Earth and Space Science最新文献

{"title":"Quantification of Uncertainty in Surface Energy Fluxes Toward Assessment of Energy Imbalance Using Global Products","authors":"Naorem Rickey,&nbsp;Riya Dutta","doi":"10.1029/2026EA005301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EA005301","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate assessment of surface energy balance (SEB) closure is critical for understanding global warming and regional climate variability, yet substantial disagreement persists among reanalysis and land data assimilation products across regional scale. This study systematically intercompares SEB closure across the Indian mainland during 1995–2024 using eight gridded data sets: ERA5-Land, MERRA-2, NCEP-NCAR 1, JRA-3Q, FLDAS and three GLDAS variants (NOAH, VIC and CLSM). Spatially averaged monthly energy imbalance varied substantially across products, with NCEP-NCAR 1 showing the highest mean value (7.61 W m⁻²) and FLDAS and NOAH the lowest (−0.61 and −0.41 W m⁻², respectively). Trend analysis indicated significant increases in FLDAS (Sen = +0.039 W m⁻²/dec, <i>p</i> = 0.031) and MERRA-2 (+0.023 W m⁻²/dec, <i>p</i> = 0.002) and a significant decline in NOAH (−0.066 W m⁻²/dec, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), while ERA5-Land, JRA-3Q, CLSM and VIC showed no significant trends. Regional analysis revealed that closure quality is strongly influenced by terrain and moisture pattern, with LDAS products and MERRA-2 performing most consistently with ERA5-Land showing slightly greater variability and NCEP-NCAR 1 performing worst in mountainous and humid regions. Validation against IMD observations further points toward ERA5-Land (<i>R</i>² = 0.6681, <i>r</i> = 0.8174, RMSE = 30.1119) as the best-performing product for incoming shortwave radiation, followed by VIC, CLSM, JRA-3Q, and NOAH while NCEP NCAR 1 (<i>R</i>² = 0.5388, <i>r</i> = 0.734, RMSE = 64.0844) showed the weakest performance, interpreting that inter-product agreement does not guarantee observational accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026EA005301","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conditional Diffusion Models for Global Precipitation Map Inpainting","authors":"Daiko Kishikawa,&nbsp;Yuka Muto,&nbsp;Shunji Kotsuki","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004666","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Incomplete satellite-based precipitation presents a significant challenge in global monitoring. For example, the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) contains regions without valid microwave observations because Low Earth orbiting (LEO) satellites cannot observe the entire globe simultaneously, and its current interpolation methods often result in spatial discontinuities. In this study, we formulate the completion of the precipitation map as a video inpainting task and propose a machine learning approach based on conditional diffusion models. Our method employs a three-dimensional (3D) U-Net with a 3D condition encoder to reconstruct complete precipitation maps by leveraging spatio-temporal information from infrared images, latitude-longitude grids, and physical time inputs. Training was carried out on hourly precipitation data from the fifth-generation European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA5) from 2020 to 2023. We generated a pseudo-GSMaP data set by randomly applying GSMaP masks to the ERA5 maps. Performance was evaluated for the calendar year 2024, and our approach produces more spatio-temporally consistent inpainted precipitation maps compared to conventional methods. These results indicate the potential to improve global precipitation monitoring using the conditional diffusion models.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004666","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149048259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Resolution Field Observations of Shoreward Sediment Transport Within the Wave Bottom Boundary Layer on a Sandy Beach","authors":"Gregory W. Wilson,&nbsp;Jenna Hare,&nbsp;Stephen M. Henderson,&nbsp;Richard A. Cheel,&nbsp;Alex E. Hay","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004875","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We introduce a data archive containing the first highly resolved profiles of velocity and sediment concentration within the wave bottom boundary layer (WBBL) on a natural sandy beach. Resolution of the thin WBBL was made possible by deployment of a unique “Multi-Frequency Doppler” (MFDop) bistatic acoustic profiling instrument on an Oregon beach during August-September 2022. Supporting data are archived and described, including rotary sonar, velocity, pressure, bathymetry, video, and sediment grain size. The MFDop measured velocity and concentration at ∼60 Hz every ∼3.75 mm along a vertical profile extending tens of cm above the bed. Multi-frequency inversions distinguished sediment from bubble backscatter, improving estimates of suspended sediment concentration and bed elevation. Novel multi-frequency unwrapping algorithms improved performance of high-resolution pulse-coherent techniques in high-energy flows. During the deployment, offshore significant wave heights varied from 1 to 3 m. With varying wave height and tidal stage, the MFDop location ranged from outside to far inside the surfzone. Flat-bed conditions predominated, although 0.1-m-high megaripples were occasionally observed. Consistent with measured bathymetric accretion onshore of the instrument, MFDop observations revealed shoreward sediment transport very near the bed under strongly skewed velocities. This shoreward transport resulted as dense sediment clouds extending ∼2 cm from the bed were suspended by strong shoreward velocities under wave crests, but typically settled under weaker return flows. These first direct field observations of the wave-induced shoreward transport responsible for building mobile coastlines may provide a valuable benchmark for testing sediment transport models.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004875","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing SWOT's Measurement Capabilities in the Complex Paraná River","authors":"E. Walker,&nbsp;C. López Weibel,&nbsp;R. Szupiany,&nbsp;V. Venturini,&nbsp;K. Oberg,&nbsp;J. T. Minear,&nbsp;C. M. García,&nbsp;M. Monserrat","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004930","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Estimating water surface elevation (WSE) is crucial for understanding hydrological processes; however, many rivers remain insufficiently monitored due to the limitations of in situ gauge networks. The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission, equipped with Synthetic Aperture Radar technology, enables global monitoring of WSE with high spatial resolution. In this study, the performance of the SWOT WSE estimates during the Calibration/Validation and Science mission phases was assessed in the complex Paraná River system against in situ observations using cross-section and longitudinal profile approaches. Specifically, WSE estimates from the SWOT Level 2 high-rate raster product (L2_HR_Raster CRID version PGC0) were compared with WSE gauge stations and pressure transducer measurements collected at six locations along the Paraná River between March 2023 and May 2024. Results showed strong agreement with observations, yielding Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) less than 0.21 m, coefficients of determination (<i>R</i>²) greater than 0.78, 1-sigma errors lower than 0.13 m, and biases between 0.11 and 0.20 m. Complementary longitudinal analyses were conducted using Global Navigation Satellite System profiles with SWOT L2_HR_Raster and Level 2 high-rate vector (L2_HR_RiverSP node version D) products. SWOT estimates captured the spatial variability of WSE along the different channels of the Paraná River, while derived water surface slopes (WSSs) showed RMSEs lower than 12 mm km⁻¹. Additionally, pixel quality and riverbank interference were also analyzed, and a filtering procedure for using SWOT data in lowland rivers is proposed. The findings highlight the mission's potential to accurately monitor WSE and WSS in large fluvial systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004930","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The LASSO-CACTI Library of Deep Convection Simulations for Córdoba, Argentina: Overview of Mesoscale and Large-Eddy Simulations","authors":"William I. Gustafson Jr.,&nbsp;Andrew M. Vogelmann,&nbsp;Scott E. Giangrande,&nbsp;Mark M. Delgado,&nbsp;Satoshi Endo,&nbsp;John D. Rausch,&nbsp;Eddie K. Schuman,&nbsp;Adam C. Varble,&nbsp;Heng Xiao","doi":"10.1029/2026EA005033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EA005033","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility recently released ensembles of high-resolution atmospheric simulations of deep convection to complement ARM's measurements. These simulations are from the Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) ARM Symbiotic Simulation and Observation (LASSO) activity and are for 20 case dates during ARM's Cloud, Aerosol, and Complex Terrain Interactions (CACTI) field campaign that took place in 2018–2019, which is concurrent with the National Science Foundation's Remote Sensing of Electrification, Lightning, and Mesoscale/Microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations (RELAMPAGO) campaign. This LASSO-CACTI scenario focuses on orographically forced deep convection and provides simulations on four model domains with grid spacings of 7.5 km down to 100 m. Each case date nominally has 33 ensemble members at the 2.5 km grid spacing, based on varying the boundary conditions to the outermost model domain. This provides researchers with a measure of the sensitivity of the simulated convection to the background environment. A subset of nine case dates extends these simulations down to 100 m grid spacing to provide researchers with detailed cloud simulations at LES scale. Some case dates include additional ensemble members with varied physics parameterizations. The greater than 2 petabyte library of simulations is freely available for researchers to download for their work, as well as to access via ARM's high-performance computing cluster. This paper describes the library, provides high-level comparisons of the simulations to help users understand what is available, and gives an overview of the skill scores used to identify simulation behaviors within the ensembles.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026EA005033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying a Thunderstorm's First Lightning Flash From the GOES-R GLM","authors":"Kevin C. Thiel,&nbsp;Kristin M. Calhoun,&nbsp;Jacquelyn S. Ringhausen,&nbsp;Michael G. Stock,&nbsp;Sarah M. Stough","doi":"10.1029/2026EA005195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EA005195","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The first lightning flash within a developing thunderstorm (“first flash”) is separated spatially and temporally from nearby thunderstorms with previously recorded lightning flashes, and can indicate that deep, moist convection with a robust updraft has initiated. An identification method for initiating convection over large spatial and temporal domains was developed using a thunderstorm's first lightning flash detected by the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM). Over three-thousand lightning flashes considered as candidate first flashes were manually categorized and used to validate 50 combinations of spatial and temporal identification criteria. The selected criteria were the first lightning flash with a separation of at least 20 km—plus the radius of its flash footprint—from all flashes that occurred over the previous 20 min. This method had a probability of detection of 30%–45% and a false alarm ratio of 5%–15%. First flashes from the GLM were identified over the conterminous United States for all of 2022 to demonstrate the method's ability to characterize the initiation of deep convection. The ability to identify first flashes on increased scales provides a more complete picture of initiating convection, with future research and operational benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026EA005195","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Satellite-Derived Volume Budget of Antarctic Sea Ice","authors":"Sabina Sulikova,&nbsp;Gillian Cheong,&nbsp;Carmen Nab,&nbsp;Sabrina Sofea Binti Aliff Raziuddin,&nbsp;Alessandro Silvano,&nbsp;Harold Heorton,&nbsp;Sara Fleury,&nbsp;Florent Garnier,&nbsp;Ted Maksym,&nbsp;Sahra Kacimi,&nbsp;Steven Baker,&nbsp;David Brockley,&nbsp;Isobel Lawrence,&nbsp;Paul R. Holland,&nbsp;Michel Tsamados","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004730","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years, the Antarctic has seen a notable shift in sea ice trends: Where sea ice extent and volume were increasing on average, they have shown an unprecedented decline since 2016. Understanding the drivers of this shift is crucial to determining the impacts of climate change on sea ice and improving modeling of Antarctic sea ice evolution. In this study, we introduce the CryoSat-2 Antarctic Ocean (CSAO) Sea Ice Thickness (SIT) product. We find there is good agreement between CSAO sea ice thickness estimates with the airborne measurements from Operation IceBridge and with ASPeCt shipborne observations, with mean biases of −0.68 and −0.25 m, attributed to an underestimation in snow depth in the CSAO SIT. We use this new SIT product along with satellite sea ice drift and concentration data to create the first observational budget of pan-Antarctic sea ice volume (SIV). We present a budget decomposition of seasonal dynamic and thermodynamic changes in SIV across the pan-Antarctic from 2014 to 2020. Our budget indicates a sharp 27% decrease in September SIV between September 2014 and September 2016, consistent with previous literature, with the largest seasonal decline occurring between 2015 and 2016. Thermodynamic growth is a critical determinant of the winter SIV, showing consistent decline since 2016, most notably and consistently in the Weddell Sea, while dynamic processes maintain the winter ice edge. The 2014–2016 decline in SIV also shows significant spatial variability across the Antarctic.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004730","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lightweight Deep Learning for Identification and Suppression of Subway Interference in Geomagnetic Observations","authors":"Qiaoling Huo,&nbsp;Xizhen Wang,&nbsp;Xinxin Ma,&nbsp;Suqin Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2026EA005202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EA005202","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Geomagnetic observatory networks provide continuous data for space weather monitoring, field modeling, and solid Earth geophysics. Rapid urbanization, however, has introduced pervasive electromagnetic interference from subway traction systems, degrading data quality at a growing number of urban stations. Existing denoising methods are computationally expensive, generalize poorly, and do not reliably separate subway interference from natural geomagnetic variations that overlap the interference band. We propose a lightweight, identification-driven framework in which TinyCNN detects interference with 102K parameters and ResidualCNN suppresses it with 413K parameters. The detector was trained on data from 22 stations across China's geomagnetic network (2014–2025), while the denoising model was trained on the two persistently subway-affected stations using VMD-guided pseudo-labels. TinyCNN achieves an <i>F</i>1-score of 0.9997 with inference time of about 1.5 ms per hourly segment on a single central processing unit core. ResidualCNN achieves &gt;99.99% energy suppression in the 0.004–0.032 Hz interference band identified via adaptive Otsu thresholding, while preserving the Sq diurnal variation with median amplitude errors of about 2% and phase errors of about 2 min across all stations, with long-window low-frequency spectral fidelity above 0.998. Cross-station validation on 589 completely withheld Taiyuan station-days shows stable suppression and low-frequency fidelity across low-, moderate-, and strong-interference conditions, with overall performance comparable to the weak-to-moderate interference training station. Across 1,384 station-days, the denoised first-order differences remain below <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>±</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $pm $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>0.1 nT, consistent with observatory noise-level requirements. The framework can be applied to new stations in similar urban environments without station-specific retraining, supporting automated quality control across observatory networks.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026EA005202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deformation Patterns and Rupture Mechanisms of the Longitudinal Valley Fault in Eastern Taiwan: Insights From Three-Dimensional Discrete Element Modeling","authors":"X. F. Guo,&nbsp;Y. Aoki,&nbsp;J. H. Li","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004913","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Active faults exhibit complex geometric features, with rupture processes controlled by the coupled effects of tectonic loading, fault geometry, and internal displacement heterogeneity. To elucidate the interrelationship between long-term deformation, stress redistribution, and rupture evolution, we constructed a three-dimensional numerical model of the Longitudinal Valley Fault (LVF) in eastern Taiwan using the discrete element method (DEM). The model simulates heterogeneous displacement, rupture sequences, and energy release under long term quasi-static tectonic loading. Model results show spatially heterogeneous rupture and cumulative deformation. Rupture in the late stage concentrates mainly on the eastern side and in the central and northern sections of the fault. Cumulative displacement follows a non-monotonic pattern with depth, characterized by shallow discrete adjustment, a continuous intermediate depth deformation band, and overall weakening with localized high displacement patches at greater depths. Along strike, high displacement zones and rupture clusters are spatially associated with local bends and rapid strike variations, suggesting that geometric complexity may influence the spatial organization of heterogeneous deformation. Results of stress partitioning further indicate that stronger normal confinement at depth may limits the development of a continuous deep high displacement band. These results provide mechanical constraints for identifying candidate regions with enhanced deformation concentration and rupture susceptibility, guiding further investigation of potential rupture prone zones.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004913","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intercomparison of Global Solar Induced Chlorophyl Fluorescence Products","authors":"Nima Madani,&nbsp;Nicholas C. Parazoo,&nbsp;Abhishek Chatterjee","doi":"10.1029/2026EA005048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EA005048","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Satellite observations of Sun-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF) provide a powerful means to assess terrestrial photosynthesis at regional to global scales, yet major SIF products differ in retrieval strategy, radiometric stability, and sensitivity to environmental conditions. We evaluate four widely used SIF data sets—Continuous Solar-Induced Fluorescence (CSIF), Global OCO-2 SIF (GOSIF), SIF005, and OCO-005—across multiple biomes, climate regimes, and temporal scales by comparing them against tower-derived gross primary production (GPP), tower-observed SIF, and independent climate anomalies. Across FLUXNET sites, all SIF data sets show robust linear relationships with annual GPP (<i>R</i>² = 0.64–0.71), with strongest performance in forested ecosystems and increased scatter in water-limited landscapes. Monthly analyses in northern high latitudes reveal exceptionally strong SIF–GPP coupling (<i>R</i>² up to 0.87), demonstrating SIF's ability to capture rapid seasonal transitions in boreal and tundra productivity. Drought evaluations in the Sahel and Amazon show that GOSIF and Continuous Solar-Induced Fluorescence (CSIF) most accurately track rainfall-driven reductions in photosynthesis, while SIF005 displays weaker and noisier responses. Long-term trend analyses north of 50°N reveal consistent early- and late-season productivity increases in GOSIF, CSIF, and FLUXCOM-X GPP, whereas SIF005 diverges substantially, underscoring limitations for climate-trend detection in high-latitude environments. Comparisons with tower-measured SIF further confirm the physical fidelity of the satellite data sets, with GOSIF and OCO-005 showing the strongest agreement. Overall, SIF is a reliable proxy for ecosystem productivity across diverse environmental settings, but performance varies among products. CSIF and GOSIF generally showed the most consistent behavior across seasons, climatic extremes, and regions, whereas SIF005 exhibited greater noise and less consistent trend behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026EA005048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}