Earth and Space Science最新文献

{"title":"Deriving WMO Cloud Classes From Ground-Based RGB Pictures With a Residual Neural Network Ensemble","authors":"Markus Rosenberger,&nbsp;Manfred Dorninger,&nbsp;Martin Weissmann","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004112","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Clouds of various kinds play a substantial role in a wide variety of atmospheric processes. They are directly linked to the formation of precipitation, and significantly affect the atmospheric energy budget via radiative effects and latent heat. Moreover, knowledge of currently occurring cloud types allows the observer to draw conclusions about the short-term evolution of the state of the atmosphere and the weather. Therefore, a consistent cloud classification scheme has already been introduced almost 100 years ago. In this work, we train an ensemble of identically initialized multi-label residual neural network architectures from scratch with ground-based RGB pictures. Operational human observations, consisting of up to three out of 30 cloud classes per instance, are used as ground truth. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to classify clouds with this methodology into 30 different classes. Class-specific resampling is used to reduce prediction biases due to a highly imbalanced ground truth class distribution. Results indicate that the ensemble mean outperforms the best single member in each cloud class. Still, each single member clearly outperforms both random and climatological predictions. Attributes diagrams indicate underconfidence in heavily augmented classes and very good calibration in all other classes. Autonomy and output consistency are the main advantages of such a trained classifier, hence we consider operational cloud monitoring as main application. Either for consistent cloud class observations or to observe the current state of the weather and its short time evolution with high temporal resolution, for example, in proximity of solar power plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004112","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143901051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Equatorial Electrojet Derived From MSS1A Observation: Initial Result","authors":"Yuyang Huang,&nbsp;Chao Xiong,&nbsp;Fengjue Wang,&nbsp;Xinyi Rang,&nbsp;Yunliang Zhou,&nbsp;Bohao Qian,&nbsp;Qing Yan,&nbsp;Kuan Li,&nbsp;Keke Zhang,&nbsp;Yanyan Yang","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004096","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, we use the magnetic field data from the Coupled Dark State Magnetometer (CDSM) aboard the Macau Science Satellite-1A (MSS1A) to calculate and analyze the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) in the period between November 2023 and December 2024. The inverse method, initially developed for polar-orbiting satellites, is evaluated for its applicability to the MSS1A, which features a distinct 41° orbital inclination. For the observational time window, there are 6251 electrojet events selected for analysis. We find that the median current density profile peaks at the magnetic equator, with a median peak value of 35 mA/m. The current density distribution is relatively concentrated, with a half-maximum width of approximately 5° in magnetic latitude. The data set comprises the eastward and westward EEJ events in a ratio between 79% and 21%, respectively. We also have examined the EEJ dependence on solar activity level, local time, longitude, season, and magnetic activity. The peak current density of the EEJ increases as the P10.7 index rises from 140 to 220 solar flux units. The peak density of EEJ is mostly pronounced around noon and varies with season, with high amplitudes observed during equinoxes and low values during solstices. The averaged peak current density of the EEJ displayed a distinct longitudinal wave number 4 pattern, which should be attributable to non-migrating tides originating from the lower atmosphere. In general, from both event-based and statistical analyses, the EEJ characteristics observed by MSS1A agree well with that observed by previous satellites, for example, Swarm, suggesting that the magnetic measurements from the newly launched MSS provide a new data set for monitoring the ionospheric currents.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004096","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143897111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guide for Conducting “Community Challenges” in Space Physics","authors":"Michael W. Liemohn,&nbsp;Lutz Rastätter,&nbsp;Alexa J. Halford,&nbsp;Yihua Zheng,&nbsp;Katherine S. Garcia-Sage,&nbsp;Robert Redmon,&nbsp;Sarah K. Vines","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004138","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) program regularly issues “community challenges” in which researchers examine a particular space physics phenomenon or geomagnetic activity event, often running numerical models to assess dominant processes and understand the timing and relationship of observed signatures. The GEM Methods and Validation Resource Group helps those GEM focus group leaders running challenges to maximize participation and optimize scientific return from the significant time investment of these endeavors. This article gives a brief history of GEM community challenges and details those best practices that lead to an inclusive and valuable experience.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004138","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143897112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Gas-Surface Interactions and Neutral Atmospheric Properties and Their Impact on Satellite Drag Coefficients","authors":"Soumyajit Dey,&nbsp;Phillip C. Anderson,&nbsp;Aaron L. Bukowski,&nbsp;Marcin D. Pilinski","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003998","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Changes in the thermospheric composition and temperature influence satellite drag coefficients through functional dependencies in the closed-form solutions, and gas-surface interactions via accommodation coefficients. This study investigates drag coefficient variations for the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellites under varying atmospheric conditions and satellite orientations. The closed-form solutions of Diffuse Reflection and Incomplete Accommodation (DRIA) and Cercignani-Lampis-Lord (CLL) gas-surface interaction models have been used to calculate the drag coefficients. The momentum and energy accommodation coefficients, derived using empirical models, are used as input variables in the closed-form solutions to specify the nature of the gas-surface interactions. The results provide a realistic view of drag coefficient variations for the atmospheric changes observed for low-Earth orbit satellites. The analysis reveals that increasing the atomic oxygen mole fraction leads to significant decreases in the drag coefficients, with CLL showing greater variability than DRIA. The variability of the drag coefficients with neutral temperature demonstrates a strong dependence on satellite shapes, with GRACE drag coefficients increasing with temperature while C/NOFS drag coefficients decrease. Analysis of the C/NOFS orbits demonstrates drastic changes in the gas-surface interactions, transitioning from oxygen-dominated diffuse scattering at lower altitudes to helium-dominated quasi-specular interactions at higher altitudes. These variations persist during the September 2011 geomagnetic storm, with slightly reduced drag coefficients during storm-time conditions compared to quiet periods. The GRACE drag coefficients are highly sensitive to pitch and yaw angle variations, while the C/NOFS drag coefficients show minimal sensitivity due to its more symmetrical geometry.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003998","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143897113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indian Equatorial Ionosphere Under the Influence of the May 2024 Geomagnetic Storm: Insights Into Electric Fields, Plasma Irregularities and F-Region Dynamics","authors":"Lalitha G. Krishnan,&nbsp;Tarun Kumar Pant,&nbsp;T. Manu,&nbsp;C. Vineeth,&nbsp;Lijo Jose,&nbsp;Reuben Samson Yaqub,&nbsp;K. S. Vishnupriya,&nbsp;T. V. Sruthi","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004116","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the distinctive features of the daytime equatorial E-region ionosphere using observations of HF radar (18 MHz), ionosonde, and magnetometer at Thumba (8.5°N, 77°E, dip lat = 1.9°N), India, during the extreme geomagnetic storm of May 10–11, 2024 (minimum SYM-H ∼ −497 nT). The northward component of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF Bz) exhibited large-amplitude oscillations throughout the day on May 11 that resulted in sudden changes in the Interplanetary Electric Field, in turn manifesting as Prompt Penetration Electric Field (PPEF) in the ionosphere. The drift measurements of plasma irregularities using the radar indicate that these PPEF modulations effectively mapped onto the equatorial ionosphere in the Indian region. The radar observations of the zonal drift of daytime E-region plasma irregularities exhibited four notable and significant aspects: (a) enhancements in westward drift velocities during eastward electric field to 500 m/s, exceeding the ion acoustic limit by ∼140 m/s, (b) eastward reversal of drift with speeds ∼200 m/s in response to westward PPEF, (c) occasional disappearance of plasma irregularities, and (d) short-lived eastward drifting echoes in east beam of radar suggesting a possible localized alteration in electron density profiles. In the absence of PPE15F modulation, one of the significant enhancements in the drift of plasma irregularities coincided with an X5-class solar flare. Concurrent ionosonde measurements revealed a rise in the ionospheric peak altitude beyond 500 km during local noon, accompanied by the presence of the F₃ layer. This alluded to the combined effect of eastward PPEF and equatorward thermospheric wind.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004116","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143889075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MODIS Aerosol and Low-Cloud Retrievals: Orographic Effects in the Wake of Macquarie Island","authors":"Emily Tansey,&nbsp;Roger Marchand,&nbsp;Duli Chand","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004129","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Visible/infrared imagery from passive satellites is commonly relied upon to study low cloud microphysics over oceanic regions, including for the Southern Ocean (SO), but relatively little validation has been undertaken for the SO. In this article, we compare low-cloud effective radius (<i>r</i>_<i>e</i>), cloud droplet number concentration (<i>N</i>_<i>d</i>) and cloud liquid water path (LWP) retrievals from the NASA Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) with surface measurements collected during the Macquarie Island Cloud and Radiation Experiment (MICRE). MODIS 3.7-μm band retrievals show little bias and moderately good correlation relative to MICRE retrievals for liquid-phase low clouds when restricted to Solar Zenith Angles &lt;65° on spatial scales of 50–100 km. However, the low overall bias in 3.7-μm band effective radius (<i>r</i>_{<i>e</i> 3.7}) retrievals partly results from cancellation of errors: <i>r</i>_{<i>e</i> 3.7} is overestimated for non-to-lightly precipitating clouds, and underestimated for heavier drizzling clouds by ∼1–1.5 μm. 1.6-μm and 2.1-μm band <i>r</i>_<i>e</i> retrievals are biased high. <i>N</i>_<i>d</i> may likewise be slightly under- or overestimated depending on the concentration, but there is insufficient data to provide confidence in this result. Interestingly, a composite of MODIS retrievals from 2002 to 2020 show a distinct region of enhanced cloud cover and <i>N</i>_<i>d</i> (and lower <i>r</i>_<i>e</i>) in the wake of Macquarie Island associated with orographic cloud formation. MODIS retrievals of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Angstrom Exponent (AE) upwind and downwind of the island do not differ significantly. Comparison with MICRE measurements suggests that MODIS Collection 6 AOD retrievals are reasonable, while AE is problematically large.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004129","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143889076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Salt Tectonics in the 2021 Central Adriatic Seismic Sequence","authors":"F. Di Luccio,&nbsp;M. Palano,&nbsp;L. Scognamiglio,&nbsp;A. Marchetti,&nbsp;I. Dasović,&nbsp;M. Mustać,&nbsp;F. Magnoni,&nbsp;P. Artale Harris,&nbsp;E. Casarotti,&nbsp;A. Polonia,&nbsp;L. Gasperini,&nbsp;A. Dannowski,&nbsp;H. Kopp","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004216","url":null,"abstract":"<p>On 27 March 2021 a 3-months lasting seismic sequence struck the Central Adriatic Basin that is part of the Adria plate, a relatively undeformed plate since recent times. Analyzing the waveform data acquired by the Italian and Croatian seismic networks, we computed the location parameters of 160 earthquakes and the focal mechanisms of the M_w 5.2 mainshock and the larger aftershocks. Most events align along a WNW-ESE trending, 30 km long, narrow belt. The depth distribution of events indicates that the mainshock and a few aftershocks occurred within the upper 4 km, while most aftershocks were located below 5 km within the carbonate platform. We propose that the evolution of the 2021 earthquake distribution is primarily ruled by the top ductile salt layer. Moreover, the presence of a salt layer explains the relatively high V_P/V_S ratio of 1.83 in the sediment rocks surrounding the salt bodies, as also observed in similar tectonic settings. We suggest that the seismogenic fault likely responsible for the 2021 events is an inherited SW-dipping normal fault, reactivated by reverse kinematics in response to the regional compressive stress. These results, and the understanding that salt deposits play a key role in focusing deformation and seismogenesis, represent a novel contribution to the long-standing challenge of seismic hazard assessment of the Central Adriatic Basin, where moderate to large events could have devastating impacts along the densely populated coasts.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004216","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143884091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Optical Imagery and Topography Data Resolution on the Measurement of Surface Fault Displacement Using Sub-Pixel Image Correlation","authors":"Solène L. Antoine,&nbsp;Zhen Liu","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003660","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The amount and spatial distribution of surface displacement that occurs during an earthquake are critical information to the understanding of the earthquake source and rupture processes. However, the earthquake surface displacement occurs over wide regions, includes multiple components that affect the ground surface at different spatial scales, and is challenging to characterize. In this study, we assess the effect of optical imagery and topography data resolution on the measurement of the earthquake surface displacement when using optical image cross-correlation (OIC) techniques. Results show that the average noise in the output displacement maps linearly increases with decreasing image resolution, resulting in greater uncertainties in mapping surface fault geometry and associated displacement. Consequently, we observe, on average, a decrease by a factor ∼0.7–0.8 of the measured horizontal displacement when using 10 m compared to 0.5 m resolution imagery. Our analysis suggests that optical images of resolution of ≤1 m are necessary to accurately capture the complexity of the ground change. Sub-meter vertical accuracy for the digital surface/elevation model is also required to perform accurate image orthorectification and OIC, which is better achieved in high-resolution stereo optical imagery compared to existing global topography data. Sub-meter resolution and stereo configurations are thus required for both the pre-and the post-earthquake periods to measure the full 3D near-fault displacement field, including the vertical component using Digital Surface Model difference methods. Together, these results highlight the measurement needs for improving the observation of earthquake surface displacement toward the development of future Earth surface topography and topography change observing systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003660","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143880033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined Classical and Quantum Accelerometers for Future Satellite Gravity Missions","authors":"Alireza HosseiniArani,&nbsp;Manuel Schilling,&nbsp;Benjamin Tennstedt,&nbsp;Alexey Kupriyanov,&nbsp;Quentin Beaufils,&nbsp;Annike Knabe,&nbsp;Arpetha C. Sreekantaiah,&nbsp;Franck Pereira dos Santos,&nbsp;Steffen Schön,&nbsp;Jürgen Müller","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004187","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cold atom interferometry based quantum accelerometers (Q-ACCs) are very promising for future satellite gravity missions thanks to their strength in providing long-term stable and precise measurements of non-gravitational accelerations. However, their limitations due to the low measurement rate and the existence of ambiguities in the raw sensor measurements call for hybridization of the Q-ACC with a classical one (e.g., electrostatic) with higher bandwidth. While previous hybridization studies have so far considered simple noise models for the Q-ACC and neglected the impact of satellite rotation on the phase shift of the accelerometer, we perform here a more advanced hybridization simulation by implementing a comprehensive noise model for the satellite-based Q-ACCs and considering the full impact of rotation, gravity gradient, and self-gravity on the instrument. We perform simulation studies for scenarios with different assumptions about quantum and classical sensors and satellite missions. The performance benefits of the hybrid solutions, taking the synergy of both classical and Q-ACCs into account, will be quantified. We found that implementing a hybrid accelerometer onboard a future gravity mission improves the gravity solution by one to two orders in lower and higher degrees. In particular, the produced global gravity field maps show a drastic reduction in the instrumental contribution to the striping effect after introducing measurements from the hybrid accelerometers.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004187","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143875632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observations of Sea-Swell Wave Reflection From a Steep, Nearshore Bar","authors":"Drude F. Christensen,&nbsp;Britt Raubenheimer,&nbsp;Steve Elgar","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004176","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wave reflection near the beach affects the energy reaching the shore, surfzone wave conditions, and sediment transport. Many prior studies have shown strong reflection of infragravity (0.01 &lt; frequency &lt; 0.05 Hz) wave energy from steep foreshore slopes. Here, swell-frequency bores were observed propagating offshore across a shallow sandbar crest at low tide. Reflection coefficients (ratio of outgoing to incoming energy) estimated from pressure and velocity observations were large (∼0.8) at the frequency of the sea-swell peak (0.07 Hz), especially at low tide when the water depth on the bar crest relative to that in the trough is smallest. The high observed sea-swell reflection may have been at least partly owing to interactions of the incident waves with the surfzone bathymetry, which included a steep drop from the bar crest into a narrow bar-trough at the alongshore location where the offshore bore propagation was observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004176","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143871644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}