Earth and Space Science最新文献

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Future Urban Thermal Comfort in Three Cities Considering Urbanization Under Multiple CMIP6 Scenarios","authors":"Xiao Jin,&nbsp;Alvin C. G. Varquez,&nbsp;Do Ngoc Khanh,&nbsp;Tomohiko Ihara,&nbsp;Norihiro Itsubo,&nbsp;Manabu Kanda,&nbsp;I. Dewa Gede Agung Junnaedhi","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004856","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work investigates variations in thermal conditions in cities with different background climates exposed to climate change and future urbanization (i.e., horizontal/vertical urban expansion and energy consumption change). Simultaneously considering projected urbanization from the present to the 2050s, characterized by spatial changes in urban parameters and anthropogenic heat emissions (AHE), 1.5-km present and future climates of Tokyo, Cairo, and Jakarta in the 2050s were modeled using initial and boundary conditions from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Data Assimilation System/Final (NCEP GDAS/FNL) 0.25° Global Tropospheric Analyses and Forecast Grids and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) climate-change scenarios based on Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP126, SSP245, and SSP370). The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) was estimated using the UTCI-Fiala model. Regional near-surface air temperature and UTCI scaled proportionally with background climate changes. Projected urbanization caused significant intra-urban variability, with some locations showing warming comparable to background climate change. It also altered strong heat-stress exposure, defined as hours with UTCI <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>&gt;</mo>\u0000 <mn>32</mn>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mo>°</mo>\u0000 <mi>C</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${ &gt;} 32,{}^{circ}mathrm{C}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, amplifying exposure in Cairo and Jakarta but slightly offsetting it in Tokyo, where AHE declined. Cities with different background climates exhibited distinct seasonal responses: Tokyo showed moderate bimodal variability, Cairo exhibited the strongest variability with peak summer warming, and Jakarta showed a uniform increase year-round. Near-surface air temperature and UTCI responses to urbanization also varied seasonally across scenarios and cities, while variables beyond air temperature contributed to thermal-comfort changes. This study strengthens the necessity of projecting not only meteorology, but also socially relevant indices, such as UTCI.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004856","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mission Design and Early Navigation Operations for the Lunar Trailblazer Mission","authors":"Gregory Lantoine,&nbsp;Julie Bellerose,&nbsp;Andrew D. Cox,&nbsp;Brian Kennedy,&nbsp;Zubin Olikara,&nbsp;Stefano Campagnola,&nbsp;David Garza,&nbsp;Sarah Elizabeth McCandless,&nbsp;Erica Jenson,&nbsp;Burton Yale,&nbsp;Julie Kangas,&nbsp;Mark Ryne,&nbsp;Tomas Martin-Mur,&nbsp;Aimar Negrete","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004740","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lunar Trailblazer is a smallsat mission launched on 27 February 2025 as a secondary payload with the Intuitive Machines IM-2 mission. After insertion into a near-polar circular orbit around the Moon, the mission's goal was to search and characterize lunar water, primarily looking for ice in permanently shadowed craters and water bound in minerals. As a rideshare, a major challenge involved designing a feasible and robust reference trajectory from launch conditions (date and injection states) that could not be controlled. This paper describes the innovative, systematic trajectory and maneuver design process used to develop a robust reference trajectory that satisfies all requirements. The February 27 reference trajectory is described in detail to demonstrate this process. Early launch operations are also discussed, including the unfortunate loss of signal and the unconventional use of radar and optical astrometry for spacecraft orbit determination. Finally, lessons learned from a mission design and navigation (MDNav) perspective are presented to inform the design of similar future smallsat missions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004740","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When Ground Truth Has a Footprint: Rethinking Satellite Rainfall Validation","authors":"Jonathan H. Jiang","doi":"10.1029/2026EA005223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EA005223","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate evaluation of satellite precipitation products has long depended on comparisons with rain gauge observations, which are often treated as ground truth. Yet this practice overlooks a basic mismatch of scale: gauges measure rainfall at a point, whereas satellite products estimate area-averaged precipitation. In a recent study, Li et al. (2026, https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ea004745) quantify this often-neglected source of uncertainty using an exceptionally dense gauge network in eastern China and show that gauge representativeness error can substantially influence perceived satellite performance. Their analysis demonstrates that gauge density and rainfall intensity jointly control the uncertainty of gauge-based area estimates, and that accounting for this uncertainty reduces the frequency of statistically significant discrepancies between the GPM IMERG precipitation product and gauge observations by as much as 17%. This frequency-based reduction should not be confused with a direct reduction in the magnitude of satellite-gauge differences. The significance of this result extends beyond a single satellite product or region. It challenges the long-standing assumption that validation is a simple comparison between an imperfect satellite product and a perfect surface reference. Instead, it points toward a more realistic framework in which both satellite retrievals and ground observations carry uncertainty that must be explicitly acknowledged. This shift has important implications for hydrology, climate analysis, and the future design of precipitation validation systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026EA005223","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unusual Enhancement of Stratospheric Ozone Observed Over the North Bay of Bengal: Results Inferred From NetRAD-ASMA Campaigns-2024","authors":"Siddarth Shankar Das,&nbsp;N. Poddar,&nbsp;A. K. Ghosh,&nbsp;M. V. Ratnam,&nbsp;A. Paul,&nbsp;M. Naja,&nbsp;S. Abhilash,&nbsp;S. Bhattacharjee,&nbsp;S. K. Das,&nbsp;M. Durga Rao,&nbsp;P. Nandakumar,&nbsp;V. Rakesh,&nbsp;K. N. Uma,&nbsp;V. Veenus,&nbsp;K. M. V. Prasad,&nbsp;S. V. Sunilkumar,&nbsp;D. S. Raj,&nbsp;N. Das,&nbsp;G. Pandithurai,&nbsp;Sunil Sonwabne,&nbsp;U. V. Muralikrishna,&nbsp;K. Raghunath","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004791","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study examines the roles of advection and air compression in enhancing the stratospheric ozone layer over the North Bay of Bengal during winter. The most significant and novel observation reported is an increase in the stratospheric ozone layer between 21 and 23 km, with ozone partial pressure approximately 50 nbar higher than the typical profile in the eastern Indian subtropical region. The thickness of the observed ozone layer ranges from 2.1 to 2.4 km. Potential vorticity derived from reanalysis and vertical air motion from the Stratosphere-Troposphere radar observations also supports the enhanced stratospheric ozone layer. Space-borne ozone measurements also reveal the presence of a sporadic ozone layer structure over the North Bay of Bengal. These observations provide quantitative experimental evidence of the redistribution of stratospheric ozone over the Indian subtropical region during winter.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004791","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A First Global View of Sub-Millimeter Radiances From the Arctic Weather Satellite","authors":"D. I. Duncan,&nbsp;N. Bormann,&nbsp;M. D. Fielding,&nbsp;A. J. Geer,&nbsp;P. McEvoy,&nbsp;E. May,&nbsp;P. Eriksson","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004893","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Arctic Weather Satellite (AWS) from the European Space Agency is a small satellite launched in August 2024 carrying a microwave radiometer for atmospheric sounding. AWS features the first satellite-borne sub-millimeter wavelength (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>&gt;</mo>\u0000 <mn>300</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${ &gt;} 300$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> GHz) channels for operational meteorology. This “sub-mm” band is more sensitive to scattering from ice clouds than traditional microwave frequencies and opens up new possibilities for measuring ice clouds and constraining their representations in atmospheric models. For example, 325 GHz radiances are roughly three times more sensitive to frozen water path than 183 GHz radiances. This letter explores how well sub-mm radiances are currently modeled by state-of-the-art radiative transfer simulators. It also highlights the novel information about ice clouds that can be exploited using these radiative transfer simulators, in the context of weather forecasting and physics-based retrievals.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004893","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SWOT Observations Constrain a 4D-Var State Estimate of the California Current System","authors":"A. Verdy,&nbsp;S. T. Gille,&nbsp;B. D. Cornuelle,&nbsp;G. Gopalakrishnan,&nbsp;M. R. Mazloff","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004931","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission provides high-resolution sea surface height (SSH) observations at 2-km spacing, resolving submesoscale features typical of ageostrophic motions and associated with instabilities. Here, we demonstrate the assimilation of SWOT data into a regional configuration of the MITgcm for the California Current System using the four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) method with a 31-day window. A generalized cost function was developed to support assimilation of the novel data set. The resulting state estimate fits SWOT data within the prescribed 2 cm uncertainty. It also shows improved agreement with non-assimilated in situ data from SWOT post-launch calibration/validation, indicating that SSH constraints propagate to subsurface dynamics and to other state variables. The results demonstrate that SWOT assimilation can accurately capture mesoscale variability while extending constraints into previously unconstrained spatial scales. Wavenumber spectra indicate effective constraint at scales as small as ∼70 km, highlighting the potential of high-resolution SSH data to improve regional ocean state estimation.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004931","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Groundwater Connectivity and Buffering in Western Australian Hypersaline Lakes: Implications for Late-Stage Martian Lacustrine Systems","authors":"T. A. Plattner,&nbsp;B. E. Schmidt,&nbsp;N. M. Fernandez,&nbsp;P. T. Doran,&nbsp;M. A. Birmingham,&nbsp;J. M. Weber,&nbsp;A. Celestian,&nbsp;E. D. Ingall,&nbsp;J. S. Bowman,&nbsp;S. M. Som,&nbsp;A. Odenheimer,&nbsp;T. Bornholdt,&nbsp;C. Sephus,&nbsp;H. T. Jamison,&nbsp;K. Russo,&nbsp;S. Buessecker,&nbsp;L. A. Fisher,&nbsp;B. Klempay,&nbsp;E. R. Paris,&nbsp;E. J. Skoog,&nbsp;M. M. Weng,&nbsp;C. Pozarycki,&nbsp;A. T. Schartup,&nbsp;C. E. Carr,&nbsp;J. J. Wray,&nbsp;F. Rivera-Hernández,&nbsp;E. Quartini","doi":"10.1029/2026EA005066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EA005066","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Thousands of saline to hypersaline lakes exist across the Yilgarn Craton in Western Australia, representing potential Mars analogs with diverse and varying salinity, pH, and oxygen conditions that remain poorly constrained. Here, we report geochemical trends in lake waters that vary across wet-dry cycles as well as with regional location and geomorphic setting within the craton's paleovalley system. We identify two different geochemical regimes: (a) lakes where groundwater is more acidic than lake water, and shifts in composition reflect changing precipitation, and (b) lakes that are more acidic than local groundwater due to subsurface and surface geochemical interactions. Elevated salinity in all lakes relative to groundwater occurs due to cyclic evaporation driven by strong seasonal forcing. Most lakes occupy shallow, surficial basins that lack exposed outcrops. Lakes that are deeply incised expose truncated lateritic profiles dominated by clay minerals, quartz veins, and Fe-oxides. These contrasting settings represent geologic and geochemical endmembers across the region, for which interactions between evaporative concentration and acidic groundwater shape the geochemical evolution of lake systems differently. These factors, in turn, influence microbial habitability, the deposition of salts and other surficial indicators of environmental change. Our observations reveal visible signatures of prolonged acidic-groundwater interactions, including features consistent with Fe redox cycling, and recurring wet-dry cycles. These findings suggest that paleodrainage systems within and near craters in Mars' Terra Sirenum, which host similar layered and bleached Al-rich clay outcrops with smaller exposures of acidic weathered minerals, may record evaporitic concentration and potentially long-duration groundwater interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026EA005066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Post-Launch Assessment of the Noise Level of the Ka-Band Radar Interferometer From SWOT","authors":"Minghai Huang,&nbsp;Jinbo Wang","doi":"10.1029/2026EA004999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EA004999","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Quantifying the noise level of SWOT's Ka-band Radar Interferometer (KaRIn) is essential for interpreting submesoscale (≤100 km) ocean variability from the mission's two-dimensional swath measurements. Using 21 months (cycles 001–032; July 2023–April 2025) of the Level-2 KaRIn Low-Rate Unsmoothed sea surface height product (250 m posting), we estimate sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) error from the noise floor derived by differencing adjacent cross-swath pixels. This method effectively isolates the noise component. For 1 × 1 km grid, the swath-averaged RMS noise is 0.60 cm for 2 m significant wave height (SWH) and 2.51 cm for SWH = 6 m. The noise is also a function of wind speed, increasing from 0.48 cm at wind speed of 4 m s⁻¹ to 2.74 cm at 16 m s⁻¹. We fit an empirical model to represent the noise as a smooth function of cross-swath distance and sea state, facilitating noise prediction at arbitrary conditions. Mapping segment-wise errors onto a 1° × 1° monthly grid reveals the largest values in the North Pacific, North Atlantic, and Southern Ocean storm-track regions, with clear seasonal cycles—peaking in local winter and minimizing in local summer—largely driven by seasonal sea state variations. Tropical errors remain comparatively low and weakly seasonal. Overall, KaRIn noise exhibits stable performance throughout the 21-month record.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026EA004999","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148462857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geophysical Investigation of Geothermal Potential in Southern Thailand: Insights From GGMplus Gravity","authors":"T. Phiranram,&nbsp;P. Chenrai,&nbsp;S. Phantuwongraj,&nbsp;C. Kitpracha","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004686","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Southern Thailand hosts numerous low- to medium-enthalpy geothermal manifestations in a non-volcanic setting. This study investigates the geothermal potential of the region through the integration of satellite-derived gravity data and geological observations. The high-resolution Global Gravity Model plus (Gemplus), which integrates GOCE/GRACE satellite gravity data and EGM2008 with topographic information, was employed to delineate gravity anomalies associated with subsurface structures. Following the application of free-air, Bouguer, and terrain corrections to achieve complete Bouguer anomalies, regional and residual effects were distinguished through upward continuation. The residual Bouguer anomaly map reveals three distinct anomaly facies: (a) low anomalies over mountainous areas (&lt;−7 mGal) indicating the presence of deep crustal roots; (b) moderate anomalies ranging between −7 and +3 mGal in Tertiary basins; and (c) high anomalies (&gt;+3 mGal) in Quaternary basins along the eastern coastal area, possibly indicative of crustal thinning or shallow high-density bodies. To enhance the edge of density variations, the total horizontal derivative (THD) was applied on both residual and regional gravity fields. THD lineaments show dominant NNE–SSW trends correlating with major faults (e.g., Ranong and Khlong Marui Fault Zones) in the upper peninsula and reveal unmapped lineaments in the lower peninsula. Numerous hot springs spatially coincide with these lineaments and granite-sediment contacts, highlighting geothermal potential. The findings of this study demonstrate the significance of satellite gravity data in geothermal exploration. However, ambiguity in gravity interpretations requires additional geophysical investigations, such as magnetotelluric or seismic methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004686","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148462726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New MAVEN NGIMS Mars Thermosphere Temperature Database for Short Term Variability and Long Term Trends","authors":"N. B. Pickett,&nbsp;M. Felici,&nbsp;N. Jones,&nbsp;D. Pawlowski,&nbsp;P. Withers,&nbsp;M. Benna,&nbsp;S. Curry","doi":"10.1029/2026EA005146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EA005146","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Current Mars thermospheric temperatures databases have course temporal resolution due to either a lack of data or a need to average over several orbits of data, preventing the study of short-term, rapid changes to the Mars thermosphere. In this study, we present a new Mars thermosphere temperature database derived from individual orbits of Argon density data from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer instrument from 01/01/2016 to 12/31/2020 using a Newton gradient descent inverse method. This was enabled by the creation of secondary products like gravity wave potential energy, <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>E</mi>\u0000 <mi>p</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${E}_{p}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, the Knudsen number, <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>K</mi>\u0000 <mi>n</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${K}_{n}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, and pressure, designed to indicate when the variability in the data is beyond the assumptions of the temperature derivation and provide a better vertical axis to observe changes in the temperature. Here we present validations of the data set against previous models and data alongside some simple analysis of the temperatures in order to demonstrate the sensitivity of the data set to the nuances of the Martian thermosphere. This data set can better enable the study of thermosphere response to solar activity, dust events, and gravity waves.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026EA005146","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148462862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}