Earth and Space Science最新文献

{"title":"Long Period Ionospheric Disturbances Induced by Atmospheric Pressure Waves From the 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption","authors":"Dwijendra N. Pandey,&nbsp;Rajesh Rekapalli,&nbsp;J. K. Catherine,&nbsp;V. K. Gahalaut,&nbsp;N. Puviarasan","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003954","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Tonga-Hunga volcanic eruption on 15 January 2022 at 04:14:54 UTC produced large perturbations in the lower atmosphere and ionosphere globally. We report that the long period (0.28–16.67 mHz) ionospheric disturbances followed the surface pressure perturbations, which traveled globally. Here, we analyzed the Global Positioning System (GPS) data to understand the propagation of long period ionospheric disturbances together with the pressure waves in the regions along a great circle passing through Tonga, and also in the polar sectors. We also infer the strong westward propagation of ionospheric anomalies from GPS sites in Australia. This response of the ionosphere to the surface pressure fluctuations could be a possible reason for the observed ionospheric perturbations in polar regions. Our results demonstrate that (a) the pressure wave irregularities propagated all over the globe with an average velocity of ∼320 m/s and stimulated the non-dispersive ionospheric perturbations with the same velocity, (b) the volcano ionospheric disturbances due to multiple eruptions lasted for more than 3 hr and are even noticed in the northern and southern polar regions, (c) the variation of amplitude of the ionospheric perturbations with distance from Tonga follows an exponential decay with some irregularities near the equator, and (d) a low-frequency surface pressure irregularity of 12 hr duration is observed nearly 36 hr before the main eruption.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003954","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142764169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Evaluation of Antarctic Ice Core Nitrate Records as a Proxy for Solar Activity","authors":"C. M. Laluraj,&nbsp;Rahaman Waliur,&nbsp;Thamban Meloth","doi":"10.1029/2023EA003221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EA003221","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nitrate (NO₃⁻) deposition in polar ice sheets archives valuable information on past solar activity. However, interpretation of Antarctic ice core NO₃⁻ records as a proxy for past solar activity remains challenging due to multiple sources and processes controlling NO₃⁻ variability in ice core records. Here, we present a new high-resolution ice core NO₃⁻ record (1905–2005 CE) from coastal Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, to investigate the solar signal and other forcing factors/processes in controlling ice core NO₃⁻ variability. Our record exhibits significant periodicity in the range of 8–12 years frequency band during 1940–2005 CE, apparently identified as the signal of ∼11 year sunspot cycle; however, such signal was not detected in the previous interval during 1905–1940 CE. To address the discontinuous and/or obscured signals in the present ice core record and inconsistency among various Antarctica ice core records, we extended our investigations to 10 ice core NO₃⁻ records from various regions of Antarctica. Analysis of seven records for the common interval from 1738 to 1990 CE reveals dominant periodicities of 8–12 years, indicating solar forcing as a primary driver, followed by precipitation modulated by El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Further, our investigation reveals that the solar signal extracted from multiple records becomes undetectable when mean annual hemispheric sunspot numbers larger than 140, suggesting this is a threshold limit for detecting the solar signal. These findings will improve our present understanding of ice core NO₃⁻ records as a proxy for past solar activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023EA003221","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142764096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining Satellite, Teleconnection, and In Situ Data to Improve Understanding of Multi-Decadal Coastal Ice Cover Dynamics on Earth's Largest Freshwater Lake","authors":"Manish Venumuddula,&nbsp;Karl Kirchner,&nbsp;Austin Chen,&nbsp;Richard B. Rood,&nbsp;Andrew D. Gronewold","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003845","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To differentiate and understand drivers behind coastal ice cover trends and variability, we advance development of a model combining satellite, in situ, and teleconnection data along the shoreline of Earth's largest freshwater lake (Lake Superior). Previous studies suggest a regime shift in Lake Superior's ice cover starting in 1998. Our study includes seven years of new data and subsequent model analysis that provide new insight into characteristics of the post-1998 regime. In addition to providing a valuable extension to the historical ice cover record for this domain, we find the regime shift in coastal ice cover starting in 1998 is characterized by pronounced variability, and not simply a shift in pre-1998 trends. Our findings represent an important stepping stone for future ice and climate modeling not only on Lake Superior but across the entire Great Lakes region and in other global high-latitude coastal regions as well.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003845","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142764095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Choosing the Optimal Global Digital Elevation Model for Stream Network Delineation: Beyond Vertical Accuracy","authors":"Jana Marešová,&nbsp;Petr Bašta,&nbsp;Kateřina Gdulová,&nbsp;Vojtěch Barták,&nbsp;Giorgi Kozhoridze,&nbsp;Jiri Šmída,&nbsp;Yannis Markonis,&nbsp;Duccio Rocchini,&nbsp;Jiří Prošek,&nbsp;Petra Pracná,&nbsp;Vítězslav Moudrý","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003743","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Satellite-derived global digital elevation models (DEMs) are essential for providing the topographic information needed in a wide range of hydrological applications. However, their use is limited by spatial resolution and vertical bias due to sensor limitations in observing bare terrain. Significant efforts have been made to improve the resolution of global DEMs (e.g., TanDEM-X) and create bare-earth DEMs (e.g., FABDEM, MERIT, CEDTM). We evaluated the vertical accuracy of bare-earth and global DEMs in Central European mountains and submontane regions, and assessed how DEM resolution, vegetation offset removal, land cover, and terrain slope affect stream network delineation. Using lidar-derived DTM and national stream networks as references, we found that: (a) bare-earth DEMs outperform global DEMs across all land cover types. RMSEs increased with increasing slope for all DEMs in non-forest areas. In forests, however, the negative effect of the slope was outweighed by the vegetation offset even for bare-earth DTMs; (b) the accuracy of derived stream networks was affected by terrain slope and land cover more than by the vertical accuracy of DEMs. Stream network delineation performed poorly in non-forest areas and relatively well in forests. Increasing slope improved the streams delineation performance; (c) using DEMs with higher resolution (e.g., 12 m TanDEM-X) improved stream network delineation, but increasing resolution also increased the need for effective vegetation bias removal. Our results indicate that vertical accuracy alone does not reflect how well DEMs perform in stream network delineation. This underscores the need to include stream network performance in DEM quality rankings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003743","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142749136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PPP Solution-Based Model of Absolute Vertical Movements of the Earth's Crust in Poland With Consideration of Geological, Tectonic, Hydrological and Mineral Information","authors":"B. Naumowicz,&nbsp;K. Kowalczyk,&nbsp;R. Pelc-Mieczkowska","doi":"10.1029/2023EA003268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EA003268","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aims to develop an absolute model of contemporary Vertical Crustal Movements (VCM) and Vertical Land Movements (VLM) in an area of Poland based on GNSS solutions. Velocities at permanent stations were subjected to geological, tectonic, hydrological and mineral information analyses. Reliability analysis and estimation of velocities at individual GNSS stations, comparative analysis of results and spatial analysis were carried out. Vertical velocities were determined using four computational strategies. Daily satellite data in the ITRF2014 system collected from permanent GNSS stations of the Polish part of the ASG EUPOS system were obtained from the Polish Main Office of Surveying and Cartography. All the data were from the 2011 to 2021 time period (approx. 11 years) and obtained in Rinex format. Time series from the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) solution calculated using GipsyX software were used. The absolute vertical crustal velocities obtained for Poland mostly vary between +1.0 and −1.0 mm/yr, which is 95% of the values obtained within local extremes. This region of Poland can be considered tectonically stable and the developed VCM model correlates with the geological and tectonic structure of the region. Taking into account the influence of tectonics, geology, hydrology and location of mineral resources has allowed better interpretation of vertical velocities and correction of the associated model. The proposed computational strategy based on combining data sets developed by different methods gave good results.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023EA003268","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142749188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distributed Acoustic Sensing for Future Planetary Applications: Initial Results From the San Francisco Volcanic Field, a Lunar Analogue","authors":"Nicholas Harmon,&nbsp;Ryan Porter,&nbsp;Catherine Rychert,&nbsp;Nicholas Schmerr,&nbsp;Madison M. Smith,&nbsp;Zhichao Shen,&nbsp;Wenbo Wu,&nbsp;Jacob Giles,&nbsp;Naoma McCall,&nbsp;Jingchuan Wang,&nbsp;Linden Wike,&nbsp;John West,&nbsp;Austin Hoyle,&nbsp;Naya Deykes","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003640","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Seismic imaging is one of the most powerful tools available for constraining the internal structure and composition of planetary bodies as well as enabling our understanding planetary evolution, geology, and distribution of natural resources. However, traditional seismic instrumentation can be heavy and voluminous, expensive, and/or difficult to rapidly deploy in large numbers. Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) provides a promising new alternative given the ease of deployment, light weight and simplicity of fiber optic cables. However, the feasibility and best operational practices for using DAS for planetary exploration are not well-known. We examine the use of DAS with surface deployed fiber for planetary near-surface seismic exploration at two lunar geophysical analogue sites in San Francisco Volcanic Field. We compare DAS recordings to 3-component seismometer recordings and geophone shot recordings and determine empirical response functions for the DAS system with respect to the 3-component recordings. Shot sections of DAS and traditional seismic equipment compare well visually, with similar moveout of identifiable phases. DAS records first arrivals in good agreement with seismometers making them suitable for refraction work. Multichannel analysis of surface waves is performed on DAS records to estimate shallow shear velocities. The DAS has high spectral coherence with the horizontal components of ∼0.7 in the frequency band of the seismic shot energy. The empirical response functions are stable with amplitudes of ∼1.0–3.0 × 10⁻¹⁰ m per strain. Finally, the phase response is linear but not flat or zero. Our experiment demonstrates that there is potential for surface deployed DAS in planetary landscapes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003640","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142749137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Birth of an Underground Gas Storage in a Depleted Gas Reservoir—Results From Integrated Seismic and Ground Deformation Monitoring","authors":"E. Priolo,&nbsp;I. Zinno,&nbsp;M. Guidarelli,&nbsp;M. Romanelli,&nbsp;R. Lanari,&nbsp;D. Sandron,&nbsp;M. Garbin,&nbsp;L. Peruzza,&nbsp;M. A. Romano,&nbsp;D. Zuliani,&nbsp;L. Tunini,&nbsp;A. Magrin","doi":"10.1029/2023EA003275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EA003275","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the Po Valley (Italy), near Lodi, a depleted methane reservoir was recently converted into an underground gas storage (UGS) facility. We describe the new monitoring infrastructure that integrates seismic and ground deformation capabilities. We also present results obtained before and after the start of UGS operation, namely: (a) the so-called “background,” for seismicity and deformation estimated over several decades before the UGS; (b) the “seismic baseline,” assessed using the new monitoring network over nearly 2 years before the gas injection began; and (c) the seismicity and deformation measured over the first 3 years of UGS operation. In practice, we observe the phenomena associated with the “birth” of a UGS with remarkable instrumental capabilities. Following three cycles of injection/extraction, about 30 events consistent with natural, tectonically related seismicity were located within 30 km of the UGS. Moreover, the observed uplift of about 2 cm is consistent with theoretical expectations of ground deformation. Our study confirms that UGS in depleted gas reservoirs, if well managed, can result in negligible, if any, human-induced seismicity and limited ground surface deformation. It also shows the importance of measuring the undisturbed conditions prior to industrial activities over a sufficiently long period of time, to correctly interpret the phenomena observed later.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023EA003275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142737373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Autoencoders for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection in Wildfire Prediction","authors":"İrem Üstek,&nbsp;Miguel Arana-Catania,&nbsp;Alexander Farr,&nbsp;Ivan Petrunin","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003997","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wildfires pose a significantly increasing hazard to global ecosystems due to the climate crisis. Due to its complex nature, there is an urgent need for innovative approaches to wildfire prediction, such as machine learning. This research took a unique approach, differentiating from classical supervised learning, and addressed the gap in unsupervised wildfire prediction using autoencoders and clustering techniques for anomaly detection. Historical weather and normalized difference vegetation index data sets of Australia for 2005–2021 were utilized. Two main unsupervised approaches were analyzed. The first used a deep autoencoder to obtain latent features, which were then fed into clustering models, isolation forest, local outlier factor and one-class support vector machines for anomaly detection. The second approach used a deep autoencoder to reconstruct the input data and use reconstruction errors to identify anomalies. Long Short-Term Memory autoencoders and fully connected (FC) autoencoders were employed in this part, both in an unsupervised way learning only from nominal data. The FC autoencoder outperformed its counterparts, achieving an accuracy of 0.71, an F1-score of 0.74, and an MCC of 0.42. These findings highlight the practicality of this method, as it effectively predicts wildfires in the absence of ground truth, utilizing an unsupervised learning technique.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003997","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142708100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Resolution Morphology of Lunar Lava Tube Pits Using Photogrammetric Modeling of Multiple Stereo Images","authors":"Miyu Zhou,&nbsp;Zhen Ye,&nbsp;Rong Huang,&nbsp;Changyu Zhou,&nbsp;Chen Chen,&nbsp;Hao Chen,&nbsp;Yusheng Xu,&nbsp;Xiaohua Tong","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003532","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Underground lava tubes are promising candidates for the construction of lunar bases because they are believed to offer good protection against radiation and harsh thermal environments on the lunar surface. Although the extent and structures of the underground lava tubes are uncertain, previously identified “skylights”, believed to represent places where lava tube roofs have collapsed, may provide insights into tube structures. Unfortunately, owing to the steep slopes, considerable depth, and associated difficult illumination conditions, the availability of detailed morphologic models of these pits is limited. In this study, we reconstruct the topography of lava tube pits using a refined photogrammetric approach. We use improved census cost for disparity search, refined point cloud coarse-to-fine registration, and weighted fusion of point clouds from several matched stereo image pairs to obtain a high-resolution topographic model. Experiments are conducted for two prominent skylights, that is, the Mare Tranquillitatis Pit and the Marius Hills Hole, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Several LRO NAC image pairs are selected from images covering these two areas, and fused topographic models with a spatial resolution of 2 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $mathrm{m}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> are generated. The quality of our generated topographic models is validated against terrain products provided by the LROC team. Compared to these previous models, our model is generated based on a much denser point cloud and provides better coverage and more details. Benefiting from the detailed three-dimensional models, morphological analysis is carried out to investigate the geometric dimensions (e.g., depth, diameters, slopes) of the lava tube pits.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003532","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142708080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistical Methods for Interpreting Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity of Martian Tropical Water Ice Informed by Properties of Crater Ejecta Types","authors":"Jamie D. Riggs,&nbsp;Michelle R. Kirchoff","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003796","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The martian tropical water ice spatial and temporal distribution was characterized using impact crater ejecta type, location, size, and age in one of two epochs, <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>≤</mo>\u0000 <mn>3.4</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${le} 3.4$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> Ga and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>&gt;</mo>\u0000 <mn>3.4</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${ &gt;} 3.4$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> Ga, using statistical models designed for spatial and temporal correlation structures. The indicator thought to identify the presence of ice is craters with layered ejecta, while the indicator thought to identify no ice is craters with radial ejecta. These indicators imply the location (longitude and latitude) and, potentially, depth (crater diameter as a proxy) of ice, and when the ice was present. The spatial and temporal distribution of layered ejecta versus radial ejecta may inform on the geography and evolution of ice. A statistical spatial point analysis was conducted on a 54-sample data set (craters with diameters 2.77–10.00 km) for an equatorial region (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 <mo>°</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $0{}^{circ}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> to <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>30</mn>\u0000 <mo>°</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${-}30{}^{circ}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> S, and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>10</mn>\u0000 <mo>°</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $10{}^{circ}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> E to <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>340</mn>\u0000 <mo>°</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $340{}^{circ}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> W. The analysis shows the spatial and temporal distribution of tropical ice in the study region is most likely random.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003796","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}