Earth and Space Science最新文献

{"title":"A Simple Snowfall Retrieval Algorithm for the GPM Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar: Development and Validation With OLYMPEX Campaign Observation","authors":"S. Akiyama,&nbsp;S. Shige,&nbsp;K. Aonashi,&nbsp;T. Iguchi","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003962","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The current operational algorithm for the Ku- and Ka-band Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) onboard the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite, which does not effectively utilize Ka-band radar, underestimates snowfall amount. We developed a dual-frequency method (DF-method) that can be incorporated into the framework of the DPR operational algorithm. Estimates from the DF-method, as well as those from the operational algorithm, were validated against data nearly simultaneously measured by in situ airborne instruments and those from a ground-based radar during the Olympic Mountains Experiment (OLYMPEX). The results showed the DF-method produced high correlation, but some bias dependent on an assumed particle model. Both the operational algorithm and the DF-method using the scattering properties of the spheroid model equivalent to the best aggregate model yielded unsatisfactory results, indicating that it is important to use realistic snow scattering properties in the DF-method, rather than relying on the Mie or T-matrix scattering.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003962","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unsupervised Anomaly Detection for Volcanic Deformation in InSAR Imagery","authors":"Robert Popescu,&nbsp;Nantheera Anantrasirichai,&nbsp;Juliet Biggs","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003892","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Satellite-based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) images have the potential to detect volcanic deformation prior to eruptions, but while a vast number of images are routinely acquired, only a small percentage contain volcanic deformation events. Manual inspection could miss these anomalies, and an automatic system modeled with supervised learning requires suitably labeled data sets. To tackle these issues, this paper explores the use of unsupervised deep learning on InSAR images for the purpose of identifying volcanic deformation as anomalies. We test three different state-of-the-art architectures, one convolutional neural network Patch Distribution Modeling (PaDiM) and two generative models (GANomaly and Denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPM)). We propose a preprocessing approach to deal with noisy and incomplete data points. We further improve the performance of PaDiM by using a weighted distance, assigning greater importance to features from deeper layers. The final framework was tested with five different volcanoes, which have different characteristics and its performance was compared against an existing supervised learning method for volcanic deformation detection. The experiments show that our final anomaly detection outperforms the supervised learning method, particularly where the characteristics of deformation are unknown. Our framework can thus be used to identify deformation at volcanoes without needing prior knowledge about the deformation patterns present there.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003892","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 b\u0000 \u0000 $b$\u0000 -Value Tomography of the Calabrian Arc","authors":"C. Godano,&nbsp;G. Petrillo,&nbsp;A. Tramelli,&nbsp;V. Convertito","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004065","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the Calabrian Arc subduction zone, the notable lack of seismicity at depths near 100 km strongly suggests the presence of slab detachment. Contrary to typical patterns, where <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>b</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $b$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-values decrease with depth, our b-value mapping reveals unexpectedly high <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>b</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $b$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-values at these depths. Within the 100–150 km depth interval, the gradient of the <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>b</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $b$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-value reaches its peak, indicating a significant reduction in stress. We propose four potential interpretations for these observations: (a) fluid-induced weakening due to dehydration processes, (b) heterogeneity at the slab tip reducing rupture propagation, (c) creeping zone behavior at the detachment tip, and (d) post-detachment damage to the rocks, leaving them unable to support stress. These hypotheses remain beyond experimental verification at present. This study underscores the complex interplay of geological processes at depth and their implications for seismic hazard assessment in subduction zones.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of 3He Neutron Sensors for Planetary Penetrator Experiments","authors":"David J. Lawrence,&nbsp;Bruce L. Barraclough,&nbsp;Richard C. Elphic,&nbsp;Paul G. Lucey","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004091","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper provides a report on a test that was carried out over 20 years ago to demonstrate that two ³He gas proportional neutron sensors could survive a high-impact penetrator test. This test was carried out as part of a risk reduction effort for a proposed mission that would send multiple penetrators to landing locations within lunar permanently shaded regions (PSRs). After landing, the neutron sensors would carry out in situ measurements within the PSRs to quantify the hydrogen abundances within these regions. Two penetrator shots were successfully carried out with the neutron sensors enclosed in the penetrators. The deceleration value for the shots exceeded 1,400 G's over less than 20 milliseconds. Pre- and post-penetration measurements of the ³He sensors show that the sensors themselves suffered no degradation in performance; one non-spaceflight quality high-voltage connector did indicate performance degradation. These results provide confidence that these types of ³He neutron sensors could be successfully used in a future penetrator mission to a planetary body.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PM2.5 Forecasting at U.S. Embassies and Consulates Worldwide Using NASA Model Powered by Machine Learning","authors":"Junhyeon Seo,&nbsp;Alqamah Sayeed,&nbsp;Seohui Park,&nbsp;John Kerekes,&nbsp;Stephanie M. Christel,&nbsp;Mary T. Tran,&nbsp;Pawan Gupta","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004210","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Air quality forecasting is crucial for public health, especially in rural, suburban, and developing areas lacking reliable monitoring data. Hybrid monitoring (surface, satellite, and models) offers a scalable, cost-effective solution for tracking pollution and trends. This work presents a machine learning model that integrates ground measurements with global model outputs assimilating satellite observations to forecast air quality. Ground measurements of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from over 60 U.S. embassies and consulates were used to calibrate global model outputs for local air quality forecasting. Multi-channel input data was prepared using the Goddard Earth Observing System forward processing for meteorology and aerosol forecasts over 72 hr. An advanced convolutional neural network addressed high-dimensional data and nonlinearities between inputs and outputs. A global model was developed and fine-tuned with continent-specific local models. The global model achieved Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and slope of 5.64 μg/m³ and 0.96, respectively. Local models showed improved performance with RMSE of 3.21 μg/m³ and slope of 0.98, outperforming the global model in Air Quality Index predictions by 6.57% in accuracy and greater stability during variability. The forecasts are publicly accessible via an application programming interface, providing global air quality predictions for 269 U.S. embassy and consulate sites to support public health and operational planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144232357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Algorithm for Ice-Water Discrimination in Large Lakes Using ICESat-2 Altimetry and Data Driven Machine Learning","authors":"Isabella Peter,&nbsp;Eric J. Anderson,&nbsp;Matthew R. Siegfried,&nbsp;Nathan T. Kurtz","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004155","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Large freshwater lakes are critical for human life, ecosystem functioning, and the global carbon cycle. However, consistent high-resolution methods to characterize ice over large lakes remain limited. Here we develop an algorithm to progress ice observations over inland bodies of water by improving surface classifications using data derived from ICESat-2, Landsat 8/9 and other operational products. This algorithm implements a hierarchical approach composed of remote sensing products and data driven machine learning. In this study we show that although the current classification method used in ICESat-2 Inland Surface Water Height (ATL13) is prone to overgeneralization and misclassification, our proposed algorithm, which integrates novel classification methods and data-driven machine learning, enhances surface classification accuracy. We tested this algorithm on a wide breadth of data, spanning four ice seasons in the Laurentian Great Lakes. In our algorithm, we developed two prediction methods that outperformed the current classification method in place for ATL13 by 26.46% and 20.37% and is scalable to other inland surface waters because of the global coverage of the necessary parameters for surface classification. Improved surface classification allows for inland surface bodies of water to be observed with greater detail, particularly using ICESat-2 data, and enables the production of improved data sets of ice concentration and thickness. Improved ice information on Earth's largest lakes will have cascading effects on not only public safety and operational efficiency, but also the monitoring of anthropogenic changes in these bodies of water.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004155","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144232358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lightning Prediction in the Tehran Region Using the WRF Model With Multiple Physical Parameterizations and an Ensemble Approach","authors":"Sakineh Khansalari,&nbsp;Maryam Gharaylou","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004097","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aims to predict the lightning (thunderstorm) potential in the Tehran region using data from meteorological synoptic stations and the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN). We employed the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to simulate lightning, focusing on the innermost domain, which spans between 34.5 and 36.5°N, and between 49.5 and 53.25°E. The initial and boundary conditions for the WRF model were derived from the Global Forecast System data set, with a spatial resolution of 0.5°. We analyzed 10 significant lightning events from 2015 to 2022, primarily focusing on the spring season. Lightning simulations were conducted using the WRF model with seven different physical schemes and the Lightning Potential Index. The results indicate that the WRF model, particularly when utilizing the Morrison, WDM6, and NSSL-2 schemes, effectively simulates lightning regions. However, some underestimation was observed, notably in the southwestern portion of the study area. Comparisons with ENTLN data showed that configurations 1 and 2, using WSM6 and Goddard schemes, achieved the highest Probability of Detection, Critical Success Index, and higher Success Rates for actual lightning events. The uncertainty in lightning simulation and the model's sensitivity to physical parameterization highlight the importance of using an ensemble approach in the WRF model. By averaging outputs from different configurations in the ensemble, a more optimal result, closer to observed data, can be achieved. Based on these findings, we recommend the ensemble method as the most reliable approach for more accurate lightning simulations in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004097","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144220166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Fast Borealis Ionosphere: High Time-Resolution Mapping of Polar Ionospheric Flows With SuperDARN","authors":"D. D. Billett,&nbsp;R. A. Rohel,&nbsp;C. J. Martin,&nbsp;K. A. McWilliams,&nbsp;K. M. Laundal","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003876","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent improvements to hardware for the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network systems have allowed for a much greater control of radar transmit and receive functionalities than previously possible. One of these functionalities is the application of a new operational mode, known as wide-beam, which vastly improves the temporal resolution of the radars without compromising their spatial coverage. Wide-beam allows for the retrieval of line-of-sight ionospheric drift velocities at a temporal resolution of 3.7 s, a sixteen-fold improvement from the one-minute resolution offered by traditional operational modes. In this paper, we use wide-beam data from the Borealis SuperDARN systems, located in Canada, to derive local horizontal ionospheric plasma velocity fields above Northern Canada, Greenland, and the polar cap, at a 3.7 s temporal resolution. For this local fitting of ionospheric velocity data, we use the Local Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (Lompe) spherical elementary current systems technique. This new data product, which we call the Fast Borealis Ionosphere, is compared to both the global SuperDARN spherical harmonic convection pattern data product (the Map Potential technique), as well as Lompe convection patterns derived using the traditional SuperDARN narrow-beam scanning mode. We show that Lompe systematically produces a better representation of the underlying radar velocity data than Map Potential, that the 3.7 s wide-beam data contains a significant amount more ionospheric variability than narrow-beam, and that the high time-resolution convection patterns can resolve dynamic ionospheric events lasting on the order of tens of seconds.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003876","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144220167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights Into Spatiotemporal Evolution of Induced Earthquakes in the Southern Delaware Basin Using Calibrated Relocations From the TexNet Catalog (2017–2022)","authors":"Asiye Aziz Zanjani,&nbsp;Heather R. DeShon,&nbsp;Vamshi Karanam,&nbsp;Alexandros Savvaidis","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004027","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents a comprehensive analysis of induced seismicity (2017–2022) and InSAR-derived surface deformation in the southern Delaware basin. The relocated catalog features improved 3-D locations for 5,453 events from the Texas Seismological Network through nested inversions, rigorous data calibration, and additional S-P phase-time differences for seismic stations within 10 km distance. Time and space variations in absolute and relative earthquake location errors reflect the complicated history of station coverage in the region and the importance of having close-in stations to resolve shallow-depth earthquakes. The mean seismogenic depth of the new catalog is 1.5 km below mean-sea-level, consistent with reactivation of shallow normal faults within the Delaware Mountain Group (DMG) and the Bone Spring Formation driven by shallow saltwater disposal. Linearly segmented, short-wavelength subsidence patterns align with seismically active lineaments interpreted as shallow normal faults, while long-wavelength production-related subsidence signals are radially symmetric and aseismic where they do not coincide with injection hotspots and faults. The revised M2+ catalog maps a reduction in the number of events in the northern and central parts as well as an increase in the number of events in the southeast since 2020, and this signal precedes measurable surface deformation. We posit that this relationship reflects efficient pressure diffusion along permeable northwest-southeast faults and/or the thickening of porous sandstone in the DMG prone to seismic slip. The spatial and temporal patterns of seismicity, uplift-subsidence, and basin-wide fluid extraction and disposal indicate inhomogeneous and time-variant seismic and aseismic deformation under an anthropogenically modulated stress regime.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144214176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Upstream Conditions and the Intensity of Orographic Precipitation in the Main Mountain Ranges of South Korea","authors":"Chia-Lun Tsai,&nbsp;Kwonil Kim,&nbsp;Heechul Park,&nbsp;Hongmok Park,&nbsp;Wonbae Bang,&nbsp;GyuWon Lee","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003989","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study uses high temporospatial surface precipitation rate obtained from radar observations (hybrid surface rainfall, HSR), 3D winds retrieved from the Wind Synthesis System using Doppler Measurements (WISSDOM), and 3D thermodynamic fields to investigate the association between orographic precipitation and upstream conditions for the main mountain ranges of South Korea during the 2018–2020. The main objective was to determine the dominate meteorological factors affecting the rain intensity over this terrain. Three rainfall cases were analyzed covering western, and eastern slopes of the Taebaek mountain range (TMR), Mt. Jiri, and Busan City. Correlation coefficients (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>R</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $R$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>) were used to evaluate the strength of the relationship between rain intensity and meteorological factors in these regions, including the wind directions, wind speed, Froude number, saturated Froude number, water vapor, moist flux, stability, vertical velocity, and convergence. The results revealed that the wind direction determined the location of precipitation in the mountains, with the wind speed and moist flux identified as the most influential factors for rain intensity, with high correlation coefficients of 0.55–0.85. The upstream Froude number appeared to modulate the orographic enhancement on rain intensity over Mt. Jiri and the western slopes of the TMR. Low-level convergence was another critical factor affecting the rain intensity along the northeastern coast of South Korea (i.e., the eastern slopes of the TMR) and Busan (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>R</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $R$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> of ∼0.6–0.7). Statistical analysis of all orographic precipitation cases (52 cases over the 3 years) revealed that the upstream wind speed, and moist flux in the mid-layers had a higher correlation with rain intensity over the western slopes of the TMR and Mt. Jiri. The relationship between rain intensity and both water vapor and low-level convergence was also stronger along the northeastern coast of South Korea.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003989","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144213751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}