Earth and Space Science最新文献

{"title":"Seismic Imaging of Halokinetic Sequences and Structures With High-Resolution, Dual-Element Acquisition, and Processing: Applications to the Gassum Structure in Eastern Jutland, Denmark","authors":"M. Westgate,&nbsp;K. Kucinskaite,&nbsp;E. Konstantinidis,&nbsp;A. Malehmir,&nbsp;M. Papadopoulou,&nbsp;U. Gregersen,&nbsp;M. Keiding,&nbsp;M. Bjerager","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the structural intricacies of subsurface halokinetic formations is crucial for various geological applications, including geological capture and storage (geological carbon storage (GCS)). This study focuses on the seismic imaging of the Gassum structure in eastern Jutland, Denmark, employing high-resolution, dual-element acquisition, and processing techniques. The investigation aims to unravel details in the evolution of the salt dome and its implications for GCS potential. High-resolution seismic data processing and interpretation reveals a skewed dome structure with steeper flanks on the western and northern sides, characterized by faults and stratigraphic thinning. The asymmetric growth of the dome suggests uneven salt loading during its genesis, influencing local stress fields and structural development, with evidence of syn-tectonic subsidence that produced salt welds. This is supported by the presence of stratigraphic wedges and an increased depth of imaged horizons within steeper flanks of the dome. A mild piercement of the salt into overlying sediments, onlapping features, and the presence of normal faults that originate from the dome apex and extend radially, all indicate a reactive piercement process in the salt pillow's development stage. This produced an extensional regime in overlying strata, inducing sequence thinning and graben structures. Analysis of reservoir and seal properties unveils adequate conditions for GCS, with a continuous reservoir and thick primary and secondary seals. However, the presence of faults intersecting these formations raises concerns regarding long-term storage stability. Further investigations into reservoir porosity, migration paths, and volumetric analysis are warranted for conclusive GCS assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143119895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Radiogenic Noble Gas Nuclides to Identify and Characterize Rock Fracturing","authors":"W. Payton Gardner,&nbsp;Stephen J. Bauer,&nbsp;William M. Kibikas,&nbsp;Brynna Siluk,&nbsp;Scott Broome,&nbsp;Chris Strickland,&nbsp;Christine Johnson,&nbsp;Vince Vermeul","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003838","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fracture-released radiogenic noble gas nuclides are used to identify locations and constrain the volume of new fracture creation during subsurface detonations. Real-time, in situ noble gases and reactive gases were monitored using a field-deployed mass spectrometer and automated sampling system in a multilevel borehole array. Released gases were measured after two different detonations having distinct energy, pressure, and gas volume characteristics. Explosive-derived gases (N₂O, CO₂) and excess radiogenic ⁴He and ⁴⁰Ar above atmospheric background are used to identify locations of gas transport and new fracture creation after each detonation. Fracture-released radiogenic ⁴He is used to constrain the volume of newly created fractures with a model of helium release from fracturing. Explosive by-product gas was observed in multiple locations both near and distal to the shot locations for both detonations. Radiogenic ⁴He and ⁴⁰Ar release from rock damage was observed in locations near the detonation after the second, more powerful detonation. Observed ⁴He response is consistent with a model of diffusive release from newly created fractures. Volume of new fractures estimated from the ⁴He release ranges from 1 to 5 m² with apertures ranging from 0.1 to 1 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>μ</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${upmu }$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>m. Our results provide evidence that radiogenic noble gases released during fracture creation can be identified at the field scale in real time and used to identify timing and location of fracture creation during deformation events. This technique could be useful in subsurface science and engineering problems where the location and amount of newly created rock fracturing is of interest including fault rupture, mine safety, subsurface detonation monitoring and reservoir stimulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003838","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying Ocean Submesoscale Activity From Vertical Density Profiles Using Machine Learning","authors":"Leyu Yao,&nbsp;John R. Taylor,&nbsp;Dani C. Jones,&nbsp;Scott D. Bachman","doi":"10.1029/2022EA002618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EA002618","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Submesoscale eddies are important features in the upper ocean where they mediate air-sea exchanges, convey heat and tracer fluxes into ocean interior, and enhance biological production. However, due to their small size (0.1–10 km) and short lifetime (hours to days), directly observing submesoscales in the field generally requires targeted high resolution surveys. Submesoscales increase the vertical density stratification of the upper ocean and qualitatively modify the vertical density profile. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised machine learning algorithm to identify submesoscale activity using vertical density profiles. The algorithm, based on the profile classification model (PCM) approach, is trained and tested on two model-based data sets with vastly different resolutions. One data set is extracted from a large-eddy simulation (LES) in a 4 km by 4 km domain and the other from a regional model for a sector in the Southern Ocean. We show that the adapted PCM can identify regions with high submesoscale activity, as characterized by the vorticity field (i.e., where surface vertical vorticity <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>ζ</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $zeta $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> is similar to Coriolis frequency <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>f</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $f$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> and Rossby number <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>R</mi>\u0000 <mi>o</mi>\u0000 <mo>=</mo>\u0000 <mi>ζ</mi>\u0000 <mo>/</mo>\u0000 <mi>f</mi>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 <mi>O</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>(</mo>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 <mo>)</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $Ro=zeta /fsim mathcal{O}(1)$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>), using solely the vertical density profiles, without any additional information on the velocity, the profile location, or horizontal density gradients. The results of this paper show that the adapted PCM can be applied to data sets from different sources and provides a method to study submesoscale eddies using global data sets (e.g., CTD profiles collected from ships, gliders, and Argo floats).</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2022EA002618","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Forecasting and Assessment of Urban Air Quality by an Automated Machine Learning System: The AI-Air","authors":"Jiayu Yang,&nbsp;Huabing Ke,&nbsp;Sunling Gong,&nbsp;Yaqiang Wang,&nbsp;Lei Zhang,&nbsp;Chunhong Zhou,&nbsp;Jingyue Mo,&nbsp;Yan You","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003942","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An automated air quality forecasting system (AI-Air) was developed to optimize and improve air quality forecasting for different typical cities, combined with the China Meteorological Administration Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environmental Model (CUACE), and used in a typical inland city of Zhengzhou and a coastal city of Haikou in China. The performance evaluation results show that for the PM_2.5 forecasts, the correlation coefficient (R) is increased by 0.07–0.13, and the mean error (ME) and root mean square error (RMSE) is decreased by 3.2–3.5 and 3.8–4.7 μg/m³. Similarly, for the O₃ forecasts, the R value is improved by 0.09–0.44, and ME and RMSE values are reduced by 7.1–22.8 and 9.0–25.9 μg/m³, respectively. Case analyses of operational forecasting also indicate that the AI-Air system can significantly improve the forecasting performance of pollutant concentrations and effectively correct underestimation, or overestimation phenomena compared to the CUACE model. Additionally, explanatory analyses were performed to assess the key meteorological factors affecting air quality in cities with different topographic and climatic conditions. The AI-Air system highlights the potential of AI techniques to improve forecast accuracy and efficiency, and with promising applications in the field of air quality forecasting.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003942","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Age of SAR: How Can Commercial Smallsat Constellations Contribute to NASA's Surface Deformation and Change Mission?","authors":"Stacey A. Huang,&nbsp;Batuhan Osmanoğlu,&nbsp;Bernd Scheuchl,&nbsp;Shadi Oveisgharan,&nbsp;Jeanne M. Sauber,&nbsp;MinJeong Jo,&nbsp;Ala Khazendar,&nbsp;Ekaterina Tymofyeyeva,&nbsp;Betsy Wusk,&nbsp;Arif Albayrak","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003832","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In response to the 2017 Decadal Survey, NASA conducted a five-year study on the Surface Deformation and Change (SDC) designated observable to study potential mission concepts. As part of the SDC mission study, the Commercial Synthetic Aperture Radar (ComSAR) subgroup was tasked with evaluating the current landscape of the SAR and interferometric SAR (InSAR) industry to assess whether NASA could leverage commercial smallsat products to meet the needs of the SDC science mission. The assessment found that although the commercial SAR industry is growing rapidly, off-the-shelf products can currently only make a small—albeit distinct—contribution to SDC mission goals. This gap is due to different design goals between current commercial systems (which prioritize targeted high-resolution, non-interferometric observations at short wavelengths with a daily or faster revisit) and a future SDC architecture (which focuses on broad, moderate-resolution, and interferometric observations at long wavelengths). Even by 2030, planned commercial constellations are expected to only cover <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${sim} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>65% of the area needed to match NISAR coverage. Still, high-resolution and rapid-repeat capabilities can augment scientific findings from a future SDC mission, as demonstrated by recent contributions from commercial data to applied sciences, cryosphere, and volcanology. Future innovations on smallsat constellation concepts could further contribute to SDC science and applications. Although current constellation designs are not fully able to satisfy desired SDC science capabilities, initial positive feedback to a request for information indicates a potential future path for a customized SDC commercial architecture; more studies will be needed to determine the feasibility of these approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003832","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Permafrost Dynamics Observatory: 3. Remote Sensing Big Data for the Active Layer, Soil Moisture, and Greening and Browning","authors":"Elizabeth Wig,&nbsp;Kevin Schaefer,&nbsp;Roger Michaelides,&nbsp;Richard Chen,&nbsp;Leah K. Clayton,&nbsp;Brittany Fager,&nbsp;Lingcao Huang,&nbsp;Andrew D. Parsekian,&nbsp;Howard Zebker,&nbsp;Yingtong Zhang,&nbsp;Yuhuan Zhao","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003725","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Because of the remote nature of permafrost, it is difficult to collect data over large geographic regions using ground surveys. Remote sensing enables us to study permafrost at high resolution and over large areas. The Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment's Permafrost Dynamics Observatory (PDO) contains data about permafrost subsidence, active layer thickness (ALT), soil water content, and water table depth, derived from airborne radar measurements at 66 image swaths in 2017. With nearly 58,000,000 pixels available for analysis, this data set enables new discoveries and can corroborate findings from previous studies across the Arctic-Boreal region. We analyze the distributions of these variables and use a space-for-time substitution to enable interpretation of the effects of climate trends. Higher soil volumetric water content (VWC) is associated with lower ALT and subsidence, suggesting that Arctic soil may become drier as the climate warms. Soil VWC is bimodal, with saturated soil occurring more commonly in burned areas, while unburned areas are more commonly unsaturated. All permafrost variables show statistically significant differences from one land cover type to another; in particular, cropland has thicker active layers and developed land has lower seasonal subsidence than most other land cover types, potentially related to disturbance and permafrost thaw. While vegetation browning is not strongly associated with any of the measured permafrost variables, more greening is associated with less subsidence and ALT and with higher bulk soil VWC.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003725","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143116307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bi-Directional Spectro-Polarimetry of Olivine Sand","authors":"Chris H. Lee,&nbsp;Charles M. Bachmann,&nbsp;Nayma Binte Nur,&nbsp;Rachel M. Golding","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003928","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We characterized the bi-directional spectro-polarimetry of olivine sands of varying grain size distributions for a comprehensive set of measurement and illumination angles over a wavelength range of 350–2,500 nm. Our laboratory instrumentation included a hyperspectral goniometer, a broadband linear polarizer, and a tungsten-halogen illumination source. Three distinct grain size distributions of olivine sand samples were used in our experiments. As a function of azimuth, we measured a significant degree of anisotropic scattering, that depends directly on polarization angles, resulting in a distribution that cannot be accurately described solely using phase angle. For media of uniform or similar composition, we observed robust separability of grain size distributions using spectro-polarimetry. We compared Hapke's polarimetric model for semi-infinite granular media with a new empirical polarimetric model that we developed. This empirical model more accurately replicates the scattering of unpolarized incident light as a function of all view azimuth, view zenith, and polarization angles for all incident zenith angles. Parameters of our empirical polarimetric model that determine the magnitude of polarization correlate linearly with the inverse diffuse reflectances of the olivine sand samples, exhibiting phenomenology that is most likely due to the Umov effect. Because of the linearity of the correlations, our results show that polarimetry can be used to retrieve medium parameters, such as grain size distributions. We provide our data online and freely available in a Zenodo/GitHub repository.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003928","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-Fire Sediment Yield From a Western Sierra Nevada Watershed Burned by the 2021 Caldor Fire","authors":"Amy E. East,&nbsp;Joshua B. Logan,&nbsp;Peter Dartnell,&nbsp;Helen W. Dow,&nbsp;Donald N. Lindsay,&nbsp;David B. Cavagnaro","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003939","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Watershed sediment yield commonly increases after wildfire, often causing negative impacts to downstream infrastructure and water resources. Post-fire erosion is important to understand and quantify because it is increasingly placing water supplies, habitat, communities, and infrastructure at risk as fire regimes intensify in a warming climate. However, measurements of post-fire sediment mobilization are lacking from many regions. We measured sediment yield from a forested, heavily managed 25.4-km² watershed in the western Sierra Nevada, California, over 2 years following the 2021 Caldor Fire, by repeat mapping of a reservoir where sediment accumulated from terrain with moderate to high soil burn severity. Sediment yield was less than the geochronology-derived long-term average in the first year post-fire (conservatively estimated at 21.8–28.0 t/km²), low enough to be difficult to measure with uncrewed airborne system (UAS) and bathymetric sonar survey methods that are most effective at detecting larger sedimentary signals. In the second year post-fire the sediment delivery was 1,560–2,010 t/km², an order of magnitude above long-term values, attributable to greater precipitation and intensive salvage logging. Hillslope erosion simulated by the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model overestimated the measured amount by a factor of 90 in the first year and in the second year by a factor (1.9) that aligned with previously determined model performance in northern California. We encourage additional field studies, and validation of erosion models where feasible, to further expand the range of conditions informing post-fire hazard assessments and management decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003939","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ten Years of Earth and Space Science: Introduction to the Special Collection","authors":"Graziella Caprarelli,&nbsp;David Baratoux,&nbsp;Subrahmanyam Bulusu,&nbsp;Cinzia Cervato,&nbsp;Paolo Diviacco,&nbsp;Alina Donea,&nbsp;Steven J. Fletcher,&nbsp;Helen M. Glaves,&nbsp;Cathleen E. Jones,&nbsp;Gaopeng Lu,&nbsp;Astrid Maute,&nbsp;Franklin P. Mills,&nbsp;Sara C. Pryor,&nbsp;Kristy Tiampo,&nbsp;Zunyi Xie","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004151","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The journal <i>Earth and Space Science</i> (<i>ESS</i>) was founded in 2014 to offer the scientific community a new platform for the dissemination of key new data, observations, methods, instruments, and models, presented within the context of their application. Thus, the aim of the journal was (and is) to highlight the complexity and importance of experimental design, methodology, data acquisition and processing, intertwined with data interpretation. Such approach is consistent with the mission of most AGU journals, but the distinctive element for <i>ESS</i> is its focus on the concept of the useful impact of publication, progressively replacing that on conventional publication metrics. In this context, the journal has been, since its inception, the preferred home for studies stemming from both global and local geoscience research. This special collection contains 16 papers published in <i>ESS</i>, selected by the Editorial Board to highlight the aims, scope and path of evolution and growth of the journal since it inaugural issue, in 2014.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004151","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nowcasting of a Warm-Sector Rainfall Event in Southern China With the TRAMS Model: Sensitivity to Different Radar Reflectivity Retrieval Methods and Incremental Updating Strategies","authors":"Xiaoxia Lin,&nbsp;Yerong Feng,&nbsp;Yuntao Jian,&nbsp;Daosheng Xu,&nbsp;Jincan Huang,&nbsp;Haowei Chen,&nbsp;Banglin Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003724","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To improve the radar data assimilation scheme for the high-resolution Tropical Regional Atmospheric Model System (TRAMS) model, this study investigates the sensitivity of simulating a warm-sector rainfall event in southern China to different radar reflectivity retrieval methods and incremental updating strategies. The findings indicate that the ice cloud retrieval (ICR) method yields more reasonable cloud hydrometeors. However, the impact of different retrieval methods is minimal without corresponding adjustments to the dynamic field. Further assimilation of the wind field effectively reduced the overestimated south winds and successfully simulated the observed low-level convergence in northern Guangdong, significantly improving precipitation forecasts. Both incremental analysis update (IAU) and Nudging methods were able to adjust the forecast to better match the observations, with IAU performing slightly better. These findings are beneficial for further improving the forecast accuracy of precipitation intensity. Extending the IAU relaxation time from 4 to 10 min has almost no impact on the actual forecasting. However, prioritizing the adjustment of the wind field through time-dependent IAU weighting factors, the impact of cloud particle adjustments on the dynamical field can be avoided (e.g., the drag caused by the sinking of cloud particles may offset the upward motion induced by dynamical convergence adjustments). This allows for more realistic low-level wind convergence and precipitation forecasts to be obtained. Overall, the ICR method for retrieving cloud hydrometeors, combined with the IAU method using time-dependent distribution weighting factors appears to be a more suitable option for the radar data assimilation scheme in TRAMS model.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003724","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}