Earth and Space Science最新文献_第9页

Bi-Directional Spectro-Polarimetry of Olivine Sand 橄榄石砂的双向光谱极坐标测量法

IF 2.9 3区地球科学

Earth and Space Science Pub Date : 2025-01-17 DOI: 10.1029/2024EA003928

Chris H. Lee, Charles M. Bachmann, Nayma Binte Nur, Rachel M. Golding

{"title":"Bi-Directional Spectro-Polarimetry of Olivine Sand","authors":"Chris H. Lee, Charles M. Bachmann, Nayma Binte Nur, Rachel M. Golding","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003928","url":null,"abstract":"We characterized the bi-directional spectro-polarimetry of olivine sands of varying grain size distributions for a comprehensive set of measurement and illumination angles over a wavelength range of 350–2,500 nm. Our laboratory instrumentation included a hyperspectral goniometer, a broadband linear polarizer, and a tungsten-halogen illumination source. Three distinct grain size distributions of olivine sand samples were used in our experiments. As a function of azimuth, we measured a significant degree of anisotropic scattering, that depends directly on polarization angles, resulting in a distribution that cannot be accurately described solely using phase angle. For media of uniform or similar composition, we observed robust separability of grain size distributions using spectro-polarimetry. We compared Hapke's polarimetric model for semi-infinite granular media with a new empirical polarimetric model that we developed. This empirical model more accurately replicates the scattering of unpolarized incident light as a function of all view azimuth, view zenith, and polarization angles for all incident zenith angles. Parameters of our empirical polarimetric model that determine the magnitude of polarization correlate linearly with the inverse diffuse reflectances of the olivine sand samples, exhibiting phenomenology that is most likely due to the Umov effect. Because of the linearity of the correlations, our results show that polarimetry can be used to retrieve medium parameters, such as grain size distributions. We provide our data online and freely available in a Zenodo/GitHub repository.","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003928","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Post-Fire Sediment Yield From a Western Sierra Nevada Watershed Burned by the 2021 Caldor Fire 2021年卡尔多大火烧毁的西内华达山脉流域火灾后的沉积物产量

IF 2.9 3区地球科学

Earth and Space Science Pub Date : 2025-01-07 DOI: 10.1029/2024EA003939

Amy E. East, Joshua B. Logan, Peter Dartnell, Helen W. Dow, Donald N. Lindsay, David B. Cavagnaro

{"title":"Post-Fire Sediment Yield From a Western Sierra Nevada Watershed Burned by the 2021 Caldor Fire","authors":"Amy E. East, Joshua B. Logan, Peter Dartnell, Helen W. Dow, Donald N. Lindsay, David B. Cavagnaro","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003939","url":null,"abstract":"Watershed sediment yield commonly increases after wildfire, often causing negative impacts to downstream infrastructure and water resources. Post-fire erosion is important to understand and quantify because it is increasingly placing water supplies, habitat, communities, and infrastructure at risk as fire regimes intensify in a warming climate. However, measurements of post-fire sediment mobilization are lacking from many regions. We measured sediment yield from a forested, heavily managed 25.4-km2 watershed in the western Sierra Nevada, California, over 2 years following the 2021 Caldor Fire, by repeat mapping of a reservoir where sediment accumulated from terrain with moderate to high soil burn severity. Sediment yield was less than the geochronology-derived long-term average in the first year post-fire (conservatively estimated at 21.8–28.0 t/km2), low enough to be difficult to measure with uncrewed airborne system (UAS) and bathymetric sonar survey methods that are most effective at detecting larger sedimentary signals. In the second year post-fire the sediment delivery was 1,560–2,010 t/km2, an order of magnitude above long-term values, attributable to greater precipitation and intensive salvage logging. Hillslope erosion simulated by the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model overestimated the measured amount by a factor of 90 in the first year and in the second year by a factor (1.9) that aligned with previously determined model performance in northern California. We encourage additional field studies, and validation of erosion models where feasible, to further expand the range of conditions informing post-fire hazard assessments and management decisions.","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003939","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ten Years of Earth and Space Science: Introduction to the Special Collection 地球与空间科学十年：特辑简介

IF 2.9 3区地球科学

Earth and Space Science Pub Date : 2025-01-07 DOI: 10.1029/2024EA004151

Graziella Caprarelli, David Baratoux, Subrahmanyam Bulusu, Cinzia Cervato, Paolo Diviacco, Alina Donea, Steven J. Fletcher, Helen M. Glaves, Cathleen E. Jones, Gaopeng Lu, Astrid Maute, Franklin P. Mills, Sara C. Pryor, Kristy Tiampo, Zunyi Xie

{"title":"Ten Years of Earth and Space Science: Introduction to the Special Collection","authors":"Graziella Caprarelli, David Baratoux, Subrahmanyam Bulusu, Cinzia Cervato, Paolo Diviacco, Alina Donea, Steven J. Fletcher, Helen M. Glaves, Cathleen E. Jones, Gaopeng Lu, Astrid Maute, Franklin P. Mills, Sara C. Pryor, Kristy Tiampo, Zunyi Xie","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004151","url":null,"abstract":"The journal Earth and Space Science (ESS) was founded in 2014 to offer the scientific community a new platform for the dissemination of key new data, observations, methods, instruments, and models, presented within the context of their application. Thus, the aim of the journal was (and is) to highlight the complexity and importance of experimental design, methodology, data acquisition and processing, intertwined with data interpretation. Such approach is consistent with the mission of most AGU journals, but the distinctive element for ESS is its focus on the concept of the useful impact of publication, progressively replacing that on conventional publication metrics. In this context, the journal has been, since its inception, the preferred home for studies stemming from both global and local geoscience research. This special collection contains 16 papers published in ESS, selected by the Editorial Board to highlight the aims, scope and path of evolution and growth of the journal since it inaugural issue, in 2014.","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004151","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Nowcasting of a Warm-Sector Rainfall Event in Southern China With the TRAMS Model: Sensitivity to Different Radar Reflectivity Retrieval Methods and Incremental Updating Strategies TRAMS模式对南方一次暖区降水事件的临近预报：对不同雷达反射率反演方法的敏感性及增量更新策略

IF 2.9 3区地球科学

Earth and Space Science Pub Date : 2025-01-07 DOI: 10.1029/2024EA003724

Xiaoxia Lin, Yerong Feng, Yuntao Jian, Daosheng Xu, Jincan Huang, Haowei Chen, Banglin Zhang

{"title":"Nowcasting of a Warm-Sector Rainfall Event in Southern China With the TRAMS Model: Sensitivity to Different Radar Reflectivity Retrieval Methods and Incremental Updating Strategies","authors":"Xiaoxia Lin, Yerong Feng, Yuntao Jian, Daosheng Xu, Jincan Huang, Haowei Chen, Banglin Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003724","url":null,"abstract":"To improve the radar data assimilation scheme for the high-resolution Tropical Regional Atmospheric Model System (TRAMS) model, this study investigates the sensitivity of simulating a warm-sector rainfall event in southern China to different radar reflectivity retrieval methods and incremental updating strategies. The findings indicate that the ice cloud retrieval (ICR) method yields more reasonable cloud hydrometeors. However, the impact of different retrieval methods is minimal without corresponding adjustments to the dynamic field. Further assimilation of the wind field effectively reduced the overestimated south winds and successfully simulated the observed low-level convergence in northern Guangdong, significantly improving precipitation forecasts. Both incremental analysis update (IAU) and Nudging methods were able to adjust the forecast to better match the observations, with IAU performing slightly better. These findings are beneficial for further improving the forecast accuracy of precipitation intensity. Extending the IAU relaxation time from 4 to 10 min has almost no impact on the actual forecasting. However, prioritizing the adjustment of the wind field through time-dependent IAU weighting factors, the impact of cloud particle adjustments on the dynamical field can be avoided (e.g., the drag caused by the sinking of cloud particles may offset the upward motion induced by dynamical convergence adjustments). This allows for more realistic low-level wind convergence and precipitation forecasts to be obtained. Overall, the ICR method for retrieving cloud hydrometeors, combined with the IAU method using time-dependent distribution weighting factors appears to be a more suitable option for the radar data assimilation scheme in TRAMS model.","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003724","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Four Generations of ECMWF Reanalyses: An Overview of the Successes in Modeling Precipitation and Remaining Challenges for Freshwater Budget of Ocean Models 四代ECMWF再分析：降水模式的成功综述和海洋模式淡水收支的剩余挑战

IF 2.9 3区地球科学

Earth and Space Science Pub Date : 2025-01-04 DOI: 10.1029/2024EA003844

Raphael Dussin

引用次数: 0

Analysis of 42 Years of Cosmic Ray Measurements by the Neutron Monitor at Lomnický štít Observatory Lomnický štít天文台中子监测器42年宇宙射线测量的分析

IF 2.9 3区地球科学

Earth and Space Science Pub Date : 2025-01-04 DOI: 10.1029/2024EA003656

Imre Kisvárdai, Filip Štempel, Lukáš Randuška, Šimon Mackovjak, Ronald Langer, Igor Strhárský, Ján Kubančák

{"title":"Analysis of 42 Years of Cosmic Ray Measurements by the Neutron Monitor at Lomnický štít Observatory","authors":"Imre Kisvárdai, Filip Štempel, Lukáš Randuška, Šimon Mackovjak, Ronald Langer, Igor Strhárský, Ján Kubančák","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003656","url":null,"abstract":"The correlation and physical interconnection between space weather indices and cosmic ray flux has been well-established with extensive literature on the topic. Our investigation is centered on the relationships among the solar radio flux, geomagnetic field activity, and cosmic ray flux, as observed by the Neutron Monitor at the Lomnický štít Observatory in Slovakia. We processed the raw neutron monitor data, generating the first publicly accessible data set spanning 42 years. The curated continuous data are available in.csv format in hourly resolution from December 1981 to July 2023 and in minute resolution from January 2001 to July 2023 (Institute of Experimental Physics SAS, 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10790915). Validation of this processed data was accomplished by identifying distinctive events within the data set. As part of the selection of events for case studies, we report the discovery of TGE-s visible in the data. Applying the Pearson method for statistical analysis, we quantified the linear correlation of the data sets. Additionally, a prediction power score was computed to reveal potential non-linear relationships. Our findings demonstrate a significant anti-correlation between cosmic ray and solar radio flux with a correlation coefficient of −0.74, coupled with a positive correlation concerning geomagnetic field strength. We also found that the neutron monitor measurements correlate better with a delay of 7–21 hr applied to the geomagnetic field strength data. The correlation between these data sets is further improved when inspecting periods of extreme solar events only. Lastly, the computed prediction power score of 0.22 for neutron flux in the context of geomagnetic field strength presents exciting possibilities for developing real-time geomagnetic storm prediction models based on cosmic ray measurements.","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003656","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143111984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mapping 3D Overthrust Structures by a Hybrid Modeling Method 三维逆冲构造的混合建模方法

IF 2.9 3区地球科学

Earth and Space Science Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1029/2024EA003916

Weisheng Hou, Yanhua Li, Shuwan Ye, Songhua Yang, Fan Xiao

{"title":"Mapping 3D Overthrust Structures by a Hybrid Modeling Method","authors":"Weisheng Hou, Yanhua Li, Shuwan Ye, Songhua Yang, Fan Xiao","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003916","url":null,"abstract":"A rational three-dimensional (3D) geological model with complex characteristics generated on a small amount of data is a crucial data infrastructure for scientific research and many applications. However, reconstructing structures with multi-Z values on a single point caused by folding or overthrusting is still one of the bottlenecks in 3D geological modeling. Combined with the multi-point statistics (MPS) method and fully connected neural networks (FCNs), this study presented a hybrid framework for 3D geological modeling. The loss functions of FCN and the conventional MPS method jointly form the kernel function of the proposed method, which is constrained by stratigraphic sequence and stratum thickness. The input and output parameters of the FCN are the coordinates and corresponding elevations of geological contacts, respectively. To solve the kernel function, the initial model, in which geological surfaces are generated by the FCNs, is generated using a sequential process. An iterative MPS process with an Expectation Maximization-like (EM-like) algorithm is carried out to illuminate the artifacts in the initial model. Ten orthogonal cross-sections are extracted from the overthrust model created by SEG/EAGE as the modeling data source. The results illustrated that the geometry and spatial relationships of strata and faults are retained well with the geological constraints. The comparison of virtual boreholes from the results and the real model shows that the accuracy of the geological object reaches 75%. The presented method provides a new idea for simulating 3D structures with multi-Z values, which overcomes the limitations of the conventional MPS-based 3D modeling method.","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003916","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluating GEMS HCHO Retrievals With TROPOMI Product, Pandora Observations, and GEOS-Chem Simulations 利用TROPOMI产品、Pandora观测和GEOS-Chem模拟评估GEMS HCHO检索结果

IF 2.9 3区地球科学

Earth and Space Science Pub Date : 2024-12-29 DOI: 10.1029/2024EA003894

Weitao Fu, Lei Zhu, Hyeong-Ahn Kwon, Rokjin J. Park, Gitaek T. Lee, Isabelle De Smedt, Song Liu, Xicheng Li, Yuyang Chen, Dongchuan Pu, Juan Li, Xiaoxing Zuo, Peng Zhang, Yali Li, Zhuoxian Yan, Xue Zhang, Jiaming Zhang, Xingyi Wu, Huizhong Shen, Jianhuai Ye, Chen Wang, Tzung-May Fu, Xin Yang

{"title":"Evaluating GEMS HCHO Retrievals With TROPOMI Product, Pandora Observations, and GEOS-Chem Simulations","authors":"Weitao Fu, Lei Zhu, Hyeong-Ahn Kwon, Rokjin J. Park, Gitaek T. Lee, Isabelle De Smedt, Song Liu, Xicheng Li, Yuyang Chen, Dongchuan Pu, Juan Li, Xiaoxing Zuo, Peng Zhang, Yali Li, Zhuoxian Yan, Xue Zhang, Jiaming Zhang, Xingyi Wu, Huizhong Shen, Jianhuai Ye, Chen Wang, Tzung-May Fu, Xin Yang","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003894","url":null,"abstract":"Satellite column formaldehyde (HCHO) is an indicator of regional volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions as HCHO is a short-lived intermediate oxidation product. The Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS), launched in 2020, is the first geostationary satellite to monitor hourly HCHO. GEMS offers unprecedented potential to reveal the diurnal variations of VOC emissions in Asia. Here, we present the first study to evaluate year-round GEMS HCHO retrievals using TROPOMI satellite and ground-based Pandora spectrometers. Our study shows that GEMS HCHO aligns with TROPOMI (r = 0.59–0.85; differences within 20% for most areas). Moreover, GEMS captures monthly and diurnal HCHO variations observed by Pandora spectrometers across Asia with differences overall within 15% (r ∼ 0.85). Diurnally, we find strong HCHO variations over urban areas but not in forests. During the fire season of mainland Southeast Asia, GEMS HCHO increases in the afternoon, in line with diurnal emission estimates from the Global Fire Emissions Database Version 4 with small fires (GFED4s) and GEOS-Chem simulations. GEMS also captures the spatial patterns of fire emissions in GFED4s. GEMS HCHO shows negative bias when observing with a high (>60°) viewing zenith angle (VZA) and overly relies on model correction for observations to the north of 30°N.","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003894","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Machine Learning Classification Strategy to Improve Streamflow Estimates in Diverse River Basins in the Colorado River Basin 机器学习分类策略以改善科罗拉多河流域不同河流流域的流量估计

IF 2.9 3区地球科学

Earth and Space Science Pub Date : 2024-12-22 DOI: 10.1029/2024EA003798

Sarah Maebius, K. E. Bennett, J. Schwenk

{"title":"Machine Learning Classification Strategy to Improve Streamflow Estimates in Diverse River Basins in the Colorado River Basin","authors":"Sarah Maebius, K. E. Bennett, J. Schwenk","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003798","url":null,"abstract":"Streamflow in the Colorado River Basin (CRB) is significantly altered by human activities including land use/cover alterations, reservoir operation, irrigation, and water exports. Climate is also highly varied across the CRB which contains snowpack-dominated watersheds and arid, precipitation-dominated basins. Recently, machine learning methods have improved the generalizability and accuracy of streamflow models. Previous successes with LSTM modeling have primarily focused on unimpacted basins, and few studies have included human impacted systems in either regional or single-basin modeling. We demonstrate that the diverse hydrological behavior of river basins in the CRB are too difficult to model with a single, regional model. We propose a method to delineate catchments into categories based on the level of predictability, hydrological characteristics, and the level of human influence. Lastly, we model streamflow in each category with climate and anthropogenic proxy data sets and use feature importance methods to assess whether model performance improves with additional relevant data. Overall, land use cover data at a low temporal resolution was not sufficient to capture the irregular patterns of reservoir releases, demonstrating the importance of having high-resolution reservoir release data sets at a global scale. On the other hand, the classification approach reduced the complexity of the data and has the potential to improve streamflow forecasts in human-altered regions.","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003798","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Occurrence of Rare Lightning Events During Hurricane Nicholas (2021) “尼古拉斯”飓风期间罕见闪电事件的发生（2021年）

IF 2.9 3区地球科学

Earth and Space Science Pub Date : 2024-12-21 DOI: 10.1029/2024EA003733

Timothy Logan, Jacob Hale, Sydney Butler, Brendan Lawrence, Samuel Gardner

{"title":"Occurrence of Rare Lightning Events During Hurricane Nicholas (2021)","authors":"Timothy Logan, Jacob Hale, Sydney Butler, Brendan Lawrence, Samuel Gardner","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003733","url":null,"abstract":"Hurricane Nicholas was classified as a Category 1 tropical cyclone (TC) at 0000 UTC on 14 September 2021 and made landfall along the upper Texas Gulf Coast at 0530 UTC with maximum sustained winds of 33 m s−1. Much of the electrical activity during Nicholas was monitored by the Houston Lightning Mapping Array (HLMA) network. Thunderstorm activity developed in the rainband at 1700 UTC on 13 September, diminished by 2030 UTC, and re-intensified after 2200 UTC. At 2004 UTC (13 September), a curved megaflash (∼220 km) was observed by the HLMA in the stratiform precipitation region of the outer rainband. By 0130 UTC on 14 September 2021, vigorous storm cells developed in the eastern eyewall region and propagated cyclonically to the western eyewall region. At least four “jet-like” transient luminous events (TLEs) were observed by the HLMA emanating from a storm cell in the western eyewall region between 0230 and 0300 UTC with VHF source points ranging from 30 to 45 km in altitude. Moreover, the TLEs occurred within a region of strong wind shear, upper-level graupel-ice crystal collisions (∼15 km), and strong cloud top divergence. Charge analysis of the thunderstorm activity during Nicholas revealed an overall normal dipole structure, while the megaflash and TLE cases exhibited inverted dipole charge structures. Dissipation of the upper-level screening charge layer resulting from cloud top divergence likely played a role in the observed TLE VHF sources escaping to altitudes exceeding 30 km.","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003733","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0