Earth and Space Science最新文献

{"title":"Climatological Characteristics and Atmospheric Circulation Associated With Three-Dimensional Heat Wave Types in Middle Europe","authors":"Z. Poppová,&nbsp;O. Lhotka,&nbsp;J. Stryhal,&nbsp;J. Kyselý","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004784","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A novel classification of three-dimensional heat wave types is applied to Middle Europe over 1979–2022. Heat waves are classified according to their vertical structure of temperature anomalies in the ERA5 reanalysis into near-surface (HWG), lower-tropospheric (HWL), higher-tropospheric (HWH), and omnipresent (HWO). Jenkinson–Collison classification is used to link circulation types (CTs) to individual heat wave types, and their climatological characteristics are studied in station-based E-OBS data. We show that the surface temperature anomalies are largest during HWG, which also are characterized by the driest conditions before onset. In all heat wave types, CTs with southerly flow are more common compared to the June–September climatology, but differences among the heat wave types are found for other CTs. In HWG, the CT occurring most frequently is indeterminate flow, corresponding to a little pronounced pressure field with no clear role of anticyclonic vorticity or flow direction. The expected pattern of increased anticyclonic and decreased cyclonic flow is clearly manifest only for HWH, while it is reversed during HWG. An important role of anticyclonic circulation supporting gradual warming is found before the onset of most heat wave types, except for HWH. The differences in circulation characteristics among the heat wave types are smaller after their termination, which is often associated with relatively cold westerly flow. The analysis contributes to better understanding the interrelationships among different heat wave types, atmospheric circulation, and other driving mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004784","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148381160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Material Property Sensitivity of Light Curve Attitude Estimation for the Lunar Trailblazer","authors":"Liam Robinson,&nbsp;Amanda Steckel,&nbsp;Carolin Frueh,&nbsp;Bethany Ehlmann","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004733","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Lunar Trailblazer (LTB) spacecraft launched on 27 February 2025, toward a planned low-lunar orbit. Eleven hours into its mission, contact with Trailblazer was lost, and recovery efforts began. Estimating the orientation and angular velocity state of Trailblazer was central for recovery to determine whether and when the vehicle could be contacted again. This work documents a method to estimate Trailblazer's attitude state using only ground-based optical telescopes. This data is cheap to collect and scales favorably with distance compared to radar data. We rely on photometric light curves, time histories of Trailblazer's observed brightness. The process of estimating Trailblazer's orientation and angular velocity from this data is known as light curve inversion. Light curve attitude inversion, in addition to inherent ambiguities caused by symmetries in the observed object's geometry and the geometry of the observation, is sensitive to the object's assumed surface materials. In this paper, we study the impact of surface material accuracy using two light curves of Trailblazer acquired by the 4.2-m aperture Lowell Discovery Telescope in Arizona on 10 March 2025 and the 8.1-m aperture Gemini South observatory in Chile on 9 April 2025. We produce two sets of solutions for each light curve: one using material properties derived from a solar radiation pressure model of the LTB, and a second using materials fit to laboratory reflectometry of Trailblazer's materials. We qualitatively compare solutions for both cases and perform a sensitivity analysis to quantify the dependence between the attitude solutions and material property errors.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004733","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148381086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ensemble-Based Analysis and Moisture Sources of Double Rainbands Over South China","authors":"Biyu Xu,&nbsp;Huiqi Li,&nbsp;Langming Ye,&nbsp;Hui Xiao,&nbsp;Xiantong Liu,&nbsp;Xiaona Rao","doi":"10.1029/2026EA005039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EA005039","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the role of moisture in double rainbands over South China through combining ensemble sensitivity analysis and Lagrangian backward tracing. During 10–11 May 2022, a high-impact double-rainband event hit South China with coexisting inland and coastal heavy rainfall. Ensemble sensitivity analysis reveals that the coastal rainfall was most sensitive to upstream moisture conditions over the South China Sea (SCS). By comparison, the inland rainfall was more related to nearby moisture. Using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model, the respective moisture pathways and sources for the two rainfall areas were further quantified and linked to the sensitivity results. Dominant moisture pathways (∼80%) for coastal rainfall originated from the western Pacific and the SCS. Most moisture was absorbed from the SCS along these pathways, and was finally transported by low-level southerly/southwesterly jets toward the target area, making the SCS the primary moisture source (&gt;30%) and sensitive region for coastal rainfall. For inland rainfall, southerly and northerly trajectories related to the frontal system accounted for a comparable proportion. Northern sources, including local moisture recycling, contributed more for inland rainfall than for coastal rainfall. Analysis of two additional double-rainband events confirmed moisture paths were more diverse for inland rainband with increased moisture contribution from northern sources. The frontal system and monsoon activity significantly affected the relative importance of northern sources, the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, respectively. The findings underscore the necessity of considering area-specific moisture features to improve forecasts of double rainbands.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026EA005039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148381087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Magnetosphere Forcing and Model Resolution on Joule Heating Estimates in WACCM-X During the 24 August 2005 Storm","authors":"Florian Günzkofer,&nbsp;Hanli Liu,&nbsp;Kevin Pham,&nbsp;Huixin Liu,&nbsp;Gunter Stober,&nbsp;Joseph M. McInerney,&nbsp;David R. Themens,&nbsp;Claudia Borries","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004941","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;We investigate the high-latitude Joule heating in a recently developed high-resolution configuration of the WACCM-X whole-atmosphere model coupled to the MAGE model. Model resolution and geomagnetic forcing effects during the severe &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;&gt;&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;8&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $(Kp &gt; 8)$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; geomagnetic storm on 24 August 2005 are analyzed, distinguishing storm peak and recovery conditions. The Joule heating energy in MAGE-coupled runs is 71.7%–121.7% higher compared to Heelis- and Weimer-driven WACCM-X runs, due to stronger convection electric fields. Due to the higher Joule heating, the column-integrated &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${mathrm{O}/mathrm{N}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; ratio is significantly lower in MAGE-coupled runs, potentially correcting a previously observed overestimation of the WACCM-X model. The distribution of modeled Joule heating rates with geomagnetic latitude is affected by the coupling to MAGE as well. The high-resolution model shows distinctly different thermospheric dynamics in response to the geomagnetic storm, leading to a lower neutral particle density over the polar region during storm recovery compared to the coarse-resolution model. The altered thermospheric dynamics causes a 50% higher Joule heating up to about 120 km and lower Joule heating at F region altitudes, in turn affecting the thermospheric neutral density. Despite the overall lower Joule heating rates in the high-resolution model run, the neutral gas heating rate is higher compared to the coarse-resolution run, leading to slightly lower &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${mathrm{O}/mathrm{N}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; ratios. The electron density is affected on meso-scales, especially in the area of the auroral oval, by the increase in model resolution, which causes strong local variation","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004941","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148381130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Information Geometry-Based Method to Study Atmospheric and Seismic Phenomena With VLF Signals","authors":"Abhiram Anand Thiruthummal,&nbsp;Sergiy Shelyag,&nbsp;Viktor Fedun,&nbsp;Sergey Ruzheinikov,&nbsp;Eun-jin Kim","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004610","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We propose to employ the framework of information geometry to detect anomalies in Very Low Frequency (VLF) and Low Frequency (LF) signal propagation, measured globally across amplitude and phase channels. Using a sliding-window approach, the probability distributions of signal data are compared over adjacent intervals, defining a statistical measure of distinguishability, named information velocity. Information velocity enables the identification of anomalies in VLF/LF signals and connect them to various atmospheric, geophysical, and space weather phenomena. We have shown the effectiveness of information geometry in quantifying signal variability, offering a powerful framework for anomaly detection in VLF data and wider in the geophysical and atmospheric sciences context. The results demonstrate its potential for uncovering insights into ionospheric behavior, atmospheric disturbances, and their interplay with Earth's electromagnetic environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004610","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148324894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Ensemble-Based Extreme Forecast Diagnostics for Zonda Wind Prediction","authors":"Federico Otero,&nbsp;Estíbaliz Gascón","doi":"10.1029/2026EA005121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EA005121","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Zonda is a downslope windstorm on the eastern slopes of the Andes in western Argentina. This Foehn-like phenomenon can produce hazardous, strong, and gusty downslope winds, leading to extreme and rapid warming with severe societal impacts. Despite substantial advances in numerical weather prediction, forecasting Zonda winds remains challenging. This study presents a systematic evaluation of ensemble-based diagnostics for predicting Zonda winds in Mendoza city. The extreme forecast index (EFI), the shift of tails (SOT), and crossing-point forecast (CPF), are evaluated using the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System ensemble (ENS IFS). The ability to discriminate between Zonda and non-Zonda conditions is assessed for four surface variables (2-m temperature, maximum temperature, 10-m wind speed, and wind gusts) at 24-hr lead-time intervals up to 5 days. Results show that all diagnostics exhibit statistically significant skill well beyond typical short-range deterministic forecast horizons. SOT provides the best discrimination for wind-related variables, consistent with its sensitivity to ensemble tail behavior. For temperature-based predictors, CPF outperforms EFI and SOT by effectively capturing ensemble-wide and spatially coherent warm anomalies characteristic of Zonda events. EFI shows its strongest performance at mid-range lead times, outperforming both SOT and CPF mainly in terms of true positive rates. Events are also stratified by severity, revealing that the ensemble diagnostics respond coherently to variations in both intensity and duration, with longer and stronger events exhibiting sharper and more consistent signals than weaker events. These results highlight the potential of ensemble-based diagnostics (EFI, SOT, and CPF) to support medium-range probabilistic assessment of Zonda events.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026EA005121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148324895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Toward Gray Zone: Evaluation of Tropical Cyclones in Key Basins With the 12.5 km High Resolution CAS FGOALS-f3 Model","authors":"Charith Madusanka Widanage,&nbsp;Qing Bao,&nbsp;Bian He,&nbsp;Gayeshan Rajith Gihara Giruwa Gamachchige,&nbsp;Bikash Nepal,&nbsp;Dipendra Lamichhane","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004876","url":null,"abstract":"<p>State-of-the-art climate models are approaching gray-zone resolutions that can improve the representation of tropical cyclones (TCs), but the extent of these gains remains uncertain. This study evaluates the effect of spatial resolution, particularly near the gray-zone, using three resolution configurations of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System Finite-Volume version 3 (CAS FGOALS-f3) climate model: f3-L (standard, ∼100 km), f3-H (high, ∼25 km), and f3-HH (ultra-high, ∼12.5 km), focusing on TC genesis, track, intensity, and structure. All three configurations employ the scale-aware Resolving Convective Precipitation (RCP) parameterization with common key parameters, enabling a controlled assessment of resolution-dependent behavior within a consistent physics framework. Simulations are assessed against the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship Version 4 (IBTrACS-v4) data set from 1998 to 2007, using two observational baselines to address inter-agency discrepancies. Results indicate that increasing resolution enhances maximum wind speed, minimum central pressure, and storm structure, enabling more realistic representation of high-category storms up to Category 3, particularly in the Western North Pacific and North Atlantic. Higher-resolution versions also show improved spatial distribution of TC genesis and track frequency when evaluated globally. While all model versions capture the seasonal cycle of TC counts globally and across basins, they exhibit limitations in accurately simulating Category 4–5 storms and capturing interannual variability. These results highlight both the benefits and remaining limitations of high-resolution, scale-aware global climate simulations for representing TC behavior at gray-zone resolutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004876","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148324896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finding Fireballs in Lightning: A Daily Pipeline to Find Meteors in Weather Satellite Data","authors":"Jeffrey C. Smith,&nbsp;Robert L. Morris,&nbsp;Jessie Dotson,&nbsp;Randolph Longenbaugh,&nbsp;Jeffrey R. Olson,&nbsp;Anthony Ozerov,&nbsp;Daniel Fox","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004896","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Weather satellite data contains a wealth of information well beyond its application to meteorology. The GOES weather satellite Geostationary Lightning Mapper instruments detect millions of lightning strikes per day. Within these “haystacks” of lightning are a handful of “needles” of bolides (aka bright fireballs, or exploding meteors). We have developed an efficient pipeline to identify these bolides. Our goal is to create a rich, calibrated, and consistently processed data set of bolide light curves that can be used by the planetary defense community in assessing the risks associated with large asteroid impacts. We utilize a multi-stage detection pipeline, with successively more computationally expensive machine learning algorithms. Detections are published on a NASA hosted publicly available website, https://neo-bolide.ndc.nasa.gov, with a typical latency of less than 2 weeks from the event occurrence. Virtually all aspects of the pipeline have been automated and we have deployed a “selective classification” system where most bolide candidates can be automatically published with no human intervention. The remaining candidates, where the machine classifier abstains, are human vetted using an efficient web-based GUI interface. The work presented here is an improvement on a previously deployed pipeline, and a key new component to the automation is a neural network-based auto-validator which minimizes the manual effort required by human subject matter experts. Improvements to other parts of the pipeline are also presented, including a unified database and data pipeline for efficient detection, assessment and publication. User tools are available to aid in the exploration of our data set.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004896","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148322498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to TREx-ATM V2.0: A Versatile Model of Auroral Transport and Its Effects in the Ionosphere","authors":"Jun Liang,&nbsp;E. Donovan,&nbsp;E. Spanswick,&nbsp;C. Gabrielse,&nbsp;D. Chaddock,&nbsp;J. Houghton","doi":"10.1029/2026EA005013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EA005013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Auroral transport models (ATMs) play an important role in quantitative studies of optical auroras, their driving mechanisms, and their effects on the ionosphere and thermosphere. TREx-ATM was initially developed as the support model for the Transition Region Explorer (TREx) mission, and has gained increasing applications in the community in recent years. In this paper, we introduce the recently updated TREx-ATM V2.0. We compare the modeled emission intensities and ratios with those from two other commonly used ATMs, B3C and GLOW, and address the reasons for the moderate discrepancies among them. We articulate the recent model extension to relativistic energy ranges and the associated cross-sections. We compare our modeled ionization rates under high-energy electron precipitation with those computed using the existing fast calculation method and fixed branching ratios in Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. We also introduce the model's capability, albeit with certain limitations in the open version, to compute the profiles of ionospheric plasma density and electron temperature under auroral precipitation. Support for proton auroral ionization is also partly offered in TREx-ATM V2.0. Finally, we describe our algorithm to invert the electron precipitation parameters, as well as the oxygen correction factor, from four-wavelength optical data, and exemplify the inversion procedure via both numerical tests and realistic TREx data. We also demonstrate the auroral conductance data sets based on the inversion. With these updated capabilities, TREx-ATM may offer a convenient and versatile tool for quantitative studies of auroras and magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere-mesosphere coupling processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026EA005013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148322388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geology and Chronology of the Lunar Taruntius Crater: Implications for the Retention Age of Lunar Ray Patterns and Lifetime of Lunar Explosive Volcanism","authors":"Longjiao Yu,&nbsp;Haijun Cao,&nbsp;Le Qiao,&nbsp;Zongcheng Ling","doi":"10.1029/2026EA005069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EA005069","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Taruntius crater, situated between Maria Fecunditatis, Crisium, and Tranquillitatis, is characterized by a prominent bright ray system and a floor-fractured morphology and has long been interpreted as a relatively young Eratosthenian or Copernican crater. Here, we combine high-resolution imagery, topography, and multispectral data to characterize its morphology, composition, and chronology. Taruntius exhibits a complex internal structure, including central peaks, fractures, and ridges, and its regolith has reached full optical maturity. Elemental abundances of FeO (6.9–19.1 wt.%), TiO₂ (0–8.7 wt.%), and Th (3.0–3.4 ppm) indicate low-Ti and moderately Th-enriched compositions. Plagioclase dominates the crater rim and walls (&gt;60 wt.%), whereas the central peaks and ejecta are characterized by reduced plagioclase (&lt;45 wt.%) and enhanced pyroxene (&gt;40 wt.%) with minor olivine (&lt;10 wt.%). Basaltic materials identified within floor fractures record localized volcanic activity predating the impact event. Crater size-frequency distribution analysis yields a model age of 3.7 ± 0.03 Ga, placing the formation of Taruntius in the late Imbrian period. These results revise previous age estimates, demonstrate that prominent ray systems do not necessarily indicate young lunar craters, and highlight the importance of integrating compositional and chronological analyses in reconstructing lunar surface evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026EA005069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148322496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}