the emergence of independent walking. Results revealed that an exponential fit was observed only after the first unsupported steps were taken. TD children achieved harmonic walking within a relatively short period (approximately one month) compared to children with CP, who took about seven months to develop harmonic walking. Converging values for stride/stance and stance/swing gait ratios, averaged on the two legs, closely approached the golden ratio in TD children (R² = 0.9) with no difference in the analysis of the left vs right leg separately. In contrast, children with CP exhibited a trend for stride/stance and stance/swing (R² = 0.7), with distinct trends observed for the most affected leg which did not reach the golden ratio value for the stride/stance ratio (GR = 1.5), while the least affected leg exceeded it (GR = 1.7). On the contrary, the opposite trend was observed for the stance/swing ratio. These findings indicate an overall harmonic walking in children with CP despite the presence of asymmetry between the two legs. These results underscore the crucial role of the first independent steps in the progressive development of harmonic gait over time.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55046,"journal":{"name":"Human Movement Science","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 103218"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167945724000411/pdfft?md5=930bdeb851dc975795e8009774d376ed&pid=1-s2.0-S0167945724000411-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140622502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of experimentally induced muscle pain on neuromuscular control of force production","authors":"Manoela Vieira Sousa ,&nbsp;Márcio Goethel ,&nbsp;Klaus M. Becker ,&nbsp;Fernando Diefenthaeler ,&nbsp;Ricardo J. Fernandes ,&nbsp;Isabella de Santana Toro Batista ,&nbsp;João Paulo Vilas-Boas ,&nbsp;Ulysses Ervilha","doi":"10.1016/j.humov.2024.103219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2024.103219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Neural and peripheral effects of induced muscle pain on explosive force production were investigated.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Nine participants performed two maximal, six explosive, and six electrical stimulations induced (twitches and octets) isometric knee extensions before and after (15 min of rest) receiving an intramuscular injection of hypertonic saline (pain inducer) or isotonic (placebo) infusions in two laboratory visits separated by 7 days.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>It was observed a reduction of peak torque production in maximal voluntary contraction in both conditions (9.3 and 3.3% for pain and placebo, respectively) and in the rate of torque development in placebo (7%). There was an increase in the rate of torque development for twitch and octets (10.5 and 15.8%, respectively) in the pain condition and peak torque for twitch (12%) in both conditions (as did the total rate of torque development for octets).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Force production decreases and increases during voluntary and involuntary contractions, respectively, suggesting that acute pain impairs force production via central mechanisms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55046,"journal":{"name":"Human Movement Science","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 103219"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140559021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pistol shooting performance under pressure: Longitudinal changes in gaze behavior of male and female Army cadets","authors":"Vinicius Pontes de Amorim ,&nbsp;Cassio M. Meira Jr. ,&nbsp;Joan N. Vickers","doi":"10.1016/j.humov.2024.103217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2024.103217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We found evidence that Army cadets improved their gaze behavior and performance across time under high and low pressure in a shooting task. The purpose of the study was to determine if male and female cadets developed an optimal quiet eye (QE) onset, a longer QE duration, and decreased pupil diameter variability (PDV) over time under low (LP) and high pressure (HP) conditions. The study was carried out over four sessions, with intervals of 4.5 months. During each session, 16 men and 12 women, first-year cadets of The Brazilian Army Academy, performed ten pistol shots under counterbalanced LP and HP conditions. The cadets shot in the upright position and wore an eye-tracker. Shooting accuracy improved and did not differ for men and women in the LP condition, however during HP the women performed more poorly than the men in session 1 but improved to a level similar to the men in session 4. QE duration Pre (aiming) did not differ during LP, while during HP QE Post (execution) increased across the session for men and women. QE onset 2 (execution) occurred earlier for the men than women during LP, while during HP the women improved to a level similar to the men in sessions 3 and 4. PDV declined across sessions for men and women with the lowest values in sessions 3 and 4. The findings are discussed within social facilitation theory, which states the context of training affects the rate at which improvements in motor skills occur. The results show that women cadets can improve their shooting performance, quiet eye duration, quiet eye onset and pupil diameter variability to a level similar to men if three to four LP and HP training sessions are scheduled across approximately 12–18 months.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55046,"journal":{"name":"Human Movement Science","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 103217"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140559020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}