Ocean & Coastal Management最新文献

{"title":"Exploring decadal beach profile dynamics in response to nourishment strategies under accelerated sea level rise","authors":"Tosca Kettler ,&nbsp;Matthieu de Schipper ,&nbsp;Arjen Luijendijk","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accelerated sea level rise prompts the upscaling of nourishment strategies, either through larger individual nourishment volumes or increased frequency of implementation. In such strategies, the nourished sand may lack time to effectively redistribute in the designated timeframe, leading to significant deformation of the profile over multiple nourishment cycles. This study quantifies subsequent effects, focusing on profile steepening, nourishment lifetimes, and the feasibility of operational objectives. We simulated two common nourishment strategies at a Dutch case study location using the cross-shore morphological model Crocodile over a 50-year timespan under sea level rise rates of 2–32 mm/year. The choice of strategy led to a variation of up to 75% in the total amount of sand used. Our results show increasing profile deformation with nourishment volume applied and duration of the nourishment strategy, with sand accumulating in the nourished section and little dissipation to the lower shoreface. The consequent profile steepening leads to reduced nourishment lifetimes by up to 30%. Additionally, under high sea level rise rates, more erosive coasts experience a reduction in nourishment lifetimes to annual intervals, while less erosive areas require up to four times more sand than currently needed. These findings illustrate key dilemmas in the formulation of future nourishment strategies and highlight the importance of optimizing these strategies to account for sea level rise.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 107477"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142720228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nature-based solution for coastal erosion protection in the muddy coasts: Empirical perceptibility from the Upper Gulf of Thailand","authors":"Afsana Yasmeen,&nbsp;Nathsuda Pumijumnong,&nbsp;Noppol Arunrat,&nbsp;Paramita Punwong,&nbsp;Sukanya Sereenonchai,&nbsp;Uthai Chareonwong","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107488","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107488","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coastal erosion presents a significant challenge for muddy coasts worldwide. Aggravated by climate change and local factors, protecting against erosion has proven to be a complex task. The delicate sedimentary composition and the interplay of natural forces and human intervention render these muddy coasts particularly vulnerable. The choice between traditional engineering solutions and nature-based approaches is often dichotomous and entails risks for the coastline, ecology, livelihoods, and coastal management. Hence, comprehensive research on tangible, environment-friendly protection strategies with a holistic approach to muddy coastal contexts is scanty. This article aims to critically reveal the hegemonic situation around coastal erosion and protection challenges, and perceptible nature-based modalities for erosion protection in the distinctive and socio-ecologically contested atypical peri-urban muddy coastal context of the upper Gulf of Thailand. A mixed-methods approach has been applied to gain an in-depth understanding. Empirical research findings critically divulged that coastal erosion protection is extremely challenging due to the vulnerable situation espoused by the interplay of exogenous and endogenous factors in the community, feeble governance, and leadership crises. The muddy coasts require holistic considerations for a plausible and dynamic nature-based erosion protection modality that is environment-friendly, science-based, long-term, people-oriented, knowledge-driven, and based on collaborative adaptive coastal management approaches. Nature-based solutions are crucial to ensure coastal stability, management, and climate-resilient development in the fragile muddy coasts in Thailand and elsewhere in similar contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 107488"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual strategies-based resilience enhancement in a bulk cargo port under dynamic machinery failure scenarios with reinforcement learning","authors":"Yaqiong Lv ,&nbsp;Yaqi Gao ,&nbsp;Jialun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107484","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107484","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The operational efficiency and resilience of bulk cargo terminals are crucial. They are not only a solid support for core areas such as energy supply, food security, and manufacturing, but also shoulder the heavy responsibility of transporting key materials such as coal, crude oil, grains, and minerals, ensuring the smooth and unobstructed operation of the global economy. This study focuses on how to enhance the resilience of bulk cargo terminals in the face of mechanical failures. Given the limitations of traditional coping strategies and mathematical modeling in dealing with dynamic uncertainties in port operations, we innovatively propose a dual strategy approach. This method cleverly combines dynamic berth replanning with mechanical equipment maintenance, and utilizes cutting-edge techniques of reinforcement learning (RL) for optimization. By developing an intelligent decision-making framework that can intelligently integrate the above strategies, providing a breakthrough solution for reducing downtime and enhancing terminal resilience. Through a case study of a specific bulk cargo port, we have verified the effectiveness of this strategy and revealed its enormous potential in significantly improving the operational efficiency of bulk cargo terminals. This study not only brings new dimensions of thinking to the field of port operations and logistics, but also emphasizes the crucial role of RL in developing flexible and resilient operational strategies to address the complex and ever-changing challenges of modern trade environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 107484"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142720227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hotspot analysis of global piracy and armed robbery incidents at sea: A decadal review of regional vulnerabilities and security strategies","authors":"Neslihan Küçük ,&nbsp;Serdar Yildiz ,&nbsp;Özkan Uğurlu ,&nbsp;Jin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maritime piracy (MP) and armed robbery at sea (ARS) pose significant threats to global maritime security, affecting trade and economic stability. These incidents, whether successful or not, can lead to loss of life, and long-lasting mental and psychological health impacts on ship crews. This study utilizes the spatial density analysis via the Geographic Information System to explore the global distribution of MP and ARS incidents from 2010 to 2021. Analysing 3241 incidents that occurred across the globe over two distinct periods, 2010–2015 and 2016–2021, the study has identified and visualized hotspot areas globally, revealing the geographic patterns with an aim to assist the strategic mitigation of these threats. Regional analyses indicate a shift in piracy activities; Southeast Asia shows a decrease in attacks (halved) in the Straits of Malacca coupled with persistent threats in the Singapore Strait. Conversely, East Africa has seen a reduction in piracy due to effective international maritime patrols and legal frameworks, although the area remains volatile due to persistent socio-economic and political challenges. The findings demonstrate that geopolitical instability, legal gaps, and economic disparities significantly contribute to MP and ARS. The study advocates for sustained international cooperation, enhanced legal measures, and continuous monitoring to effectively combat these threats. Future research could benefit from a more detailed temporal analysis, using different methodological approaches (e.g., incorporating time-series analysis) to capture seasonal or short-term variations in incident occurrences. This could provide additional insights into the dynamics of piracy and armed robbery incidents and inform policy and security strategy adjustments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 107480"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142720229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A data-driven bayesian network model for risk influencing factors quantification based on global maritime accident database","authors":"Haiyang Jiang ,&nbsp;Jinfen Zhang ,&nbsp;Chengpeng Wan ,&nbsp;Mingyang Zhang ,&nbsp;C. Guedes Soares","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Maritime transportation system is exposed to various risks, that can lead to accidents and sometimes resulting in severe economic losses and fatalities. The accident database of maritime accidents contains valuable knowledge about the causes of accidents. An in-deepth understanding of the impact of risk influencing factors (RIFs) on maritime accidents based on historical data helps to prevent accidents from happening in the future. Using a large dataset of 55469 maritime accidents from 2002 to 2022, a Bayesian network (BN) model is formulated to investigate how RIFs affect maritime accidents. The interdependencies between the RIFs are modelled using a Tree Augmented Network (TAN) with sensitivity analysis. The Most Probable Explanations (MPEs) for each type of accident are also identified. The results indicate that older, smaller, non-convenient flagships in the North Atlantic zone have a higher probability of accidents. The ranking of the most important RIFs for accident types is location, ship type, ship age, gross tonnage (GT), and deadweight tonnage (DWT). The effect of different RIFs on different types of maritime accidents is also examined. Ship type is the most important RIF for hull damage, fire or explosion, and contact accidents. Among the different ship types, Cargo ships are at the most significant risk of grounding while fishing ships exhibit the highest risk of hull damage, fire or explosion, and foundering. Age is the most significant RIF for foundering, while ship location is the most significant RIF for machinery damage, grounding, and collision accidents. Based on the above findings, recommendations for reducing maritime risk and promoting sustainable development and conservation of ocean and coastal areas are discussed in detail.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 107473"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survival alternatives and environmental interactions of Thalassiosira rotula across three trophic levels","authors":"Yongqi Tang,&nbsp;Xueqiang Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Thalassiosira rotula</em>, a ubiquitous diatom in coastal seas, exhibits different bloom potentials in response to distinct trophic levels, complicating the prevention and management of its blooms. However, the reproductive mechanisms of <em>T. rotula</em> under various trophic levels and their response to environmental changes are relatively understudied within current scholarly discourse. This study examined the population dynamics of <em>T. rotula</em>, and analyzed the interactions of environmental factors, through a harmful algal bloom simulation experiment within a trophic gradient system. The results indicated that <em>T. rotula</em> at oligotrophic levels primarily used nutrients for resting spore formation, while at eutrophic and mesotrophic levels, it utilized nutrients for both vegetative cell proliferation and resting spore formation. Eliminating resting spores and disturbing alternatives of survival strategies could mitigate <em>T. rotula</em> blooms. Different trophic levels altered <em>T. rotula</em>'s absorption threshold for DIP but not for DIN. The reintroducing of nitrogen into the low N:P ratio environments caused by excess nitrogen consumption could trigger <em>T. rotula</em> blooms. Thus, focusing on the reintroducing of nitrogen is crucial when managing the re-blooms of <em>T. rotula</em> in seawater. Trophic levels indirectly affected <em>T. rotula</em>'s reactive silicate absorption by influencing its growth, physiology, and cell cycle. <em>T. rotula</em> blooms could be controlled by intervening in the physiological and ecological traits of this algae. Nutrient restriction significantly impacted <em>T. rotula</em>'s photosynthetic efficiency, affecting water pH and dissolved oxygen levels. Both nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies promoted resting spore formation under sufficient reactive silicate, restricted to specific-sized vegetative cells before the decay phase. The findings may be insightful for comprehending <em>T. rotula</em>'s survival strategies in response to fluctuations in trophic levels and devising effective measures to mitigate harmful algal blooms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 107478"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Port governance and sustainable development: The impact of port smartization on port carbon emission efficiency","authors":"Chaohui Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuxue Yang ,&nbsp;Nianxin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107485","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107485","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Considering the growing volume of seaborne trade worldwide, most ports need smart policies to address high carbon emissions. As a major shipping nation, China is committed to reducing port carbon emissions. China recently introduced a series of smartization policies to accelerate the construction of smart ports, but their effectiveness in energy saving and emission reduction is unclear. Taking 39 major ports in China as research subjects, this study uses the super-efficiency SBM model to measure carbon emissions and the generalized difference-in-differences method to deeply explore the impact of port smartization policies on port carbon emission efficiency. Results indicate that these policies have significantly improved the carbon emission efficiency of ports, a conclusion validated through multiple robustness tests. Heterogeneity analyses show that ports in coastal areas, and in cities with larger populations or moderate economic development, are more significantly affected by port smartization initiatives. Mechanism analysis suggests that the number of port berths, the length of wharves, and container throughput are important channels through which smart port policies influence carbon emission efficiency. This research enriches carbon emission efficiency literature, offers insights for developing countries on reducing emissions and achieving carbon neutrality, and provides a basis for China's smart port construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 107485"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting the cumulative effects of multiple stressors on shellfish ecosystem service potential","authors":"Elizabeth Harrison ,&nbsp;Fabrice Stephenson ,&nbsp;Vera Rullens ,&nbsp;Conrad Pilditch ,&nbsp;Joanne Ellis","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107486","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107486","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding and anticipating the effects of interacting stressors is critical for the effective management of marine ecosystems and the essential ecosystem services (ES) they provide. A key challenge in integrating cumulative effects and their impacts on ES delivery into spatial tools is to move beyond simple additive stressor interactions in the face of data scarcity, ecosystem complexity and uncertainty. Here we present a novel methodological approach with which to assess the cumulative effects of multiple stressors on the ES potential provided by two estuarine infaunal bivalves (<em>Austrovenus stutchburyi</em> and <em>Paphies australis</em>) which we illustrate in a case study within the Tauranga Harbour, New Zealand. We firstly assess the shift in density distribution and probability of occurrence in response to increasing sediment mud content, harvesting pressure and sea level rise. The single and cumulative effects of these stressors were simulated through species distribution models (SDM). Principle based models were then used to assess the translation of altered environmental conditions and shellfish abundance on the ES potential for food provision, water quality regulation, nitrogen removal and sediment stabilisation. The simulation of single and cumulative stressors at non-lethal levels were found to cause substantial changes to bivalve density and their distribution but could have both positive and negative impacts on ES potential due to shifts in optimal environmental conditions. Increasing the number of stressors delivered a worse outcome in terms of loss of density, particularly for <em>Austrovenus</em> with harvesting pressure being a common driver of decline in high density areas. This effect was similarly reflected in the ES predictions although there were nuances between the species related to habitat association and sensitivity to stressors. For example, the increase of sea level rise and mud had a greater negative impact on <em>Austrovenus</em>. Stressor effects varied spatially with some areas more heavily impacted than others and indicated an overall reduction of high ES areas whilst increasing areas of medium ES potential. This study introduces efficient and accessible means for integrating ES into cumulative effects assessments, the perspective from which renders the results more digestible for management. Using an interactive modelling approach rather than simple additive methods, it provides more robust information, aiding the prevention of ecological surprises. These quantitative spatial predictions will facilitate the identification of vulnerable areas, priority stressors and locations appropriate for restoration and conservation, assisting management in the rehabilitation and protection of bivalve beds and ES.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 107486"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142660023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust integrated multi-mode scheduling of flexible loading and unloading operations with maintenance services in a port container terminal","authors":"Behnam Vahdani ,&nbsp;D. Veysmoradi ,&nbsp;M. Basir Abyaneh ,&nbsp;M. Rashedi","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes an unparalleled integrated scheduling model for simultaneous loading, unloading, and maintenance operations in a port container terminal, wherein several heterogeneous handling equipment serve inbound and outbound vessels. In this regard, a multi-mode loading approach and the possibility of multiple allocations are also considered, wherein outbound vessels can be loaded by containers belonging to inbound vessels or the storage area. In addition, the proposed model covers all cases of equality and inequality in the number of inbound and outbound containers. More importantly, a flexible loading approach based on a class-based stowage plan is considered to better utilize equipment and increase the efficiency of the loading process. Additionally, since the timing of maintenance operations undoubtedly affects scheduling and entails miscellaneous uncertainties, a two-phase data-driven method is presented to estimate robust maintenance operation times. The first phase involves a hybrid machine learning strategy that combines the Savitzky–Golay Filter (SGF), the Takagi–Sugeno–Kang (TSK) fuzzy system, and minibatch gradient descent with regularization, DropRule, and AdaBound (MBGD-RDA) for the estimation of maintenance operation times. The second phase employs the distributionally robust optimization (DRO) technique that leverages <span><math><mrow><mi>φ</mi></mrow></math></span>-divergence to address the uncertainties associated with the estimated times. Finally, a case study is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed framework, accompanied by an examination of various simulation experiments. The results obtained indicate that the implementation of a flexible loading strategy can lead to a 24% reduction in the loading time of vessels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 107481"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142660022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decomposition of driving factors of carbon emissions and carbon sinks from marine fishery production in China","authors":"Jiekun Song,&nbsp;Zhicheng Liu,&nbsp;Kaiyuan Huang,&nbsp;Xueli Leng,&nbsp;Huisheng Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine fishery production has the dual properties of \"carbon source\" and \"carbon sink\", and is an important means to achieve carbon neutrality. This study combines a two-layer meta-frontier production theoretical decomposition analysis (PDA) model with the logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) model to analyze the driving factors of carbon source change in Marine fishery production in China's coastal provinces. The LMDI model is applied to analyze the effects of employed population, per capita output value, input area per unit of output value, output per unit area and output structure on carbon sinks in each province. The results indicate that: (1) The potential energy intensity and technological progress are the driving factors of carbon emission reduction in most provinces, while output value and energy consumption structure are the important hindering factors. Each province should improve the overall efficiency of energy utilization, promote technological progress, and optimize the energy consumption structure to reduce carbon emissions. (2) The non-stationarity of scale efficiency of energy utilization promoted carbon emission reduction recently. All provinces, especially those with scale efficiency less than 1, should pursue the optimal allocation efficiency of input resources and maintain the coordination of scale development. (3) The effects reflecting the inter-regional pure technical efficiency imbalance and the impact of inter-regional scale efficiency are mostly 0. The provinces with positive effects should catch up with the advanced provinces and seek the best technology and management level and the optimal input-output scale. (4) The effects reflecting the imbalance of pure technological efficiency and the ineffectiveness of scale efficiency within the region are almost 0. Each province should continue to maintain a high level of technology and management, as well as a high efficiency in resource allocation, to ensure the efficient use of input resources and their optimal scale. (5) Per capita output value and output per unit area are the main driving factors of carbon sinks. In addition to leveraging the positive effects of these two factors, each province should focus on optimizing product structure and increasing the employed population to increase carbon sinks. (6) Regional integrated and coordinated management should be implemented. According to the important factors affecting the change of carbon emissions and carbon sinks in each region, the provinces in the region should be coordinated to take targeted measures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 107476"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142660021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}