Earth and Space Science最新文献

{"title":"A Hybrid Framework Combining Physical and Data-Driven Models for Predicting the Timing of Fault Instability","authors":"Jian-Zhi Zhang,&nbsp;Tao-Tao Zhang,&nbsp;Tao Zhou,&nbsp;Zhi Lin,&nbsp;Ting Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2026EA005154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EA005154","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reliable prediction of earthquakes and rock mass failure has long been hampered by a fundamental trade-off: achieving both a long warning window and high prediction accuracy. Physical models, such as the failure forecast method (FFM) based on the time-reversed Omori law, can provide longer warning windows but are sensitive to data noise and exhibit limited accuracy. In contrast, data-driven models like the long short-term memory (LSTM) network can achieve higher accuracy but typically offer short warning times and suffer from limited generalization. To overcome this bottleneck, this study develops a hybrid prediction framework that integrates physical mechanisms with data-driven methods. Specifically, we propose a “half-length subset” algorithm to improve FFM (MFFM), which dynamically screens precursor data to stabilize the power-law fitting process. Concurrently, we introduce the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) to automatically tune the hyperparameters of LSTM (GWO-LSTM), enhancing its robustness and generalization capability. The proposed MFFM and GWO-LSTM models were validated using two typical fault failure patterns simulated in laboratory uniaxial loading experiments, corresponding to the “foreshock-mainshock” and “mainshock-aftershock” sequences observed in natural earthquakes. Results demonstrate that MFFM and GWO-LSTM significantly outperform their traditional counterparts. MFFM reduces the maximum root mean square error (RMSE) of FFM by up to 85.6%, while GWO-LSTM further reduces the RMSE of LSTM by up to 98.7%, while also effectively extending the warning time. The proposed hybrid framework offers a reliable new approach that combines physical robustness with data adaptability, enabling high-precision, long-term failure time prediction.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026EA005154","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air-Sea Momentum Exchange With Explicit Wind-Wave-Current Coupling and Effects on Hurricane Structure and Impacts","authors":"Alton P. Daley,&nbsp;Shuyi S. Chen","doi":"10.1029/2026EA005012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EA005012","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ocean surface waves play an essential role in momentum exchange between the atmosphere and ocean, which is especially important in tropical cyclones. A key coupling process that is often omitted by coupled models using bulk or simplified stress parameterizations is the explicit representation of wind-wave and wave-ocean vector stresses. Wind-wave stress can be larger (smaller) than wave-ocean stress when wave growth is greater (less) than wave dissipation locally. This is particularly important in high-wind conditions like hurricanes and extratropical cyclones. In this study, we investigate the impact of this explicit momentum exchange constrained by energy conservation at the air-sea interface on surface winds, waves, and currents. We use a fully coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean model, namely the Unified Wave INterface-Coupled Model (UWIN-CM), for simulations of Hurricane Earl (2010). We compare the UWIN-CM control simulation using an explicit momentum-conserving air-sea stress coupling and a model experiment in which the wind-wave and wave-ocean stresses are set equal. We found that explicit wind-wave-current coupling reduces ocean stress and enhances wave growth and propagation ahead of the hurricane. When wave growth exceeds dissipation, reduced ocean stress weakens ocean currents and mixing, which reduces hurricane-induced ocean cooling. The size of the hurricane as represented by surface wind increases as a result of explicit wind-wave-current coupling and momentum exchange. These findings contribute to a better understanding, modeling, and prediction of hurricane impacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026EA005012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148848644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Statewide InSAR Velocity Map for California Produced by a Comprehensive Large Scale Analysis of ARIA Standard Products","authors":"Simran S. Sangha,&nbsp;Gareth J. Funning,&nbsp;Marin Govorcin,&nbsp;David P. S. Bekaert","doi":"10.1029/2026EA005214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EA005214","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Routine Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) acquisitions from the Sentinel-1 constellation enable monitoring of slow surface deformation (millimeters to centimeters per year), yet consistent and accessible pathways for producing validated, user-ready velocity products remain limited. Here we present (a) a statewide Interferometric SAR (InSAR) line-of-sight secular surface velocity map for California derived from standardized Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis Sentinel-1 Geocoded Unwrapped Phase (ARIA-S1-GUNW) products spanning 2014–2023, and (b) the details of a scalable processing and validation workflow for producing similar maps. Our workflow leverages several open-source software tools for post-processing of GUNW products, time series analysis, corrections for noise, and removal of earthquakes and transient signals. We apply it to data from nine ascending and descending Sentinel-1 tracks across California, and validate the output against Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) data. The resulting velocity fields resolve tectonic and anthropogenic deformation signals, including elastic strain accumulation and shallow creep along the San Andreas Fault system, rapid subsidence exceeding 10 cm/yr in the Central Valley, and localized deformation associated with groundwater withdrawal and landsliding. We find millimeter-per-year agreement with GNSS velocities, and estimate typical velocity uncertainties to be ≤1 mm/yr over coherent terrain, increasing locally in regions of strong deformation gradients and/or decorrelation. Our velocity map provides an accessible data set for non-specialists to investigate multiple sources of slow secular deformation across California; our workflow can also be used with GUNW products from the NASA-ISRO SAR (NISAR) mission, enabling the leveraging of that rich data source in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026EA005214","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148848643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Fire-Induced Permafrost Ground Deformation and Environmental Drivers Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and Machine Learning","authors":"Sonam Wangchuk,&nbsp;Simone Maria Stuenzi,&nbsp;Moritz Langer,&nbsp;Ping Lu,&nbsp;Roger Michaelides,&nbsp;Kevin Schaefer,&nbsp;Sander Veraverbeke","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004473","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Arctic fires in permafrost landscapes have become more frequent in recent years with record fire years in Eastern Siberia in 2019, 2020 and 2021. The consumption of organic layer and charring of the landscape can deepen active layer and long-term permafrost ground deformation. However, the factors driving post-fire ground deformation are not well understood. Here we applied the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique on Sentinel-1 SAR imagery to map post-fire line of sight (LOS) ground deformation of five tundra fires in northeastern Siberia and used a machine learning XGBoost regression to better understand the environmental drivers. Applying InSAR technique on Sentinel-1 SAR imagery proved robust for mapping fire-affected permafrost ground deformation. For instance, in 2021, the permafrost ground affected by 2020 fires exhibited four times greater deformation in the growing season (5.42 cm) compared to adjacent unburned areas (1.42 cm). Surface albedo alone accounted for more than half of total explained variability, and albedo was correlated with fire severity and land surface temperature. Thus, variables that quantified fire impacts showed greater explanatory power than topographic variables. Finally, our remote sensing analysis was compared with some numerical modeling experiments. These simulations further affirmed the influence of surface albedo and burned organic layer on post-fire ground deformation. Our approach successfully quantified post-fire deformation in Yedoma-dominated permafrost landscapes and revealed environmental drivers that govern spatial variability in deformation within burned areas. Our methods could be applied at circumpolar scale to better understand the impacts of emerging fires in permafrost landscapes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004473","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Remotely-Sensed Orbital and Rover-Based In Situ Surface Orientation Analyses in Jezero Crater, Mars","authors":"O. A. Kanine,&nbsp;B. L. Ehlmann,&nbsp;P. D. Asimow","doi":"10.1029/2026EA005086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EA005086","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Satellite data have been used to estimate the three-dimensional orientation of features on Mars inferred to be bedding planes to support interpretations of deposit characteristics and depositional environments. Opportunities to ground-truth these estimates and to understand the geologic information recorded by surfaces measured from orbit are limited to landing sites. We developed a generalized workflow for calculating surface orientations from measured apparent dip angles and look directions that may be applied to photographs. We then performed a quantitative comparison of five orbiter-derived plane fits of scarps, light-toned bands, and other layer-like features exposed in outcrops in Jezero crater's western fan with both orientations and up-close geologic interpretations of the same features using images taken by the Perseverance rover. Orbiter-derived orientation estimates almost always fall within orientation constraints set by apparent dip angles and dip directions seen in two or more rover images. Additionally, the rover- and orbiter-based orientation solutions often overlap within mutual uncertainties. However, only one of five features traced from orbit was confirmed in rover images to constitute an actual single bed, indicating that our ability to distinguish hierarchical stratigraphic elements, lithologies, and stratal structures from orbit is limited. Thus, in situ investigation at sub-decimeter-scale with landed spacecraft that can view strata in cross-section will often be required to definitively distinguish stratigraphic elements that are characteristic of depositional environment. Nevertheless, certain outcrop characteristics such as distinct tonality and moderate-to-steep inclination are discernible from orbit and allow for the characterization of the orientation of beds or self-similar packages of strata.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026EA005086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vertical Correlation Lengths as a Tool for Quantifying Profiling Capabilities in the Planetary Boundary Layer and Troposphere and Defining Future Requirements","authors":"M. L. Loveless,&nbsp;R. O. Knuteson,&nbsp;D. M. Loveless,&nbsp;T. Wagner","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004500","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The planetary boundary layer (PBL) is the portion of the troposphere that is directly influenced by the presence of the Earth's surface. The thermodynamic structure of this layer exhibits a wide variety of characteristics across the globe. In 2018 the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Space Studies Board recommended that U.S. agencies consider the advancement of technologies for the remote sensing of the PBL thermodynamic structure and height. This paper provides a quantitative assessment of the PBL thermodynamic structure across various climate regimes using the highest vertical resolution radiosonde measurements available from Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement research sites and informs the requirements of a future PBL mission. To do this, this paper introduces a method to characterize the vertical scales of temperature and water vapor correlation. This method is used to analyze radiosonde, Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI), and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) data sets. The AIRS Level 2 Version 7 product is shown to achieve a vertical correlation length in temperature that is generally similar to high vertical resolution radiosonde data, but shows much larger water vapor correlation lengths (&gt;1 km) than is reported by the radiosonde data (&lt;500 m). Contrastingly, the ground-based infrared TROPoe (AERI) retrieval is able to nearly recreate the vertical correlation patterns of the radiosondes in temperature below 4,000 m, and recreated the water vapor correlation lengths at two times that of the radiosonde data below 4,000 m. This is a well-known qualitative result that is quantified by the use of this metric.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004500","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kamafugite Magma Pathways and Lava-Flow Paleotopography From Three-Dimensional Audiomagnetotelluric Imaging Constrained by Borehole Data","authors":"Lucca M. Franco,&nbsp;Emanuele F. La Terra,&nbsp;Liliane P. Panetto,&nbsp;Adevilson O. Alves,&nbsp;Miguel A. Tupinambá,&nbsp;Sergio L. Fontes,&nbsp;Emin U. Ulugergerli","doi":"10.1029/2026EA005182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EA005182","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An audiomagnetotelluric (AMT) survey was conducted within the Alto Paranaíba Igneous Province, southeastern Brazil, to delineate shallow occurrences of kamafugite, a rare ultrapotassic volcanic rock worldwide. A dense grid of AMT stations was deployed, allowing the construction of a high-resolution 3D electrical resistivity model. Dimensionality analyses revealed a structurally complex subsurface dominated by pronounced three-dimensional behavior. The interpretation of the resistivity model enabled the characterization of a complex and extinct volcanic system, including the reconstruction of paleo-volcanic conduits at depth. The model delineated probable zones of hydrothermal fluid percolation related to volatile exsolution during magma ascent, which are intensely deformed and suggest the past occurrence of hydraulic fracturing and seismic swarm activity. To validate these interpretations, the AMT results were integrated with seismic reflection data, well-log resistivity, magnetic data, and lithological information from shallow boreholes, acquired in a noisy agricultural environment. The results demonstrate that audiomagnetotellurics is an effective tool for investigating the volcanic evolution of igneous provinces and for imaging subsurface volcanic architectures in mineral exploration settings. Moreover, the identification and characterization of kamafugite bodies highlight the potential for producing kamafugite-based soil remineralizers, which could contribute to Brazil's future self-sufficiency in fertilizer production.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026EA005182","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Widespread Landslide Activity in an Extreme Wet Season and Implications for Regional Sediment Management, Eastern San Francisco Bay Area, California","authors":"Amy E. East,&nbsp;Amy C. Foxgrover,&nbsp;Skye C. Corbett,&nbsp;Brian D. Collins,&nbsp;Andrew C. Ritchie","doi":"10.1029/2026EA005227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EA005227","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Watershed sediment production is expected to increase in a warmer future with more extreme rain, with cascading effects throughout drainage and sediment-transport networks. This study investigated landscape-scale sediment movement in the eastern San Francisco Bay area, California, USA, during the extreme 2016–2017 wet season that brought major rainfall, landslides, and flooding. Mapping 8,928 landslides across a 1,050-km² study area revealed new sediment yield of 510–956 t/km², equivalent to denudation of 193–361 mm/ky. These results correspond closely to long-term denudation rates in the northern and central California Coast Ranges, indicating that mass wasting in very wet years dominates long-term sediment mobilization. However, due to long residence times in drainage networks, the 2017 landslides contributed at most ∼1%–2% of the estimated locally derived fluvial sediment transport to San Francisco Bay. Although the amount of sediment mobilized did not threaten municipal water supplies, small rangeland impoundments in this mixed-use landscape lost storage capacity to new sedimentation. Considering regional sediment supply and demand, even the exceptionally large sediment delivery in an extreme wet year cannot meet the need for sediment to accrete tidal wetlands in the bay. To keep pace with rising sea levels, this abnormally high terrestrial sediment input would need to occur in 50 of the next 75 years, an unlikely occurrence due to the prevalence of recent drought years. Shoreline protection and restoration in the bay would need additional sources of sediment, such as through management of dredged sediment through beneficial-reuse programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026EA005227","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lunar Trailblazer Spacecraft Tracking and Mission Recovery Attempt: Characterization of Status and Behavior of a Non-Cooperative Object in Cis-Lunar Space","authors":"B. L. Ehlmann,&nbsp;J. Bellerose,&nbsp;G. Lantoine,&nbsp;E. Furlan,&nbsp;E. Scire,&nbsp;S. Fajardo-Acosta,&nbsp;L. Bennett,&nbsp;M. Sanchez Net,&nbsp;T. J. W. Lazio,&nbsp;M. Brozović,&nbsp;J. Masiero,&nbsp;A. V. Steckel,&nbsp;P. A. Burke,&nbsp;M. Kimura,&nbsp;S. Foxman,&nbsp;M. P. M. Zaw,&nbsp;L. M. Lee,&nbsp;F. Clarke,&nbsp;M. Hauge,&nbsp;D. McDonald,&nbsp;J. Adler,&nbsp;R. Strauss,&nbsp;D. Trilling,&nbsp;C. S. Edwards,&nbsp;M. C. Nolan,&nbsp;D. Lyster,&nbsp;L. Robinson,&nbsp;A. T. Klesh,&nbsp;C. C. Seybold","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004734","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Unexpectedly following launch, the Lunar Trailblazer mission experienced software anomalies that led it to orient solar panels away from the sun and lose communication with Earth. This paper describes efforts to determine the spacecraft state and attempt recovery of the mission's science at the Moon. First, ground observatories at optical and radar wavelengths were engaged to maintain custody of the spacecraft and knowledge of its trajectory. Second, viability of recovery of the mission science objectives was established via testbed work to understand system behavior in fault conditions and determination of trajectories and maneuvers that would enable lunar orbit insertion. Third, optical photometry and radar doppler broadening were employed to determine Lunar Trailblazer's spin and orientation, using approaches similar to those in asteroid studies, to establish when solar panels might again receive sufficient power to boot the spacecraft and initialize its radio. Fourth, X-band-capable groundstations in addition to the NASA Deep Space Network were engaged to monitor for the spacecraft's radio carrier signal nearly continually, including crowd-sourced monitoring and tip-and-cue style commanding. Lunar Trailblazer left the Earth-Moon system and is in a 14-year Earth return, heliocentric orbit. As it moved further away from Earth prospects for recovery became formidable; ultimately, the ability of the telecom system to return telemetry to Earth would have been insufficient to enable actions to recover the spacecraft, and the recovery attempt ended 6 July 2025. Lunar Trailblazer's mission recovery efforts illuminate capabilities in characterizing a 1–3.5 m³ size non-cooperative object in cis-lunar space.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004734","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation of the Deep Blue Aerosol Algorithm on Geostationary Satellite Data","authors":"Seoyoung Lee,&nbsp;Jaehwa Lee,&nbsp;N. Christina Hsu,&nbsp;Woogyung V. Kim,&nbsp;Andrew M. Sayer,&nbsp;Si-Chee Tsay","doi":"10.1029/2026EA005267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EA005267","url":null,"abstract":"<p>National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Deep Blue (DB) aerosol project aims to produce consistent, long-term climate data records of atmospheric aerosol properties using satellite observations. The DB algorithm has been extensively applied to low Earth orbit (LEO) sensors, including the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), among others. Building on this foundation, this study extends the application of DB to geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) imagers to create consistent aerosol data records with vastly superior temporal coverage. The latest VIIRS Version 2 DB algorithm is adapted for use with the GOES-16/17 Advanced Baseline Imagers and the Himawari-8 Advanced Himawari Imager. Comparisons of retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) from May 2019 to April 2020 against the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) show that GEO sensors provide nearly 10 times the matchup points of VIIRS, with comparable validation statistics. In addition, the GEO products effectively reproduced both the magnitude and shape of diurnal AOD variations observed by AERONET for haze events in central and eastern North America, and East Asia, as well as for biomass burning events in South America and Southeast Asia. Analyses of the diurnal cycle of AOD confirm that GEO products can serve as a useful tool to monitor continuous aerosol transport and daytime variations, providing more representative daily mean AOD than LEO sensors. Overall, the GEO DB algorithm offers a robust framework for time-resolved monitoring of aerosol properties, complementing existing LEO observations.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"13 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026EA005267","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}