Ocean & Coastal Management最新文献

{"title":"An unseen threat to coral reef biodiversity: the international trade of live corals for the aquarium industry as reflected by CITES records (1990–2021)","authors":"Bert W. Hoeksema","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) has been keeping annual trade records of live stony corals (Scleractinia) since 1990. On a global scale, CITES data can be used as indicators for trends in the popularity of particular species. A maximum global trade record of 3.1‧10⁶ wild-caught corals was reported for the year 2007, which declined to less than 50% (1.4‧10⁶) in 2021. Indonesia was the leading exporting country until 2018, being replaced by Fiji in 1996–1998 and 2000–2001. Australia has been the dominant exporter of wild-sourced corals since 2018, which was facilitated by Indonesia's declining export quotas and by temporary export bans by Indonesia and Fiji. Indonesia has been the main exporter of cultivated corals since 2005 with an annual global trade record of nearly 0.6‧10⁶ specimens for 2017. The USA always had the highest import records. <em>Acropora</em>, consisting of branched colonies with small polyps, was the most-traded coral genus worldwide (3.4‧10⁹ specimens from 1990 to 2021). Corals with large fleshy polyps, such as <em>Trachyphyllia geoffroyi</em> (1.5‧10⁶ specimens), <em>Catalaphyllia jardinae</em> (1.0‧10⁶), <em>Euphyllia glabresens</em> (0.9‧10⁶), <em>Fimbriaphyllia ancora</em> (0.7‧10⁶), and <em>Heliofungia actiniformis</em> (0.7‧10⁶) were the most-traded species in that period. Harvesting of corals rich in associated fauna may affect coral reef diversity at a larger scale, particularly if these corals are inhabited by host specialists. Since not much research has been done on the impact of selective fisheries on wild coral populations, there is a risk of overfishing popular species, especially those that are not much cultivated. Therefore, better monitoring of coral harvesting is needed and coral cultivation should be stimulated. Stricter trade quotas and bans may be needed as precautionary measures to counteract negative impacts of coral fisheries on reef biodiversity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 108111"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence, morphology and ecological risk of microplastics in water and sediments along the Huangpu River","authors":"Zhiyin Zhang ,&nbsp;Siyuan Ling ,&nbsp;Xiaoyong Qian ,&nbsp;Cheng Peng ,&nbsp;Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically examined microplastics (MPs) pollution in water and sediment samples from 17 sites along the Huangpu River during the wet season in August 2022. MPs were analyzed for abundance, morphology, color, polymer type, and particle size using digestion, flotation, microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Ecological risk was assessed via the risk characterization ratio (RCR) based on polymer hazard factors. The results showed that average MPs abundances were 239.01 ± 168.31 particles/L in surface water and 2063.9 ± 1362.59 particles/kg in sediments, with 100 % detection rates. Surface water MPs were mainly fragment-shaped (99.7 %), transparent (99.85 %), and &lt;0.5 mm (97.46 %), dominated by low-density polyethylene (51.80 %). Sediment MPs were mostly fragment-shaped (63.68 %), transparent (73.54 %), and &lt;1 mm (82.06 %), primarily polyethylene (50.22 %). Ecological risk assessment revealed RCR values were below 1 in surface water, indicating no significant risk. One sediment site exceeded a RCR of 10, indicating medium risk due to accumulation of high-risk polymers (polyamide and polymethyl methacrylate) from industrial areas. Compared to other river basins domestically and internationally, MPs pollution in the Huangpu River is moderate, with spatial heterogeneity influenced by human activities (domestic sewage, industrial distribution) and hydraulic migration. This study provides essential data for the prevention and control of MPs pollution in urban river environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 108098"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scaling up surveys: Optimizing sampling scale for monitoring juvenile Asian horseshoe crabs in intertidal habitats","authors":"Kit Yue Kwan ,&nbsp;Hongtao Dai ,&nbsp;Zhenglong Ma ,&nbsp;Xin Yang ,&nbsp;Yuanjia Wu ,&nbsp;Xiang Zhou ,&nbsp;Xingquan Wei ,&nbsp;Cong Luo ,&nbsp;Guanggu Lei ,&nbsp;Zexin Li ,&nbsp;Ruifang Chen ,&nbsp;Lanfang Dong ,&nbsp;Haijuan Liu ,&nbsp;Zhaohong Weng ,&nbsp;Kai Liu ,&nbsp;Chun-Chieh Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Detecting shifts in population baselines is essential for assessing ecological responses to anthropogenic and climate-related stressors. Long-term monitoring of juvenile Asian horseshoe crabs is necessary in regions where adult populations have declined to the extent that direct surveys are no longer viable. However, inconsistencies in sampling design, effort and geographic coverage hinder cross-regional comparisons and reduce the reliability of findings for informing conservation and management strategies. In this study, populations of juvenile <em>Tachypleus tridentatus</em> and <em>Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda</em> were surveyed at five nursery shores along the northern Beibu Gulf, China, to assess the effects of three components of sampling scale—quadrat size, sampling extent and sampling interval—on population estimates. The results showed that smaller quadrats yielded significantly higher density estimates for both species, whereas occupancy and Lloyd's patchiness indices remained relatively unaffected by quadrat size. Juvenile abundance and density increased with sampling extent, particularly within the first horizontal transects where aggregations occurred near the fringes of mangrove forests. Density estimates and their coefficients of variation (CVs) were more sensitive than abundance, with distinct peaks and troughs in density and CV values respectively, aligning with observed aggregations. While density estimates were generally stable across different sampling intervals, larger quadrat sizes were more effective in detecting fine-scale spatial heterogeneity. We recommend the use of density interpolation maps to more accurately depict the pattern of patchy distribution patterns with minimal influence from sampling scale. These findings underscore the value of moderately larger quadrats in providing relatively reliable and comparable assessments of juvenile horseshoe crab populations and other patchily distributed intertidal species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 108097"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of human footprint across China's coastal zone: Integrating geomorphic and policy drivers","authors":"Dan Meng ,&nbsp;Xiaomei Yang ,&nbsp;Yueming Liu ,&nbsp;Zhihua Wang ,&nbsp;Guo Yu ,&nbsp;Ku Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human activities and resource exploitation are increasingly concentrated in coastal zones, highlighting the need for objective quantification of human activity intensity and long-term trends to inform sustainable management. This study develops a thirty-year (1990–2020) human footprint map for China's coastal zone at a 1km² resolution, integrating multi-source anthropogenic pressure data with coastal-specific indicators. The analysis reveals distinct spatial patterns across coastal geomorphological units and functional zoning categories. Results show that coastal-adapted indicators effectively capture spatiotemporal heterogeneity in human pressure. Overall, human activity intensity has increased along China's coastline, with higher pressure observed on muddy coasts north of Shanghai compared to the bedrock coasts of the south. Biological and sandy coasts exhibit slower intensification rates. Among functional zones, urban coastal areas display the highest cumulative growth in human footprint, while ecological conservation zones demonstrate effectiveness in limiting anthropogenic impact. This study provides a spatially explicit foundation for integrated land-sea management and supports the design of development and conservation strategies tailored to China's dynamic coastal systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 108094"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Croaker aquaculture to offset declining fisheries in Lagos State, Nigeria","authors":"Igbodiegwu Gloria Chinwendu ,&nbsp;Markus Leibrecht ,&nbsp;Okoli Moses Ugochukwu ,&nbsp;Benedict Okeke Ebuka ,&nbsp;Zhengyong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study assesses stakeholders' perspectives on barriers and development priorities for croaker (<em>Pseudotolithus spp</em>.) aquaculture in Lagos State, Nigeria, and identifies key attributes of a viable implementation strategy. Primary data were collected between June and August 2024 via surveys and interviews with stakeholders, including fisheries scientists (34 %), policymakers (16 %), fishers (20 %), and fish farmers (30 %). Using Q-methodology, SWOT analysis, and the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM), we identified distinct stakeholder viewpoints and strategic priorities. Q-methodology revealed two stakeholder perspectives: (i) a Capacity-Building perspective prioritising training programmes, government subsidies, and public–private collaboration, alongside concerns about low consumer purchasing power; and (ii) a Regulatory-Practical perspective emphasising government subsidies, training, and regulatory frameworks, with elevated concern for institutional corruption and biodiversity threats. SWOT analysis revealed strengths in Lagos State's natural conditions and market potential, offset by internal weaknesses owing to infrastructure deficits, financial constraints, and external threats from climate change and economic instability. QSPM prioritised a strategy based on institutional support, regulation, and public awareness over infrastructure-focused approaches. The findings underscore the necessity of policies focused on institutional capacity building, regulatory enforcement, public awareness, and technology adoption to promote sustainable croaker aquaculture in Lagos State, Nigeria.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 108109"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital technologies and the study of adaptation in small-scale fisheries","authors":"Juan Carlos Villaseñor-Derbez ,&nbsp;Rebeca Fernández ,&nbsp;Stuart Fulton ,&nbsp;Arturo Hernández-Velasco ,&nbsp;Tamara Hernández ,&nbsp;C. Brock Woodson ,&nbsp;Juan Camilo Cárdenas ,&nbsp;Giulio A. DeLeo ,&nbsp;Jorge Torre ,&nbsp;Fiorenza Micheli","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.108071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.108071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Economic experiments have led to important advances in our understanding of human adaptation in coupled social-environmental systems. However, these experiments may be costly, which limits their scale and even the external validity of their results. Digital technologies offer great potential to deploy economic experiments at scale, but this approach remains largely untested. Here, we evaluate the feasibility of using mobile computing platforms (smartphones, tablets, and computers) to deploy digital economic experiments that collect players’ response to environmental shocks. To do so, we developed a digital version of a well-studied natural resource harvesting game characterized by a renewable common-pool resource harvested in repeated iterations. We recorded a total of 3369 interactions with the outreach material, which led to a total of 740 rounds played; Only 11 players participated in the baseline and treatment games. We show that players’ behavior during digital experiments was qualitatively similar to responses observed during in-person games with fishers reported in the literature. Additionally, our exploratory analysis suggests that information about the risk of a shock is not enough to induce adaptation by players and that experiencing the shock is needed. Digital experiments provide an alternative path to study adaptation, but the approach presents its own limitations. Addressing the current limitations, particularly through strategies for engaging players, presents an opportunity for broad application of this approach to understand and inform adaptation to change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 108071"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecosystem trophic status during Nemopilema nomurai bloom and non-bloom periods in a temperate Marginal Sea: Insights from ecological network analysis","authors":"Dongjie Guo ,&nbsp;Fang Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenxiao Zang ,&nbsp;Xu Wang ,&nbsp;Ling Zhu ,&nbsp;Song Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Nemopilema nomurai</em> Kishinouye, 1922, has emerged as a dominant large jellyfish species in the East Asian Marginal Seas over recent decades, posing increasing ecological and management challenges. To elucidate its ecological role, two Ecopath models representing <em>N. nomurai</em> bloom (2012–2013) and non-bloom (2014) periods in the northern East China Sea and southern Yellow Sea were developed. Ecological network analysis was employed to assess variations in ecosystem trophic status between these two periods. Results from keystone index and mixed trophic impact analysis revealed that <em>N. nomurai</em> occupied a more pivotal ecological role during bloom period, exerting widespread negative effects on multiple functional groups and thereby disrupting energy transfer within the food web. During bloom period, there were notable increases in total system throughput, total biomass, total primary production, and ascendency, indicating an expansion in ecosystem scale. Conversely, declines in Finn's cycling index and average path length suggested weakened recycling processes and shortened trophic linkages. Furthermore, decreased average mutual information, along with modified constraint efficiency, reflected a less organized and more structurally constrained energy pathway. Generally, these shifts depicted an ecosystem status characterized by high scale but reduced efficiency, disrupted trophic organization, and diminished ecosystem maturity during <em>N. nomurai</em> bloom period. These findings enhance our understanding of the ecological impacts of <em>N. nomurai</em> within marine food webs and emphasize the importance of integrating jellyfish dynamics into ecosystem-based management strategies and ecosystem health assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 108105"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of heavy metal transport and biogeochemical self-purification across the estuary-coast continuum: Insights from field incubation experiments and modeling","authors":"Demeng Peng ,&nbsp;Jibiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Peng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global industrialization has intensified heavy metal pollution in coastal ecosystems, necessitating a better understanding of their transport and self-purification mechanisms for effective environmental protection. However, the transport of heavy metals across the estuary-coastal continuum remains unclear. This study systematically examined the transport and biogeochemical self-purification of heavy metals in Zhanjiang Bay using seasonal field incubation experiments, numerical model and interpretable machine learning. Results showed scavenging rates of Pb (0.161 d⁻¹) &gt; Cu (0.138 d⁻¹) &gt; Ni (0.136 d⁻¹) &gt; Zn (0.136 d⁻¹) &gt; Cr (0.088 d⁻¹) &gt; Cd (0.081 d⁻¹), with the highest rates in the areas of salinity 5–15 and significant seasonal influence. The bay's complex shoreline caused varying pollutant transport capacities among the inner bay, middle bay, and bay mouth. Hydrodynamic modeling showed water residence times reached up to 65 days in the north of Techeng Island and east of Donghai Dam during the dry season, but were less than 10 days at the bay mouth. However, incorporating the biochemical process accelerated heavy metal self-purification, the water residence time in the north of Techeng Island and the east of Donghai Dam was shortened to within 20 days. After terrestrial heavy metals enter Zhanjiang Bay, from the Suixi River estuary to the bay mouth, the self-purification process alternates between being dominated by physical self-purification and biochemical self-purification. Temperature, suspended particulate matter, and chlorophyll-a were identified as key factors regulating biochemical self-purification, which were strongly modulated by seasonal changes. This study provided important data for coastal management and conservation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 108108"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of the marine new infrastructure in the low-carbon development of marine fisheries--micro-level evidence from China","authors":"Li Zhang ,&nbsp;Hui Zheng ,&nbsp;Ning Yu ,&nbsp;Hairong Mu","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine new infrastructure (MNI) is playing an increasingly important role in supporting marine fisheries, yet its impact on carbon mitigation remains insufficiently understood. The objective of this study was to develop and empirically test a conceptual framework linking MNI to low-carbon development in marine fisheries. We proposed a tripartite framework for MNI, comprising integration infrastructure, innovation infrastructure, and information infrastructure. Based on the measurement of marine fishery carbon emission efficiency (MFCEE) using a Super-EBM model across China's 11 coastal provinces from 2006 to 2021, the impact of MNI was evaluated. Results yielded three main findings: First, MNI significantly improved carbon efficiency, with integration infrastructure exhibiting the strongest effect, followed by innovation and information infrastructures; Second, the improvement in MFCEE was driven primarily by industrial structure optimization, aquaculture technology promotion, and production scale expansion; and Third, the effects of MNI were moderated by environmental regulation, for which command-and-control regulation showed a single-threshold effect, while market-based regulation presented a double-threshold effect. These regulatory thresholds helped explain regional disparities, with significant efficiency gains observed in the Northern and Southern Marine Economic Circles but efficiency losses in the Eastern Circle. Overall, this study provided a theoretical foundation for understanding MNI's role in low-carbon fisheries development and offered practical insights for spatial planning and regulatory design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 108106"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Downstream implications of large river diversions on thermal fish habitats in the coastal zone” [Ocean Coast Manag. Vol. 271 (2026) 107959]","authors":"Muhammad Izhar Shah,&nbsp;Robert L. Miller","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108112","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 108112"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}