Earth and Space Science最新文献_第2页

Applying Energy Dissipation Rate GNSS Accelerometry to a Non-Circular Orbiting Satellite 能量耗散率GNSS加速度测量在非圆轨道卫星上的应用

IF 2.9 3区地球科学

Earth and Space Science Pub Date : 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1029/2024EA003898

D. J. Fitzpatrick, R. L. Bishop, M. D. Pilinski, S. E. Palo

{"title":"Applying Energy Dissipation Rate GNSS Accelerometry to a Non-Circular Orbiting Satellite","authors":"D. J. Fitzpatrick, R. L. Bishop, M. D. Pilinski, S. E. Palo","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003898","url":null,"abstract":"The increase in the number of objects in Low-Earth Orbit has heightened the demand for high-accuracy orbital prediction models driven by dependable measurements of thermospheric mass density (TMD). Given the added cost and complexity burden of equipping satellites with high precision accelerometers, recent attention has focused on alternative techniques for observing TMD such as “GNSS accelerometry,” which involves harnessing spacecraft as instruments themselves to quantify thermospheric density vis-à-vis orbital decay. This work demonstrates how the Energy Dissipation Rate (EDR) technique utilizes the change in spacecraft orbital energy to recover density measurements at cadences ranging from a single orbital period down to as small as a quarter of such periods. After presenting a framework for applying the EDR method to the elliptical orbit of the Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite, “effective” TMD measurements integrated over a continuous “orbit arc” are recovered for C/NOFS during January 2011. The merits of the EDR method, especially in its heightened sensitivity to solar/geomagnetic activity, are underscored by investigating a minor geomagnetic storm on 7 January 2011 and contrasting the results with those obtained from processing Two-Line Element sets (TLEs) or the output from NRLMSISE-00 and HASDM. Furthermore, this study introduces the novel application of fractional-orbit average EDR integration tailored for satellites with eccentric orbits, demonstrating its efficacy in offering nuanced insights into thermospheric conditions. The results demonstrate the ability of physics-based techniques and readily accessible data sets to estimate thermospheric density and provide insight into aeronomy and space weather science.","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003898","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessment of the Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 Performance Against Prime Mission Science Requirements 根据主要任务科学要求评估冰、云和陆地高程卫星-2的性能

IF 2.9 3区地球科学

Earth and Space Science Pub Date : 2025-04-23 DOI: 10.1029/2025EA004221

Lori A. Magruder, Tom Neumann, Nathan Kurtz, Tyler C. Sutterley, David Hancock, Patricia Vornberger, John Robbins, Benjamin Smith

{"title":"Assessment of the Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 Performance Against Prime Mission Science Requirements","authors":"Lori A. Magruder, Tom Neumann, Nathan Kurtz, Tyler C. Sutterley, David Hancock, Patricia Vornberger, John Robbins, Benjamin Smith","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004221","url":null,"abstract":"The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) is a NASA Earth observing satellite mission that provides global elevation measurements using the Advanced Topographic Laser Altimetry System (ATLAS). ICESat-2 was launched in September 2018 and completed its prime mission of 3 years of on-orbit science data collection in December 2021. ICESat-2, as the successor mission to ICESat (2003–2009) (Schutz et al., 2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024009), was designed to provide global elevation measurements of Earth's surfaces. Changes in elevation, such as those over glaciers, ice sheets and sea ice, are some of the most critical observations for characterizing and understanding Earth's dynamic processes and the response to climate variability. The overarching scientific goals of ICESat-2 are associated primarily with the cryosphere, but from a space-based platform, the altimeter measurements serve a wide range of science disciplines. Prior to launch during the early mission development phase, the Level 1 Science Requirements were established, which at the time were some of the most stringent metrics created for space-based altimetry. These requirements were the primary drivers of both the instrument technology development and the mission operational strategies. Here, we evaluate each of the science requirements using the science data collected over the prime mission timeline of 3 years. We conclude from our analyses that the mission has successfully met each of the Level 1 Science Requirements. Further, we evaluate the onboard consumables (fuel and laser energy) and demonstrate that the satellite's operational lifetime could potentially last an additional ∼10 years.","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004221","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Processing of Doppler Spectra Collected by an Airborne Cloud Radar for the Calculation of Skewness, Kurtosis, and Other Spectral Parameters 对机载云雷达采集的多普勒光谱进行处理，计算偏度、峰度和其他光谱参数

IF 2.9 3区地球科学

Earth and Space Science Pub Date : 2025-04-21 DOI: 10.1029/2024EA004105

Ulrike Romatschke, Paul Romatschke, Matthew Hayman, Michael J. Dixon

{"title":"Processing of Doppler Spectra Collected by an Airborne Cloud Radar for the Calculation of Skewness, Kurtosis, and Other Spectral Parameters","authors":"Ulrike Romatschke, Paul Romatschke, Matthew Hayman, Michael J. Dixon","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004105","url":null,"abstract":"Observations from the HIAPER Cloud Radar (HCR) are used to develop a methodology to calculate Doppler spectra from an airborne platform. The method removes spectral noise and corrects the spectra for broadening caused by aircraft motion. The spectra are filtered using an objectively optimized filtering technique. The de-noised and corrected spectra are used to calculate qualitatively improved spectrum width, skewness, and kurtosis. These higher-order moments are supplemented by other spectral parameters such as edge-to-edge width, left and right spectral slope, and left- and right-edge velocity. Regions with dual-peak spectra are also identified. The higher-order moments and other spectral parameters highlight cloud features that are not apparent in the lower-order moments reflectivity and Doppler velocity. They provide additional information which can be used to derive cloud microphysical and kinematic properties as they reduce the ambiguity of radar observations. The processing technique is applied to observations collected in different climatic regions ranging from the tropics to the Southern Ocean. It proves robust and produces high-quality observations for a wide range of cloud types.","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004105","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mid- and Low-Altitude Raman Lidar to Simultaneously Measure Nighttime Water Vapor and All-Day Temperature 同时测量夜间水汽和全天温度的中低空拉曼激光雷达

IF 2.9 3区地球科学

Earth and Space Science Pub Date : 2025-04-19 DOI: 10.1029/2025EA004204

Chunhui He, Zhibin Yu, Fan Yi, Shihai Wang, Changming Yu, Zhangjun Wang, Le Chen, Mingguang Zhao

{"title":"Mid- and Low-Altitude Raman Lidar to Simultaneously Measure Nighttime Water Vapor and All-Day Temperature","authors":"Chunhui He, Zhibin Yu, Fan Yi, Shihai Wang, Changming Yu, Zhangjun Wang, Le Chen, Mingguang Zhao","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004204","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional Raman lidar is constrained by the low signal of Raman backscattering, rendering it incapable of measuring the atmospheric parameters in high-altitude regions. This paper presents a powerful Raman lidar that employs a multi-receiver system, enabling simultaneous measurements of optical properties of aerosols, atmospheric temperature, and water vapor. Based on the single-line-extracted pure rotational Raman scattering, the system can make temperature measurements from 1 up to 40 km at night and 20 km during the day by utilizing a high-precision Fabry-Perot Interferometer. The water vapor channel detects the vibrational Raman scattering of water vapor and performs water vapor mixing ratio (WVMR) measurements from 0.3 to 5 km. The measurement comparisons between the lidar and the microwave radiometer and radiosonde demonstrate the capability of the lidar system. In the case of 1-hr lidar measurement data integration, the statistical errors of the temperature are within 1 K under 300 m resolution, while the WVMR errors are within 0.5 g/kg under 30 m resolution. This indicates that the lidar data inversion results are effective. Moreover, the 24-hr continuous observations demonstrate the performance of the lidar system during the daytime, also further substantiating the stability of the Raman lidar system. The high-resolution atmospheric temperature and water vapor measurements reveal the negative correlations of their perturbations in the case observation.","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysis of Satellite and In Situ Optical Proxies for PIC and POC During GEOTRACES GP15 and GP17-OCE Transects From the Subarctic North Pacific to the Southern Ocean 从亚北极北太平洋到南大洋的GEOTRACES GP15和GP17-OCE样带PIC和POC的卫星和原位光学代用分析

IF 2.9 3区地球科学

Earth and Space Science Pub Date : 2025-04-18 DOI: 10.1029/2024EA004070

Yunhao Li, James K. B. Bishop, Phoebe J. Lam, Daniel C. Ohnemus

{"title":"Analysis of Satellite and In Situ Optical Proxies for PIC and POC During GEOTRACES GP15 and GP17-OCE Transects From the Subarctic North Pacific to the Southern Ocean","authors":"Yunhao Li, James K. B. Bishop, Phoebe J. Lam, Daniel C. Ohnemus","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004070","url":null,"abstract":"The biological pump, a fundamental process governing atmospheric CO2, rapidly transfers particulate inorganic and organic carbon (PIC and POC) from surface waters to the deep sea but is inherently highly variable in space and time, and thus poorly observed. Here we synthesize PIC and POC data from satellites, CTD-profiled optical sensors (birefringence and transmissometer), and from in situ pumps samples from GEOTRACES transects spanning 20,000 km from the North Pacific to Southern Ocean. High resolution profile data from PIC sensors revealed strong subsurface maxima in the deepest euphotic zone waters of oligotrophic gyres; furthermore, data showed high concentrations of PIC penetrating to >500 m south of the Subarctic Front (45°N–35°N), at the equator, and north of the Antarctic Polar Front (45°S–55°S) indicating high carbon export in these regions. We developed a new temporal/spatial interpolation scheme for satellite data that improved matchups with ship observations. North of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF), PIC sensor data was generally well aligned with sample PIC; however, a positive bias of satellite PIC was found in poor retrieval regions. South of the APF, both satellite and birefringence sensor greatly overestimated PIC by factors of >25 and 12, respectively, compared to sample PIC which averaged 15 nM. The unanticipated discovery of a non-carbonate particle birefringence source coupled with a microscopic investigation of pump samples leads us to hypothesize that internal reflection within bubbles and/or cellular structures of heavily silicified colony-forming diatoms (Fragilariopsis and Pseudo-nitzschia) is the cause for anomalous birefringence and adds to backscattered satellite radiances.","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004070","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143845919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Probabilistic Forecasting of Summer Wind Speed in China Using Multimodel Ensembles 基于多模式组合的中国夏季风速概率预报

IF 2.9 3区地球科学

Earth and Space Science Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI: 10.1029/2024EA003850

Luying Ji, Yan Ji, Xiefei Zhi, Qixiang Luo, Shoupeng Zhu

{"title":"Probabilistic Forecasting of Summer Wind Speed in China Using Multimodel Ensembles","authors":"Luying Ji, Yan Ji, Xiefei Zhi, Qixiang Luo, Shoupeng Zhu","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003850","url":null,"abstract":"Wind has a crucial impact on human socio-economic activities as well as the safety of life and property. Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) and Ensemble Model Output Statistics (EMOS), are utilized to enhance the probabilistic forecasting skills for 10 m wind speed during the summer in China. A log-normal distribution-based BMA (L-BMA) model is developed for a fair comparison with the log-normal distribution-based EMOS model, while the traditional gamma distribution-based BMA (G-BMA) model serves as a benchmark. The comparisons between the multimodel ensemble forecasts and raw ensembles demonstrate that both BMA and EMOS models improve the probabilistic forecasting skills of 10 m wind speed in China, with the EMOS model showing particularly significant improvements. The L-BMA model generally outperforms the G-BMA model, illustrating that the log-normal distribution might be more appropriate for 10 m summer wind speed in China. Forecast error diagnosis is conducted through Brier Score (BS) decomposition, revealing that errors in predicting lower 10 m wind speeds primarily arise from inherent uncertainty and reliability characteristics, whereas forecast errors for higher wind speeds mainly attribute to the forecast resolution capability. The EMOS and two BMA models all decrease the reliability values, leading to lower BS values than the raw ensembles, but do not enhance the resolution capability. The analysis of a thunderstorm gale event indicates that the EMOS model provides more accurate forecasts than the raw ensembles and two BMA models.","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003850","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Harnessing the Power of Geophysical Imaging to Recharge California's Groundwater 利用地球物理成像的力量来补充加州的地下水

IF 2.9 3区地球科学

Earth and Space Science Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI: 10.1029/2024EA003958

S. Kang, M. Goebel, R. Knight

{"title":"Harnessing the Power of Geophysical Imaging to Recharge California's Groundwater","authors":"S. Kang, M. Goebel, R. Knight","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003958","url":null,"abstract":"Motivated by the availability of 20,000 line-km of airborne electromagnetic (AEM) data covering the Central Valley of California, we developed a workflow that uses resistivity profiles from electromagnetic (EM) data to assess the suitability of areas for groundwater recharge. We defined a suitable area as one where “fastpaths” of coarse-grained material could efficiently move water from the ground surface to the water table. We defined recharge metrics and generated the corresponding maps by integrating resistivity profiles from AEM data, sediment type (from driller's logs), water level measurements, and water quality measurements. The workflow is publicly available through a web-based application, fastpath (https://fastpath.stanford.edu). We produced maps displaying recharge metrics on a 400 m × 400 m grid covering the Central Valley, with 80% of the cells sufficiently close to an AEM resistivity profile (within ∼3 km) to be assessed for recharge. Various decisions are made in the workflow that result in a range of values for determined metrics at any given location. The maps summarizing all metrics show that between 19% (2,000,000 acres) and 56% (7,000,000 acres) of the total area in the valley is land suitable for recharge. The landcover with the largest total area of land classified as suitable is cultivated crops. We estimated the total space available for recharge water to be ∼170 km3 which is two orders of magnitude greater than an estimate of the total volume of water likely to be available for recharge.","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003958","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

High-Resolution Monitoring of Urban Activities With Nodal Seismometers in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China 利用节点地震仪对中国粤港澳大湾区的城市活动进行高分辨率监测

IF 2.9 3区地球科学

Earth and Space Science Pub Date : 2025-04-15 DOI: 10.1029/2024EA004088

Cheng Xiong, Yangfan Deng, Liwei Wang, Xiuwei Ye, Yanxin Zhang

{"title":"High-Resolution Monitoring of Urban Activities With Nodal Seismometers in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China","authors":"Cheng Xiong, Yangfan Deng, Liwei Wang, Xiuwei Ye, Yanxin Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004088","url":null,"abstract":"Urban seismology has become an increasingly popular field in recent years. In contrast to traditional monitoring methods, seismic data provides valuable insights into human activities, is less affected by weather conditions and does not raise privacy concerns. This study examines urban seismic noise in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA, China) using an array of over 6,200 geophones covering an area of 60 × 60 km. The spatial distribution of ambient seismic noise reveals considerable heterogeneity in this highly developed urban environment, demonstrating a strong correlation with population density and transportation routes. By employing energy-based seismic spectral analysis techniques, we analyzed the temporal variations in seismic signal energy under different environmental conditions, finding a strong alignment with local human activity patterns. Furthermore, we extracted specific urban activity patterns from high-frequency seismic noise, including vehicle speeds, traffic flow, subway operations, and the movements of trains and ships. Our findings suggest that the high sensitivity of seismic instruments offers unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. Overall, seismic data hold significant potential for real-time monitoring, aiding government regulatory agencies and policymakers in dynamic monitoring and urban management.","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004088","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143831157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Comparative Study of Velocity and Transport Estimates Along the Oleander Line Between Bermuda and New Jersey 百慕达与纽泽西之间夹竹桃线速度与运输估算的比较研究

IF 2.9 3区地球科学

Earth and Space Science Pub Date : 2025-04-12 DOI: 10.1029/2024EA004090

T. Rossby, Magdalena Andres, L. Chafik, K. Donohue

引用次数: 0

Tropical Cirrus in Global-Storm Resolving Models: 3. Seasonal Changes and TTL Cirrus in the Tropical Western Pacific Using DYAMOND 全球风暴解析模式中的热带卷云：2。热带西太平洋的季节变化和TTL卷云

IF 2.9 3区地球科学

Earth and Space Science Pub Date : 2025-04-10 DOI: 10.1029/2024EA003884

S. M. Turbeville, T. P. Ackerman, P. N. Blossey

{"title":"Tropical Cirrus in Global-Storm Resolving Models: 3. Seasonal Changes and TTL Cirrus in the Tropical Western Pacific Using DYAMOND","authors":"S. M. Turbeville, T. P. Ackerman, P. N. Blossey","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003884","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advances in computer modeling have spurred the production of several global storm-resolving models (GSRMs), which explicitly represent atmospheric circulations from convective to global scales. As a result, GSRMs simulate the formation and evolution of tropical cirrus clouds more physically than typical global climate models/general circulation models (GCMs) which use parameterizations to represent deep convection. We analyze the output from nine GSRMs from the DYAMOND initiative, focusing on the second phase of DYAMOND that simulated a period in January–February 2020. This paper is the third in a series investigating tropical cirrus clouds in GSRMs using DYAMOND model output for an intercomparison. In the tropics, models capture the mean outgoing longwave radiation within −5 to 14 W m−2 of observed climatology, though most models have more convective precipitation over the 40-day simulation period than observed. While the models represent large-scale tropical convection with some fidelity, large regional differences in cloud properties and top-of-atmosphere radiation fluxes exist. We focus on a region within the Tropical Western Pacific to study the small-scale features available with the high spatiotemporal resolution of GSRMs. Most models that participated in both phases of DYAMOND capture the seasonal differences between the two phases, yet each model exhibits unique cloud populations that are persistent across seasons. GSRMs even simulate the notoriously difficult-to-observe tropical tropopause layer (TTL) cirrus, providing a novel perspective on TTL cirrus even though the models have different cloud characteristics over the short 40-days simulation.","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003884","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0