Earth and Space Science最新文献

{"title":"Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Ionospheric Disturbances Using Tikhonov Regularization After 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption","authors":"Danial Abdollahi,&nbsp;M. Mahdi Alizadeh,&nbsp;Harald Schuh,&nbsp;Lung-Chih Tsai","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004247","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025EA004247","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Following significant natural hazards, traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) are generated that affect the ionosphere. Understanding the three-dimensional structure of these TIDs is crucial for understanding their propagation mechanisms. Ionospheric tomography is a viable method to reconstruct these three-dimensional structures. In this study, Tikhonov regularization is used to solve the ill-posed problem of ionospheric tomography following the Tonga volcanic eruption. The New Zealand Global Navigation Satellite Systems network was used to detect TIDs to infer changes in electron density within the ionospheric layers. To validate the reconstructed results, the electron density changes obtained from the tomography were used to reconstruct the detrended slant total electron content (dSTEC) and compared with observed dSTEC values. In addition, electron density profiles from radio occultation data were used for further evaluation. The results showed that the root mean square error of the tomography results could reach 0.228 TEC unit in the dSTEC reconstruction. The most pronounced TIDs were observed at altitudes between 200 and 300 km in agreement with radio occultation observations. Estimation of the speed of atmospheric waves showed that the disturbances propagated through the troposphere at about 360 m/s and reached speeds of up to 609 m/s in the ionosphere. As altitude increases, wave speed also rises, this demonstrates the ionosphere's potential for early warning. The Tikhonov method offers significant advantages in TIDs tomography due to its non-iterative nature, enabling rapid and precise three-dimensional reconstruction. This enhances the understanding of TIDs, improving monitoring and analysis of such events.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004247","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Latent Representation Learning in Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Full Waveform Inversion","authors":"Mohammad H. Taufik,&nbsp;Xinquan Huang,&nbsp;Tariq Alkhalifah","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004107","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024EA004107","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Full waveform inversion (FWI), a state-of-the-art seismic inversion algorithm, comprises an iterative data-fitting process to recover high-resolution Earth's properties (e.g., velocity). At the heart of this process lies the numerical wave equation solver, which necessitates discretization. To perform efficient discretization-free FWI for large-scale problems, we introduce physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) as surrogates for conventional numerical solvers. The original PINN implementation requires additional training for the new velocity model when used in the forward simulation. To make PINNs more suitable for such scenarios, we introduce latent representation learning to PINNs. We first append the input with the encoded velocity vectors, which are the latent representation of the velocity models using an autoencoder model. Unlike the original implementation, the trained PINN model can instantly produce different wavefield solutions without retraining with this additional information. To further improve the FWI efficiency, instead of computing the FWI updates on the original velocity dimension, we resort to updating in its latent representation dimension. Specifically, we only update the latent representation vectors and freeze the weights of the autoencoder and the PINN models during FWI. Through a series of numerical tests on synthetic data, the proposed framework shows a significant increase in accuracy and computational efficiency compared to the conventional FWI. The improved performance of our framework can be attributed to implicit regularization introduced by the velocity encoding and physics-informed training procedures. The proposed framework presents a significant step forward in utilizing a discretization-free wave equation solver for a more efficient and accurate FWI application.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145111112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DL4GAM: A Multi-Modal Deep Learning-Based Framework for Glacier Area Monitoring, Trained and Validated on the European Alps","authors":"Codruț-Andrei Diaconu,&nbsp;Harry Zekollari,&nbsp;Jonathan L. Bamber","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004197","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025EA004197","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Glaciers play a critical role in our society, impacting everything from sea-level rise and access to clean water to the tourism industry. Their accelerated melt represents a key indicator of the changing climate, highlighting the need for efficient monitoring techniques. The traditional way of assessing glacier area change is by rebuilding glacier inventories. This often relies on manual correction of semi-automated outputs from satellite imagery, which is time-consuming and susceptible to human biases. However, recent advancements in Deep Learning have enabled significant progress toward fully automatic glacier mapping. In this work, we introduce DL4GAM: a multi-modal Deep Learning-based framework for Glacier Area Monitoring, available open-source. It includes uncertainty quantification through ensemble learning and a procedure to identify the imagery with the best mapping conditions independently for each glacier. DL4GAM is trained and evaluated on the European Alps, a region for which experts estimated an annual change rate of around −1.3% over 2003–2015. We use DL4GAM to investigate the glacier evolution from 2015 to 2023 using Sentinel-2 imagery and elevation (change) maps. By employing geographic cross-validation, our models, based on U-Net ensembles, demonstrate strong generalization capabilities. We then apply the models on 2023 data and estimate the area change at both the glacier and regional levels. Regionally, we estimate an area change rate of −1.90 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>±</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $pm $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 1.26% per year. We provide quality-controlled individual estimates over 2015–2023 for about 900 glaciers, covering around 70% of the region. Debris-covered regions remain the most uncertain.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004197","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurements of Auroral Plasma Properties Using Low-Cost, Mobile, Ground-Based Detectors","authors":"S. Mackie,&nbsp;J. Rivera,&nbsp;T. Evans,&nbsp;J. L. Ball,&nbsp;S. Dannhoff,&nbsp;J. Heinzel,&nbsp;J. Van de Lindt,&nbsp;S. Moroch","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004414","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025EA004414","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An expedition to Fairbanks, AK, was undertaken to study the aurora during the peak of solar cycle 25. Low-cost diagnostics were developed to enable ground-based measurements of ionospheric plasma parameters and auroral phenomena, namely a compact spectrometer and a high-resolution all-sky camera with 2-axis magnetometer. Observations were made at several locations between January 7th and 21st, 2024. Spectrum measurements enabled inference of plasma properties of auroral discharges such as bulk ion temperature, characteristic primary electron energy, and relative concentration of various atomic, molecular, and ionic species. Time lapses taken by the all-sky camera documented macroscopic motions of auroral arcs, including the onset of an intense geomagnetic substorm that coincided with a precipitous drop in the vertical component of the geomagnetic field. Optical flow analysis of all-sky photos has yielded a measure of the evolution of the motion of auroral structures during various phases of development of the substorm. These measurements demonstrate the diagnostic capabilities of low-cost diagnostics, democratizing access to quantitative observations and studies of this intriguing geophysical plasma phenomenon. This work is a first step in the development of a platform for citizen science investigations of auroral physics.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004414","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the RWDM6 and MG Microphysics Schemes in Precipitation Simulation With the GRIST Model","authors":"Jiabo Li,&nbsp;Xindong Peng,&nbsp;Xiaohan Li,&nbsp;Juan Gu","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004388","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025EA004388","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Realistic representation of cloud and precipitation processes is crucial for climate simulations. A revised double-moment 6-class (RWDM6) cloud microphysics scheme with prognostic precipitation, instead of the Morrison-Gettelman scheme, is implemented into the Global-to-Regional Integrated forecast System (GRIST) model to improve its numerical hydrological cycles, and the impact of the treatment of grid-scale precipitation is assessed with climate simulations. With more realistic vertical hydrometeor distribution, the double-moment scheme with prognostic precipitation not only improves the vertical distribution of water vapor and temperature but also reduces biases in medium and high clouds and cloud forcing radiation compared to the diagnostic scheme. Hydrological cycles and corresponding atmospheric thermodynamics are improved with the revised scheme. Additionally, a clear reduction in precipitation over the Intertropical Convergence Zone and mid-latitude storm track regions is observed with the RWDM6 scheme, aligning closer consistency with the observations compared to the original model results. With respect to the model precipitation sensitivity to time step, the RWDM6 scheme simulates consistent precipitation intensity throughout, while the diagnostic scheme exhibits significant biases at different time steps. The RWDM6 scheme with the prognostic treatment of precipitation shows a remarkable contribution to cloud microphysics in the GRIST climate model.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004388","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy Assessment and Rainfall Intensity Response Mechanisms in GNSS Real-Time PPP Water Vapor Retrieval: Coupling Effects of Multi-Source Real-Time Products and Meteorological Conditions","authors":"Wenliang Gao,&nbsp;Guigen Nie,&nbsp;Yu Guo,&nbsp;Jiaqi Shi,&nbsp;Shuguang Wu","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004439","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025EA004439","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) real-time Precise Point Positioning (PPP) technology offers a highly efficient approach for atmospheric Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) monitoring and extreme weather warning. However, its retrieval accuracy is limited by the performance of orbit and clock products, as well as the coupling effects of water vapor phase transitions and signal attenuation under precipitation conditions. This study utilized observation data from the Hong Kong Continuously Operating Reference Stations network between 2016 and 2022, employing real-time products from the International GNSS Service (IGS) and the Center National d'Études Spatiales (CNES) for PPP solutions. Validated against IGS post-processed products and radiosonde data, the PWV retrieval accuracy of IGS real-time products outperformed that of CNES products. The rainfall conditions exhibited systematic impacts on retrieval errors: compared to non-rainfall conditions, the root mean square error of PWV increased from 1.54 to 1.89 mm during rainfall events, with retrieval errors escalating as rainfall intensity increased. Analysis of the response relationship between varying rainfall intensities and PWV identified a distinct three-step correlation between PWV and precipitation processes, that is the accumulation of water vapor before rainfall, the rapid release during precipitation and the dissipation process after rainfall. The magnitude of PWV variations demonstrated a positive correlation with rainfall intensity. This research reveals the coupling influence mechanisms of real-time product selection and meteorological conditions on GNSS PWV retrieval, providing a theoretical foundation for optimizing real-time monitoring models under heavy rainfall scenarios and enhancing the reliability of extreme weather early warning systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004439","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lightning Density and Its Coupled Covariates Within the Continental United States","authors":"Steffen Eisenacher,&nbsp;Anke Fluhrer,&nbsp;Jan Bliefernicht,&nbsp;Daniel J. Short Gianotti,&nbsp;Harald Kunstmann,&nbsp;Thomas Jagdhuber","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004207","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025EA004207","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lightning is a critical climate variable, due to both its significance as a metric of atmospheric thresholding and its significance as a natural hazard. While lightning density is often studied as a marker of local convective dynamics, it is also a player in the larger coupled systems linking the local atmospheric column, the land surface, and dynamic moisture advection. Aiming to bridge the land-atmosphere gap in lightning studies, the research investigates the interplay between soil moisture (SM), convective available potential energy (CAPE), precipitation, wind shear, atmospheric moisture, and lighting density. Employing spatial correlations (<i>r</i>) and year-over-year change analyses, satellite (SMAP) and reanalysis (ERA5 and NARR) data from 2016 to 2021 show the seasonal and interannual co-evolution of lightning and its land-atmosphere covariates. Across the continental United States (CONUS), CAPE was identified as the most effective proxy for lightning density, particularly in summer (<i>r</i> = 0.80). Notably, the southeastern U.S. displayed a significant connection between SM and lightning (<i>r</i> = 0.60), representing the role of thunderstorms in seasonal land surface moisture as well as feedbacks from the land surface to convective processes upstream of lightning. In contrast, the arid southwestern U.S., another region of high thunderstorm occurrence, exhibited reduced correlations with SM (<i>r</i> = 0.12), likely due to both the reduced persistence of moisture anomalies in arid regions and the relatively weaker land surface feedbacks compared to the influence of advection by the North American monsoon. The coupling of SM was most pronounced in the southeastern U.S. during the summer months (JJA), while no clear pattern was identifiable elsewhere within CONUS. Wavelet analyses suggest seasonal changes in the lead-lag behavior of SM and lightning density, with SM commonly leading in the Southeast in JJA. Year-to-year change analysis during JJA revealed aligning trends, reinforcing the relationship between summertime SM and lightning. This study provides a baseline reference for coupled land and atmosphere feedbacks between terrestrial lightning, its precursors, and its effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Did They Feel It? Legacy Maroseismic Data Illuminates an Engimatic 20th Century Earthquake","authors":"Susan E. Hough,&nbsp;Lori Dengler,&nbsp;Robert McPherson,&nbsp;Lijam Hagos,&nbsp;Margaret Hellweg","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004437","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025EA004437","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The challenges and the importance of preserving legacy instrumental records of earthquakes are now well-recognized (e.g., Richards &amp; Hellweg, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200053). Seismologists may not be aware of parallel challenges and opportunities with legacy macroseismic data for earthquakes in the United States. For much of the 20th century, macroseismic data were collected by a series of U.S. government agencies using a standard questionnaire distributed on postcards. Published summaries of postcards provide macroseismic data akin to modern Did You Feel It? questionnaire responses. In this paper we focus on the <b>M</b> 6.5 Fickle Hill, California earthquake, on 21 December 1954 (Hellweg et al., 2025) as a proof-of-concept, illustrating the potential of what we dub Did They Feel It? (DTFI) data to improve our understanding of significant 20th century U.S. earthquakes for which instrumental data are sparse. Legacy macroseismic data interpreted following modern conventions can potentially constrain traditional ShakeMaps at a level of detail and accuracy that in some respects rival maps for modern earthquakes. The updated ShakeMap for the 1954 Fickle Hill earthquake, also drawing from recently published media and first-person accounts, supports the location, depth, and stress drop value estimated from available instrumental data (Hellweg et al., 2025).</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004437","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The QUAKES-I Stereoimaging Instrument for Measuring Surface Topography and Land Surface Processes","authors":"Andrea Donnellan,&nbsp;Curtis Padgett,&nbsp;Joseph Green,&nbsp;Robert Zinke,&nbsp;Ryan Applegate,&nbsp;Roger Chao,&nbsp;Katherine Tighe,&nbsp;Hrand Aghazarian,&nbsp;Dima Kogan,&nbsp;Chris Assad,&nbsp;Susan Bell,&nbsp;Selina Chu,&nbsp;Ramon Arrowsmith,&nbsp;Madeline Schwarz","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004001","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024EA004001","url":null,"abstract":"<p>QUAKES-I is a stereoimaging instrument for recovering surface topography to study land surface properties and processes. The instrument consists of an 8-camera array with four cameras pointing forward and four pointing aft. Overlapped imaging during a flight-line enables reconstruction of topography. The instrument has flown on a NASA Gulfstream V aircraft at 12.5 km (41K feet) above sea level and can cover 5,400 km (3,400 mi) linear distance in a 6-hr flight. For this altitude, the image swath is 12 km wide with a separation of 5 km between the forward and aft swath (22°). The instrument is accommodated on a King Air aircraft for flying at lower elevation providing higher resolution data. We focused our engineering test flights over the Grand Canyon, Lake Mead, and a variety of terrain including coasts, faults, forests, lakes, desert, and steep mountains. Data products for the 12 km wide swaths are 15–30 km long with sub-meter ground sample distance. We describe here the instrument and projected accuracy. We used commercial Structure from Motion software packages Pix4D, Metashape, and RealityCapture to process QUAKES-I data. The accuracy of QUAKES-I data products is typically &lt;2 m for trees and steep terrain. This paper focuses on the instrument implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing Spatiotemporal Ground Deformation at Whakaari (White Island) Volcano, New Zealand From 2014 to 2024 Using InSAR Time-Series Analysis","authors":"Shreya Kanakiya,&nbsp;Stella Essenmacher,&nbsp;Arnold Fernandes","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004471","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025EA004471","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Whakaari (White Island) volcano is the most active volcano in New Zealand with a dynamic hydrothermal system. The volcano has had four eruptive periods since 2014. In this study, our aim is to understand the pre-and post-eruption deformation processes occurring at Whakaari using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). We analyze Copernicus Sentinel-1 Bursts from 2014 to 2024 from ascending and descending passes using small baseline subset (SBAS) InSAR time-series analysis. Four stacks are analyzed, one spanning approximately a decade from 2014 to 2024, and three short-term periods approximately 6 months before and after the 2016 and 2019 eruptions, and 6 months before the 2024 eruption. Together, these provide insights into the long-and short-term evolution of deformation at Whakaari. Results show spatially and temporally varied inflation-deflation cycles around the active crater lake area pre-and post eruptions. Long-term gradual uplift is observed east of the crater lake, whereas subsidence is observed south south-west of the crater lake. The nature of inflationary signatures vary prior to eruptions, which is interpreted as an effect of the pressure source (hydrothermal pressurization from a deep magma source, shallow magma, or crater lake-related processes). The nature of deflationary signatures is inferred to be related to post-eruption contraction of materials in the subsurface and movement and collapse of crater walls. The spatial and temporal variability in the observed deformation is correlated well with reported observations of gas emissions, eruptions, lava extrusion, and slope instabilities showing the usefulness of InSAR for volcano monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004471","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}