Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering最新文献

{"title":"The Fractional-Order Proportional-Integral-Derivative Controller Tuned with Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization-Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm for Boost Converters: An Experimental Study","authors":"Ibrahim Aliskan","doi":"10.1007/s13369-026-11423-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13369-026-11423-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents Fractional-Order Proportional-Integral-Derivative (FO-PID) controllers for a voltage feedback boost converter operated in continuous conduction mode. If parameters of a classical PID controller are considered, it is seen that a FO-PID has two additional parameters to be set. Achieving optimum values for those parameters is a laborious task. Here, a hybrid optimization algorithm is developed as a serial connection of particle swarm optimization (PSO) and artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm to tune FO-PID parameters. Handling the cost functions of integral of absolute error and integral of squared error (ISE) with PSO, ABC and hybrid algorithm, six different FO-PID controllers are achieved. Then, integer order approximates of those FO-PIDs are found, and discrete transfer functions are derived utilizing Backward Euler method. With the help of simulation results and experimental results, the performances of a PID controller and six different FO-PID controllers are examined. To evaluate controllers’ performance, simulation data and experimental data are processed and settling time, overshoot and mean squared error (MSE) performance indices are calculated. The FO-PID HYB(ISE) controller, which has been developed by using the hybrid algorithm and ISE cost function, achieved 49.4% improvement in overshoot performance indicator with regard to PI controller in the simulations, and provided 23.04% performance increase in the MSE scale compared to PID controller in the experiments. Consequently, the control performance measures validated that the FO-PID HYB(ISE) controller is superior to the others.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54354,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering","volume":"51 16","pages":"19601 - 19618"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13369-026-11423-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148816340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality-Aware Generative Augmentation: A Comparative Framework for Few-Shot and Imbalanced Classification Tasks","authors":"Abdurrahman Öcal,&nbsp;Kazım Kılıç,&nbsp;Kenan Kılıç","doi":"10.1007/s13369-026-11464-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13369-026-11464-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Deep learning-based image classification systems necessitate large and balanced datasets for robust generalization, yet real-world scarcity (few-shot) and severe class imbalance critically limit performance, particularly regarding minority classes. This study proposes a ‘Quality-Aware Generative Data Augmentation’ framework integrated with a teacher-based synthetic data filtering mechanism to address these limitations. Utilizing Projected GAN architecture, synthetic images were generated at varying convergence stages and categorized into three distinct quality levels (Sets A, B, and C) extracted from distinct temporal training snapshots (early, intermediate, and convergence stages), yielding empirical FID scores approximately 35, 25, and 10, respectively. To ensure class consistency and semantic reliability, these samples were filtered by a teacher network (ResNet50) fine-tuned exclusively on real data, utilizing a Top-N Selection (Ranking) strategy based on confidence scores. The framework was comprehensively evaluated using MobileNetV3-Large, EfficientNet-B0, and ShuffleNet architectures on two structurally contrasting datasets: the Forest Species Database (FSD) and DermaMNIST. In the FSD dataset, the EfficientNet model’s F1-score improved from 0.881 to 0.937, while the lightweight ShuffleNet achieved a significant 0.11 improvement, rising from 0.792 to 0.903. In DermaMNIST, the filtering strategy successfully mitigated false positives in minority classes, elevating the overall F1-score to 0.8338. The findings indicate that the efficacy of generative data augmentation depends on both data quantity and the generator’s convergence stage combined with the rigour of the selection mechanism. Consequently, this study provides a methodological guideline for optimizing synthetic data usage in data-scarce and imbalanced scenarios, offering a robust solution for data-constrained and lightweight deployment environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54354,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering","volume":"51 15","pages":"18597 - 18619"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13369-026-11464-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148811096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined Voltage and Frequency Containment of Amphibious Hybrid Power System Using FOTI-SMC","authors":"Kothalanka Kameswara Pavan Kumar,&nbsp;Dulal Chandra Das,&nbsp;Nirmala Soren","doi":"10.1007/s13369-026-11387-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13369-026-11387-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper addresses robust combined frequency and voltage regulation in a highly nonlinear, amphibious (aquatic and terrestrial), two-area hybrid power system (AHPS). The AHPS comprises multiple sources—thermal, dish–Stirling solar thermal (DSTS), hydro, pumped hydro, and gravity hydro units—connected to a 50-Hz grid. During operation, solar radiation fluctuations and load changes lead to significant variations in key model parameters <span>(({e.g., K}_{p},{T}_{p},{T}_{sc},{T}_{rh},{T}_{w},{T}_{1},{T}_{2}))</span>, which can cause undesirable frequency and voltage deviations. To tackle this challenge, a dynamic parameter-based modelling framework is developed for the AHPS, and a new fractional-order tilt-integral sliding mode controller (FOTI-SMC) is proposed for coordinated frequency–voltage regulation. The proposed FOTI-SMC is systematically compared with five benchmark controllers—classical PID, fractional TID, FOPID, FOTID, and nonlinear FOPISMC—whose parameters are tuned using five optimization classes (evolutionary, swarm-based, physics-based, human-inspired) and the bio-inspired Tasmanian Devil Optimization (TDO) algorithm. The TDO-tuned FOTI-SMC achieves a peak overshoot of only 1.18 for frequency deviation in area-1 (∆<i>f</i>₁), significantly outperforming the GA-tuned PID. The proposed scheme also realizes faster recovery, with settling times reduced to 15.787s for ∆<i>f</i>₁ and 12.052s for ∆<i>f</i>₂, voltage deviations (∆<i>V</i>₁ &amp; ∆<i>V</i>₂), and tie-line power (∆<i>P</i>_tie). Under realistic operating scenarios involving simultaneous variations in load, solar insolation, and modelling parameters, the TDO-FOTI-SMC maintains superior robustness, restricting overshoots to 1.517 for ∆<i>f</i>₁ and 0.931 for ∆<i>f</i>₂. Real-time validation on an OPAL-RT OP4510 platform confirms that the proposed TDO-optimized FOTI-SMC offers the most effective frequency–voltage regulation and disturbance rejection among all tested configurations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54354,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering","volume":"51 16","pages":"19565 - 19600"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148816236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning-Driven Experimental Field Data Analysis of Water Permeability in Concrete Across Different Exposure Conditions","authors":"Abdulrahman Aliyu,&nbsp;Shaik Inayath Basha,&nbsp;Mohammed Shameem,&nbsp;Mohammed Rizwan Ali,&nbsp;Mesfer M. Al-Zahrani,&nbsp;Mohammed Maslehuddin","doi":"10.1007/s13369-026-11427-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13369-026-11427-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water permeability governs the ingress of aggressive agents, such as chlorides and sulfates, critically affecting concrete durability and service life. While several machine learning (ML) studies have explored the short-term laboratory datasets, few have examined long-term field behavior under diverse environmental exposure conditions. This study leverages an unprecedented 19-year field database comprising 1924 data points across tidal, aboveground, and belowground exposure zones in a marine environment to predict and interpret the evolution of water permeability in concrete with varying composition. The effect of key parameters, including supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), fibers, corrosion inhibitors, curing methods, and water type, on water permeability in concrete were evaluated. Three ML models, namely support vector regression (SVR), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), were trained and compared. XGBoost exhibited the best generalization (<i>R</i>² = 0.87), capturing non-monotonic permeability trends consistent with cyclic wetting and drying. Model interpretability was enhanced through SHAP-based feature importance and correlation analysis, revealing the dominant influence of SCM type, w/cm ratio, and exposure conditions. This work bridges experimental field evidence with interpretable ML prediction, offering a robust, data-driven framework for durability design and potential integration with reliability or service life models.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54354,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering","volume":"51 18","pages":"21405 - 21422"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149023166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient and Ripple Free AC–DC Resonant Converter with Power Factor Correction Capability","authors":"Waqar Uddin,&nbsp;Kamran Zeb,&nbsp;Adnan Saeed,&nbsp;Muhammad Majid Gulzar,&nbsp;Muhammad Khalid","doi":"10.1007/s13369-026-11425-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13369-026-11425-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper introduces a high-performance and highly-efficient isolated current-fed AC–DC resonant converter that attains negligible input current ripple, output voltage regulation, and near-unity power factor within a single-stage configuration. The topology prominently features the incorporation of a voltage bidirectional two-quadrant (VBTQ) switch positioned between the resonant inductor and the voltage-doubler circuit on the secondary side. The VBTQ switch facilitates independent control of output voltage and input current, allowing the primary-side switches to operate at a constant 50% duty cycle, thus significantly reducing input current ripple and eliminating the necessity for a filter inductor. Moreover, unlike other resonant converters, the proposed design employs simple pulse-width modulation (PWM) for control, which significantly simplifies both its implementation and operation. The duty cycle of the VBTQ switch effectively regulates output and improves the power factor. A 1.2 kW hardware prototype exhibits outstanding performance, attaining 96.0% efficiency, a power factor of 0.998, and a stabilized 380 V DC output. Additionally, soft-switching is achieved across all devices at a switching frequency of 50 kHz, featuring zero-voltage turn-on and zero-current turn-off, thereby enhancing efficiency.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54354,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering","volume":"51 16","pages":"19551 - 19564"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148816198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slug-Flow-Induced Vibration in Curved Piping Systems: Mechanisms, Modeling, and Thermal Coupling","authors":"Mahmood Hasan Oudah,&nbsp;Kifah H. Hilal,&nbsp;Zena Khalefa Kadhim","doi":"10.1007/s13369-026-11424-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13369-026-11424-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Slug-flow-induced vibration in curved piping systems remains a persistent integrity challenge because the response is governed by unsteady two-phase flow, bend geometry, and structural flexibility. In elbows, return bends, and flexible risers, slugging not only generates fluctuating loads but also modifies load redistribution and structural response. This review examines the literature with emphasis on excitation mechanisms, governing parameters, geometric effects, thermal limitations, and modeling approaches. The reviewed evidence shows that the response is shaped mainly by transient momentum exchange, curvature-induced inertial loading, and pressure oscillations. Superficial velocity and void fraction govern slug frequency, transported mass, and forcing periodicity. Curvature effects become increasingly important as bend ratio decreases, with R/D ≤ 3 representing a practical threshold for spatially resolved assessment, while short-radius elbows with R/D = 1.5 require particular attention. A clear gap remains because most studies still rely on isothermal assumptions. Quantitative estimates show that heating a representative water/carbon-steel system from 25 to 100 °C reduces liquid viscosity by approximately 68.4% and surface tension by 18.2%, while decreasing Young’s modulus by about 2.0%. These changes can influence slug forcing and structural resonance. The review therefore argues for thermally coupled assessment and outlines a conceptual multi-tier T-FSI framework for screening, local analysis, and high-temperature applications. Its originality lies in integrating hydrodynamic excitation, bend-induced force redistribution, structural flexibility, and thermal-property variation into a unified assessment framework for curved two-phase piping systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54354,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering","volume":"51 19","pages":"21491 - 21525"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149250567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the Erosion Behavior of FGM YSZ/GZ and Usual TBCs","authors":"Mohsen Rahnavard,&nbsp;Majid Jamal-Omidi,&nbsp;Majid Tavakolian,&nbsp;Nader Mohammadi","doi":"10.1007/s13369-026-11451-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13369-026-11451-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, the erosion behavior of Functionally Graded Material (FGM) and layered coatings of Gd₂Zr₂O₇/Yttria stabilized Zirconia (YSZ/GZ) were compared with usual YSZ TBCs. The coatings were prepared by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying (APS). The room temperature erosion tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM G 76–13. The microstructure of the coating was investigated using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) before and after the erosion tests. The results demonstrated that the FGM TBC had higher erosion resistance than the other coatings. It was reported that Gd-containing coatings were much less resistant to erosion than the YSZ TBC system. An important innovation of this study is the use of a GZ layer at the top of the coating without any reduction in erosion resistance. So, the advantages of GZ coating can be achieved without any decrease in the coating’s erosion resistance. It is found that using the FGM structure of GZ TBC can increase the coating’s erosion resistance, even slightly better than a typical YSZ coating. Also, the weight loss of the FGM sample during the initial stages of the erosion test, compared to others, was low and nearly equal to that in the subsequent stages of the test. In the research process, the causes of the mentioned result are studied, and the erosion mechanisms and behaviors of the different coatings are compared and evaluated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54354,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering","volume":"51 19","pages":"21989 - 21999"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149250565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collocation Method for simulating Thermal Transport in MHD-Induced Carreau–Yasuda Fluid with Temperature-Dependent Viscosity and Soret–Dufour Effects","authors":"Shahzad Munir,&nbsp;Taimur Shahzad","doi":"10.1007/s13369-026-11401-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13369-026-11401-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article uses the Cattaneo–Christov model to investigate the thermal and mass transfer mechanisms in a non-Newtonian Carreau–Yasuda fluid, incorporating factors such as magnetohydrodynamic effects, Joule heating, chemical reaction, Soret–Dufour effects, and non-uniform heat source/sink. Moreover, other significant fluid factors, such as concentration-dependent mass diffusivity, temperature-dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity are also considered. Flow is initiated by a cylinder that is stretched linearly in the streamwise direction. Initially, the flow equations are formulated in partial differential equations and after utilizing appropriate similarity transformation, those flow equations are converted into an ordinary system of equations. The numerical solutions of these equations are achieved by using the bvp4c routine in MATLAB. The graphical profiles illustrate the impact of parameters like curvature, magnetic field, Weissenberg number, power law index, variable viscosity parameter, Eckert number, Dufour–Soret numbers, thermal and mass relaxation numbers, Prandtl number, small conductivity parameter, space and temperature-dependent heat source/sink, Schmidt number, and chemical reaction parameter. The profiles offer insights into the problem's physical state. From the numerical results, velocity profiles decrease with the MHD number, the Weissenberg number, and the variable viscosity parameter, but increases with the curvature number. The Dufour number, heat generation and absorption, Eckert number, MHD Joule heating, curvature parameter, and variable thermal conductivity parameter all cause temperature profiles to rise. In the same way, concentration profiles increase with the Soret number, curvature number, and variable mass diffusivity and decrease with the Schmidt number and chemical reaction parameter. Skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are calculated numerically and displayed in tables. It has been deduced that thermal and concentration relaxation parameters improve the thermal and mass transfer rate. The present study is validated by means of comparison with the existing literature and indicates excellent agreement with previously reported results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54354,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering","volume":"51 19","pages":"21971 - 21988"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149250560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature- and Rate-Dependent Stress–Strain–Time Behavior of Sands and Its Simulation Using a Modified Nonlinear Three-Component Model","authors":"Kosit Jariyatatsakorn,&nbsp;Warat Kongkitkul,&nbsp;Yodphao Punya-in","doi":"10.1007/s13369-026-11378-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13369-026-11378-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding the time-dependent deformation of granular materials under coupled thermal and mechanical loading is essential for the safe design of geotechnical structures subjected to temperature variations. This study investigates the temperature- and rate-dependent stress–strain–time behavior of three sands—KMUTT, Hostun, and Ottawa sands—through temperature-controlled consolidated drained triaxial compression (CDTC) tests conducted at constant temperatures ranging from 30 to 60 °C. The experimental program included monotonic loading, sustained loading (creep), and strain-rate change tests to characterize elastic, inviscid, and viscous responses. The results reveal clear material-dependent thermal effects: KMUTT and Hostun sands, composed of sub-angular to angular particles, exhibit thermal weakening characterized by reductions in peak shear strength and elastic stiffness with increasing temperature, whereas Ottawa sand, composed of rounded particles, exhibits thermal strengthening with enhanced strength and stiffness at elevated temperatures. In contrast, the intrinsic viscous properties of the sands, including the rate-sensitivity coefficient and viscosity type, were found to be essentially independent of temperature within the tested range. To simulate these coupled behaviors within a unified framework, a modified Nonlinear Three-Component (NTC) model was developed by introducing a temperature effect parameter into the elastic and inviscid components while maintaining temperature-independent viscous parameters. The model successfully reproduces temperature- and rate-dependent stress–strain responses, transient stress jumps associated with strain-rate changes, and time-dependent creep behavior. The contrasting thermal responses are interpreted in terms of particle shape, where thermal expansion disturbs particle interlocking in angular sands but enhances inter-particle contact forces in rounded sands.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54354,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering","volume":"51 18","pages":"21381 - 21404"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149023032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluvial Heterogeneity of Upper Triassic Strata in Central Saudi Arabia: Enhancing CO₂ Storage Strategies","authors":"Abdullah Alqubalee,&nbsp;Abdulwahab Bello,&nbsp;Adhipa Herlambang,&nbsp;John Humphrey,&nbsp;Ardiansyah Koeshidayatullah,&nbsp;Kevin Taylor,&nbsp;Khalid Al-Ramadan","doi":"10.1007/s13369-026-11417-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13369-026-11417-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examines multiscale lithofacies heterogeneity in Upper Triassic fluvial deposits and its implications for CO₂ storage. This heterogeneity poses significant challenges, often increasing uncertainty due to limited exploration across scales and weak inter-scale connections. To address this issue, the study employed a range of methods to analyze heterogeneity across multiple scales: macroscale (outcrop scale), mesoscale (core-sample scale), and microscale (thin-section scale) within the Upper Triassic fluvial deposits in central Saudi Arabia. This comprehensive approach provides a nuanced understanding of the complex geological characteristics at each scale. At the macroscale, three assemblages were recognized: pre-Minjur, lower Minjur, and upper Minjur. Five lithofacies associations were identified within these strata, including sandstone (LA1), mudstone (LA2), sandstone interbedded with mudstone (LA3), mudstone interbedded with sandstone (LA4), and conglomerate (LA5). LA1 and LA3 together account for approximately 75% of potential CO₂ storage, whereas LA2 and LA4 account for approximately 24.8% of the studied sections. LA1 and LA3 are predominantly observed in the Upper Minjur, whereas LA2 and LA4 are dominant in the pre-Minjur and Lower Minjur assemblages. At the mesoscale, the samples under study fall into three categories: silica, argillaceous (including mudstones), and ferruginous sandstones, also referred to as Triassic red beds. Samples studied at the microscale are grouped into nine clusters, labeled Cluster-1 to Cluster-9. Collectively, the multiscale heterogeneity of the Upper Triassic strata is classified into two categories: low and high heterogeneity. Low heterogeneity comprises mainly the upper Minjur, the silica sandstone, and Clusters 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8. In contrast, high heterogeneity encompasses mainly pre-Minjur and lower Minjur argillaceous and ferruginous sandstones, as well as Clusters 1, 5, 6, and 9. The level of sandstone heterogeneity can significantly affect the efficiency of CO₂ storage. Low heterogeneity facilitates even CO₂ distribution but may not be optimal for CO₂ trapping. High heterogeneity enables greater CO₂ trapping but can adversely affect pore-fluid transport and increase the rate of geochemical reactions. Understanding sandstone heterogeneity for CO₂ storage requires integrating multiple multiscale approaches. By integrating findings from multiscale studies, this research emphasizes the importance of a multiscale approach to enhance understanding, reduce uncertainty, and improve predictability in CO₂ storage strategies, thereby contributing to sustainable energy and climate change mitigation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54354,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering","volume":"51 17","pages":"20369 - 20407"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148986395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}