Ocean & Coastal Management最新文献

{"title":"Structure and socio-economics of the value chain of the artisanal billfish fishery in Tanzania, Western Indian Ocean: Implications for management and conservation","authors":"Emmy Mwanjali ,&nbsp;Nelly Isigi Kadagi ,&nbsp;Nina Wambiji ,&nbsp;Lydia Gaspare","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents an in-depth value chain analysis (VCA) of the artisanal billfish fishery in Tanzania, focusing on its structure, socio-economic dynamics, and governance. Despite their ecological and economic significance, billfish fisheries in the Western Indian Ocean remain under-researched, especially in small-scale contexts. Using qualitative data from Mafia Island, Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, and Zanzibar, this research mapped the billfish value chain. It examined the roles of key stakeholders from fishers to consumers alongside the flow of products, finance, and information. The findings revealed a fragmented value chain characterized by informal governance structures, weak bargaining power for fishers and limited value addition at the production level. Traders exerted significant influence through pricing and credit arrangements, while relational and captive governance typologies characterized the interactions between fisher-traders. Infrastructure gaps, lack of financial access, and limited post-harvest processing constrained equitable benefit distribution and sustainability. The study highlighted the need for inclusive governance reforms, investments in cold storage and processing facilities, and enhanced fisher participation in decision-making. The findings have significant implications for the joint development of policies and frameworks to enhance the sustainability and resilience of artisanal fisheries in Tanzania and the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 108095"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community interventions drive support for fisheries regulations and influence compliance: Lessons from the Philippines","authors":"Sarah Lindley Smith ,&nbsp;Rachel Zuercher ,&nbsp;Nygiel B. Armada ,&nbsp;Joan L. Castro ,&nbsp;Recamar Guiñares ,&nbsp;Enrique G. Oracion ,&nbsp;Andre Jon Uychiaoco ,&nbsp;Elin Torell","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.108076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.108076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compliance is a critical element of sustainable fisheries management, and particularly for small-scale fisheries, where enforcement capabilities may be limited. Improving fisheries management outcomes requires an understanding of how to promote compliance with fisheries management laws and regulations. The USAID-funded Fish Right program (2018–2025) was designed to increase compliance with fisheries management, as well as to implement sustainable fisheries management in three regions of the Philippines. This study reports on small-scale fishers' support for fisheries management activities in the Philippines, as well as their reported compliance with a registration requirement, collected from household surveys conducted in three regions of the Philippines during two time periods (2019 and 2023), at the start of and five years into the Fish Right program. An increase in survey respondents’ support for requiring fishing permits and fishing closed seasons was observed between two time periods, suggesting Fish Right activities were successful in increasing management support. Households also reported moderate-to-high compliance with a vessel registration requirement. However, both support for management and compliance differed among the three regions, suggesting that differences in target fisheries, culture, and the specifics of the Fish Right interventions all play a role in determining compliance. Overall, the regions with higher community-level engagement saw greater an increase in management support and compliance. Fish Right community engagement innovations including the use of community champions may provide a successful model for intervention to increase compliance in SSF elsewhere in the world.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 108076"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and application of an evaluation indicator system for assessing Areas of Ecological Significance in the Southern Ocean","authors":"Wen Wu ,&nbsp;Jiahe Yu ,&nbsp;Zhenjie Xie ,&nbsp;Junru Xu ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Ma ,&nbsp;Bin Xie ,&nbsp;Weiwei Yu ,&nbsp;Bin Chen ,&nbsp;Dehai Song","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.108086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.108086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Southern Ocean plays a critical role in global climate regulation and harbors unique biodiversity increasingly threatened by climate change and expanding fisheries. This study establishes a systematic framework to identify Areas of Ecological Significance (AESs) through integrated spatial evaluation of marine environmental, biodiversity, and ecological functional indicators. Combining bibliometric analysis, expert consultation (Delphi method), and geospatial modeling, we identified 10 key evaluation criteria, highlighting benthic organism distribution, chlorophyll-a concentration, seabird presence, and krill abundance as dominant factors. Single- and multi-factor analyses revealed concentrated AES hotspots along coastal regions of the Ross Sea, Weddell Sea, Amundsen Sea, and Cosmonaut Sea. These areas exhibit exceptional productivity but face significant conservation gaps. Although aligned with existing Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) like the Ross Sea region, our results underscore urgent protection needs for climate-vulnerable sectors currently lacking formal protection. The three-tiered evaluation framework (environment-biodiversity-function) advances large-scale marine spatial planning but requires improved data integration, particularly for cetaceans, zooplankton, and carbonate chemistry, to address existing biases. This study provides a science-based foundation for international MPA designation while identifying critical knowledge gaps that must be addressed to safeguard the Southern Ocean's ecological integrity amid rapid environmental change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 108086"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring the reserve effect of a coastal no-take area in the northeast Atlantic along the first ten years of implementation","authors":"Ana Filipa Silva ,&nbsp;José Lino Costa ,&nbsp;Patrícia Teodoro ,&nbsp;João J. Castro ,&nbsp;Pedro Raposo de Almeida ,&nbsp;Bernardo Ruivo Quintella","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.108075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.108075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been widely implemented to protect habitats and species and promote sustainable fisheries. In 2011 several coastal areas were closed to fishing in a southwestern Portuguese MPA (SACVMP – ‘Sudoeste Alentejano’ and ‘Costa Vicentina’ Marine Park), including the Pessegueiro Island no-take area. To assess its effectiveness, experimental fishing surveys were conducted in an early protection period (2011–2013) and nearly a decade later (2019–2021), in the no-take area and two control areas. Fish were sampled using bottom otter trawl (sandy habitats) and trammel nets (rocky and sandy bottoms) in winter and summer. Spatial and temporal comparisons were performed for both the overall fish assemblage (abundance, biomass, species richness, and structure) and the dominant commercial species (abundance, biomass, size, and juvenile proportion). Results showed generally positive trends over time, particularly in the no-take area for larger-bodied commercial species. <em>Scorpaena porcus</em> and <em>Trisopterus luscus</em> specimens with legal landing size increased in abundance, while <em>Phycis phycis</em> specimens were significantly bigger inside the protected area. Larger sizes of legal landing size specimens of the endangered and protected species <em>Raja undulata</em> inside the no-take area also highlight its importance. However, increasing differences among areas over time suggest that a steady state may not yet have been reached after ten years of protection, and the likely reasons for this are discussed. Nonetheless, these results provide evidence of a reserve effect in a relatively small no-take area within the first decade of implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 108075"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marine industrial ecologicalization in China's Bohai Rim: A spatial structure perspective","authors":"Zhe Yu ,&nbsp;Qianbin Di ,&nbsp;Wenzhen Zhao ,&nbsp;Wenhui Li ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Zhu ,&nbsp;Liangyu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.108087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.108087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Industrial ecologicalization plays a crucial role in promoting high-quality economic development in coastal regions. Building on existing research, this study investigates the mutual feedback dynamics and spatial transmission mechanisms of marine industrial ecologicalization. By integrating a systems engineering perspective with industrial ecology principles, we construct an evaluation framework for assessing the ecological quality of marine industries. Employing a geographical spatial approach, we analyze the spatiotemporal evolution and spatial heterogeneity of marine industrial ecological quality in the Bohai Rim cities. The results indicate that: (1) The ecological quality of marine industries in the Bohai Rim region exhibited steady growth from 2012 to 2022, shifting from low-value clustering to high-value dispersion. Spatially, it displays a pattern of “higher in the west and south, lower in the east and north,” with noticeable regional clustering. (2) The global spatiotemporal autocorrelation transitioned from heterogeneity to clustering, showing a gradual—though still modest—increase. Local autocorrelation patterns formed three major clusters centered around Dalian, Yantai–Qingdao, and Tianjin, alongside low-aggregation areas and scattered L–H spatiotemporal heterogeneous units. (3) Ecological transformation of marine industries demonstrates positive—albeit limited—spatial spillover effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 108087"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct mowing effects on organic carbon storage and dynamics in Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis sediments","authors":"Yueming Wu ,&nbsp;Danqing Sun ,&nbsp;Shan Jiang ,&nbsp;Beiyun Xu ,&nbsp;Jing Liu ,&nbsp;Jian Li ,&nbsp;Yiyun Wang ,&nbsp;Ying Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.108078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.108078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mowing is widely employed in coastal wetland management to control invasive plants and resource utilization. Although its effects on greenhouse gas emissions are well studied, impact on sediment organic carbon (OC) dynamics remains incomplete. This study investigated a temperate estuarine wetland by analyzing sediments from <em>Spartina alterniflora</em>, <em>Phragmites australis</em>, and mudflats. Sediment total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), labile OC (water extractable OC, WEOC), relatively stable OC (Fe-bound OC, OC-Fe), inorganic nutrients, and lignin phenols were measured to assess mowing effects across vegetation types. Mowing induced distinct impacts on vegetated sediments. In <em>S. alterniflora</em> sediments, frequent mowing (three times in one year with biomass removal) weakened plant activities, led to reductions in clay content and total Fe, decreased but more recalcitrant WEOC pool, fluctuating nutrient levels, and declines in OC-Fe fractions, indicating ongoing OC consumption without fresh inputs. Conversely, <em>P. australis</em> sediments exhibited increased TOC and TN post-mowing, associated with root mortality and litter input, reflected by shifted δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N, elevated C/N ratios, enhanced microbial signals in the dissolved organic matter, and further confirmed by lignin phenols. Notably, OC-Fe_PP (co-precipitated OC-Fe) increased after mowing in <em>P. australis</em>, likely due to the association of plant-derived lignin- and phenolic-rich OC with Fe (hydr)oxides. Overall, mowing reduced the relative contribution of OC-Fe in both species but promoted short-term OC accumulation in <em>P. australis</em> sediments. These findings highlight vegetation-dependent mowing effects on sediment OC pools and underscore the need for careful coastal wetland management to balance blue carbon preservation with ecological sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 108078"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145860439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of phytoplankton functional groups and biodiversity to seasonal changes in environmental factors in coastal waters","authors":"Jian Qi ,&nbsp;Xiajie Wang ,&nbsp;Lichi Ding ,&nbsp;Qinchao Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiaxuan Li ,&nbsp;Shimin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.108068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.108068","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 108068"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marine recreational fishing in Greece: Evidence from the field","authors":"Emmanouil Koutrakis ,&nbsp;Αnastasios Papadopoulos ,&nbsp;Paraskevi K. Karachle ,&nbsp;Konstantinos Touloumis","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.108077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.108077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the period 2019–2022, we conducted on-site face-to-face interviews in selected areas of the North Aegean Sea, the Ionian Sea and the Saronikos Gulf, Greece, under the European Union Multi-Annual Programme, in order to evaluate the status of marine recreational fishing (MRF) in the country. We recorded 43,294 fish of 171 taxa from MRF trips (shore, boats and spearfishing), with 6790 fish being released, resulting in a total release ratio of 18 %. Shore fishing showed the highest release rate (21.14 %), followed by boat fishing (17.08 %), while no releases were recorded from spearfishing, thus indicating the high selectivity of this practice. Species composition, in terms of mean abundance per trip, was similar for both the North Aegean and Ionian Seas, while a somewhat different profile was observed for the Saronikos Gulf. In terms of mean biomass per trip, each area was characterized by diverse dominant species. Shore and boat fishing do not seem to exert pressure on any vulnerable species. In contrast, spearfishing, due to its high selectivity and the targeted species may exert pressure on vulnerable species and especially the endangered Dusky grouper, <em>Epinephelus marginatus</em>. The current study provides an exceptionally large, for the Mediterranean region, amount of data offering valuable information regarding both fishing activity and the profile of recreational fishers in Greece. Results from the on-site survey suggest that the implications of MRF are far from negligible. Despite the on-site survey's constraints, this approach allowed the collection of accurate first-hand data, mapping of MRF activity in the surveyed areas and high participation of foreign recreational fishers. The enforcement of a licensing system for MRF in Greece is considered essential for coherent monitoring and management of the sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 108077"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valuing public preferences by eliciting ecosystem services trade-offs for the extension and management of marine protected areas in Italy","authors":"Andrea Mattia Pacifico,&nbsp;Sina Ahmadi Kaliji,&nbsp;Luca Mulazzani,&nbsp;Giulio Malorgio","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine Protected Areas are central to Marine Spatial Planning strategies aimed at protecting biodiversity and sustaining ecosystem services, but their effectiveness ultimately depends on public support. This study investigates Italian citizens’ preferences for Marine Protected Areas expansion through a Discrete Choice Experiment conducted across three coastal zones, the Northern Adriatic Sea, the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea, and the Strait of Sicily, selected for their distinct ecological and socio-economic profiles. Data were collected from 1961 valid respondents via an online survey stratified by age, gender, and income. The choice tasks presented respondents with policy alternatives defined by three attributes, Marine Protected Areas coverage, restriction levels, and an annual eco-tax. Responses were analysed using a mixed logit model to capture random preference heterogeneity and derive willingness to pay estimates. Findings provide novel quantitative evidence by linking household preferences to ecosystem service attributes and by examining regional differences. Results show that citizens strongly favour moderate restrictions over minimal or complete bans, with willingness to pay values up to €10.07 per household annually, and express positive but more modest support for expanding protected areas to 5–10 % coverage (willingness to pay up to €7.08). Regional heterogeneity emerged, with stronger support in northern zones compared to the more fisheries-dependent south, and pro-environmental attitudes were positively associated with preferences for stricter and larger Marine Protected Areas. Overall, the results offer quantitative economic evidence to support the design of socially acceptable conservation policies that align biodiversity targets with public priorities within the framework of sustainable Marine Spatial Planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 108092"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can recognising pluralistic worldviews in marine social-ecological systems help achieve sustainable scenarios?","authors":"Bruno Oliveira ,&nbsp;Julie Bremner ,&nbsp;Angel Borja ,&nbsp;Christos Arvanitidis ,&nbsp;Berthe M.J. Vastenhoud ,&nbsp;David Lusseau","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.108067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.108067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The complexity of social-ecological systems poses significant challenges to achieving global sustainability goals. Decision-makers can develop management interventions acting across political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental domains, but these interventions have the potential to interact and conflict in complex ways. Importantly, worldviews have the potential to influence how we perceive these interactions will occur and alter our engagement with them. This can lead to paralysis in deliberations about intervention implementation. By taking a coupled sociological-mathematical approach, we demonstrate that integrating qualitative socio-ecological system maps with quantitative analyses of the relationships within these maps can be useful to identify points of leverage to achieve sustainability. Using fuzzy cognitive mapping, we capture perspectives regarding the relatonships between political, economic, social, technological, and environmental (PESTLE) elements of a social-ecological system both now and into the future, from people with different worldviews. Qualitative Boolean analysis of the fuzzy cognitive maps showed that sustainability can be achieved for all worldviews when considering the presence of positive and negative interactions among the PESTLE elements of social-ecological systems. In contrast, using quantitative projections of the PESTLE networks that bring in data on the strengths of the relationships between the PESTLE elements, we show that not all worldviews expect sustainable outcomes, under which circumstances achieving sustainability could be challenging. However, simulating changes to the strengths of the relationships between a few of the PESTLE elements can lead to a sustainable transition in those failing cases, signalling that interventions in key parts of the system can allow the whole social-ecological system to approach a sustainable future with engagement across worldviews. We show that a pluralistic approach, increasing the positive influence of economies on environmental outcomes, can offer viable pathways to sustainability for people coming from different worldviews. This is particularly important in marine systems that, by their nature, are cross-boundary and require inter-cultural solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 108067"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}