Earth and Space Science最新文献

{"title":"Lightning Strike Probability Calculation Based on a Numerical Laplace Solver","authors":"W. Clint Snider,&nbsp;Robert C. Moore","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004139","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024EA004139","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An electrostatic Laplace solver implemented with free-space boundary conditions is used to calculate electric field enhancements on the surfaces of metallic conductors. Predictions of field enhancements for individual, stand-alone buildings are compared to experimental observations relating lightning strike probability to building height. The accuracy of the numerical predictions at reproducing the observations is convincing. The numerical method is then applied to calculating lightning strike probabilities for buildings which are close together, which have superstructures on top, and which exist within an example city-scape. The predictions are interesting and exemplify the effects of mutual capacitance between structures, one of which is well known as “shadowing.” This study encourages additional experimental work quantifying lightning strike probabilities in more densely populated spaces, such as cities. In particular, the new model makes quantitative predictions about the lightning strike probability for closely spaced buildings of different heights, for buildings with peaked spires, and for buildings with other types of superstructures.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004139","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144923843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data Reduction and Correction of Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO) Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (KGRS)","authors":"Ik-Seon Hong,&nbsp;Suyeon Kim,&nbsp;Kyeong Ja Kim","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004181","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024EA004181","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO) Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (KGRS) is Korea's first lunar surface resource exploration payload. GRS data include non-scientific background information in addition to lunar observation information, so reduction and correction are necessary to analyze the lunar surface scientifically. Data subject to correction include solar events, high-energy events, satellite attitude, and abnormal data. The next step is to go through corrections for solid angle (SA) and galactic cosmic rays (GCR). Solid angle correction is the process of correcting the changes in the SA of KGRS according to the satellite altitude. The correction method normalizes the SA to KPLO's reference altitude of 100 km. GCR correction uses the [email protected] MeV as a GCR proxy in the gamma-ray spectrum observed above 85° north latitude to remove the trend of gamma-ray count rate. Finally, the background spectrum removal is performed. The background spectrum uses cruise data before KPLO arrives on the Moon. A count rate and abundance map in the [email protected] MeV is created to validate the reduction and correction results. When looking at the changes that appear on the thorium count rate map at each stage, it was confirmed that reduction and correction were applied well. It was also confirmed that the result was similar to thorium abundance maps produced by previous GRS missions. If the quality of KGRS is guaranteed, the long observation time of 2 years will be an advantage. Therefore, KGRS data with reduction and correction applied will be able to produce meaningful results through scientific analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004181","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct Observations of Surface Fluxes and Air-Sea Exchange Coefficients in Low Winds Using a Small Uncrewed Aircraft System","authors":"Christopher J. Deloach,&nbsp;Joshua B. Wadler,&nbsp;Guo Lin,&nbsp;Joseph J. Cione,&nbsp;Jun A. Zhang,&nbsp;Jack S. Elston,&nbsp;Maciej Z. Stachura","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004305","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025EA004305","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the marine boundary layer, the exchange of momentum, heat, and moisture occurs between the atmosphere and ocean. Since it is too dangerous for a crewed aircraft to fly close to the ocean surface to directly obtain these measurements, a sUAS (small Uncrewed Aircraft System) is one of the only viable options. On 24 March 2023 a Black Swift Technologies S0 sUAS was deployed from the NOAA P-3 on a calm clear day off the west coast of Florida. For 23 min at the end of the mission, the sUAS flew 8 straight line legs with an average length of 2.15 km, at roughly 10 m above the ocean surface, with wind speeds between 3.0 and 4.5 m s⁻¹. For the first time over the open ocean using a sUAS, the 4-Hz wind and thermodynamic data was used to calculate surface momentum flux, sensible heat flux, and latent flux using both direct covariance methods and the bulk aerodynamic formulas. Since all the flux quantities can be found using both direct and indirect methods, we are able to calculate the exchange coefficients of momentum flux (<i>C</i>_<i>D</i>), latent heat flux (<i>C</i>_<i>E</i>), and sensible heat flux (<i>C</i>_<i>H</i>) with results that are generally in good agreement with previous studies over the same wind speed range. This study demonstrates the ability of sUAS to measure air-sea interactions. Future intention is to use sUAS to obtain similar measurements in high wind events such as hurricanes which could better help understand hurricane intensification and improve model physics.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004305","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global and Regional Ionospheric Response to a Moderate Storm in South America and Antarctica Using a Multi-Instrumental Approach","authors":"Y. D. Melendi,&nbsp;M. Bravo,&nbsp;M. G. Molina,&nbsp;M. Paz,&nbsp;B. Urra,&nbsp;L. De Pasquale,&nbsp;D. E. Scipión,&nbsp;J. Namour,&nbsp;T. Duran,&nbsp;A. Zalizovski","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004281","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025EA004281","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, we investigate the ionospheric disturbances caused by a moderate geomagnetic storm (maximum Kp = 6) occurring between 26th February and 1 March 2023. Ionospheric response for the coupling between the solar wind, magnetosphere, and ionosphere systems can be observed across various regions of the globe and it may vary according to the local/regional background ionospheric conditions. We analyzed space and ground-based instruments (e.g., ionosondes, total electron content, GUVI imager, incoherent scatter radar) covering from Antarctica to equatorial latitudes in South America. From a global perspective, we observed two ionospheric storms. The first, with a negative phase observed as a significant decrease (&gt;30%) in the F2-layer critical frequency (foF2), occurred on February 27th at 01:00 UT. This negative phase storm was observed in all the considered regions, with the intensity progressively decreasing from higher to lower latitudes. It is worth mentioning that, for the Antarctic station, we consider the local regime of the Weddell Sea Anomaly. The second ionospheric storm occurred during the recovery phase of the geomagnetic storm on 28th February. In this last case, an enhancement above 30% in foF2 was observed only in the low-latitude station. Subsequently, the geomagnetic storm produced a super fountain effect at the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly resulting in the enhancement of foF2.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004281","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144869909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Analytical Model of Particle Impact Rate in Partially Dense Inclined Granular Flow Driven by Gravity","authors":"Zheng Chen,&nbsp;Jian Wang,&nbsp;Ming Luo,&nbsp;Dongpo Wang,&nbsp;Siming He","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003655","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024EA003655","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High-frequency seismic waves are generated by inter-particle collisions during granular flows travel downslope. However, the accurate estimation of particle impact rates over granular layers remains a challenging issue. Here, controlled laboratory experiments were performed to investigate basal dynamic pressures triggered by the impact of particles on an instrumented plate mounted on an inclined chute bed. For a similar set-up, the discrete element method was utilized to determine granular-flow characteristics and the rate of inter-particle collisions. From a thermodynamic perspective, we present a novel model for calculating the impact rate over the granular-flow depth. Our estimates agree with the simulated results and previous laboratory measurements of acoustic power, suggesting that the impact rate follows a Gaussian distribution across the flow depth and the exponential attenuation factor of radiated acoustic power may correlate with thermodynamic parameters of granular material. These findings may help better understand the source of the high-frequency granular-flow signals.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003655","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144869878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Climatologies of Vegetation Aerodynamic Roughness for Momentum: A Fusion of MODIS and ICESat-2 Observations","authors":"Jordan S. Borak,&nbsp;Michael F. Jasinski,&nbsp;Amy Neuenschwander,&nbsp;Natthachet Tangdamrongsub","doi":"10.1029/2023EA003027","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2023EA003027","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents global climatology fields of vegetation aerodynamic roughness for momentum based on 17 years of MODIS data. The approach combines MODIS-derived leaf-area index and ICESat-2 canopy heights with a previously developed representation of the roughness sublayer to generate data products for both the vegetation roughness length for momentum (z0m) and the zero-plane displacement height (d0). The principal products consist of a mean seasonal cycle of the two roughness parameters at 500-m spatial resolution based on a nominal 8-day time step. The second, derivative data set removes seasonality while maintaining spatial information by assigning temporal averages of the underlying 8-day data to each 500-m pixel. A third data set includes global spatial and temporal averages for a range of MODIS land cover types, analogous to the look-up tables employed in land surface modeling. Comparison to field data indicates that satellite-derived maps of vegetation height produce more favorable roughness results than generic land class-aggregated values published in the literature, although land cover classification mismatches between field and satellite footprints make validation challenging. The resulting roughness length and displacement-height fields possess internal consistency, with small differences overall as compared to static, cover-type dependent estimates, making them a realistic alternative for incorporation into regional and global-scale earth science models that benefit from improved representation of land-atmosphere interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023EA003027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144869877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of the Ionospheric G-Condition Following the 2017 Great American Eclipse","authors":"S. Chakraborty,&nbsp;L. Qian,&nbsp;S. Mrak,&nbsp;J. Mabie,&nbsp;L. Goncharenko,&nbsp;J. M. Mclnerney,&nbsp;T. Bullett","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004007","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024EA004007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A total solar eclipse (TSE) traversed the continental US (CONUS) from west to east on 21 August 2017. Ionosondes located under the eclipse totality at Lusk (Wyoming) and Boulder (Colorado) observed the ionospheric G-condition 20 min after totality. The Millstone Hill mid-latitude incoherent scatter radar recorded an anomalous low altitude F₂ peak during the recovery phase of the eclipse, which can be attributed to an ionospheric G-condition. We perform WACCM-X simulations to investigate the physical processes that drive the ionospheric G-condition. Specifically, we conducted a diagnostic analysis of the simulated atomic oxygen ion continuity equation to examine the source of the G-condition. We defined two metrics describing the G-condition: (a) the duration and (b) the maximum difference between <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>N</mi>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>F</mi>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathrm{N}}_{mathrm{m}}{mathrm{F}}_{1}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>N</mi>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>F</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathrm{N}}_{mathrm{m}}{mathrm{F}}_{2}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>. Results indicate that E- and F₁ plasma density reduction closely follow the eclipse obscuration, whereas the F₂-layer density depletion lags the obscuration by <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${sim} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>20 min. This delay increases with altitude and is caused by slower radiative recombination and transport processes in the diffusion-dominated F₂-region. The delay creates a period during the eclipse recovery when the F₁-plasma density exceeds that of the F₂-peak, which manifests as the ionospheric G-condition. The simulation study illuminates the space-time behavior of the G-condition indicating that this state can last for more than 50 min during the recovery phase of the eclipse.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Error Analysis in Back-Stripping Procedure for Modeling Natural Subsidence: Application in the Po Delta Area (Northern Italy)","authors":"E. Vitagliano,&nbsp;C. D’Ambrogi,&nbsp;I. Spassiani,&nbsp;R. Di Maio","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004313","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025EA004313","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The back-stripping technique is widely used in geological modeling to quantify basin subsidence history, sedimentation rates, and tectonic subsidence. Recent applications involve reconstructing paleo-water depths, especially in oceanic and Arctic studies. Despite the availability of open-source Matlab codes based on this procedure, comprehensive investigations including errors from data acquisition remain lacking. Many studies address the errors related to model parameters, neglecting a systematic approach crucial for result accuracy. To enhance the reliability in subsidence rate calculations via back-stripping, we propose a method to analyze errors introduced during the pre-processing of input data. Our approach starts with a qualitative identification of key error sources and proceeds with a quantitative estimation of each of them, using appropriate mathematical techniques such as linear interpolation and combinatorics. The proposed method is applied to the Po Delta in northern Italy, a region historically influenced by anthropogenic and natural subsidence. Analyzing a 2D geological section characterized by thin Holocene sedimentary successions, we identified 12 error sources, grouped into four basic categories: geometry of the model layers, distribution of lithologies, petrophysical properties, and factors related to depositional environments and geodynamics. We then assessed the error ranges and their probability of occurrence. The results show that errors can vary significantly—from the meter to millimeter-scale—defining the magnitude and distribution of each error source along line, which is essential for accurately interpreting model results and assessing related uncertainties. The study also establishes a replicable workflow for future uncertainty management, contributing to enhance open-source tools based on the back-stripping procedure.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004313","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Mode Decomposition of Geostrophically Balanced Motions From SWOT Cal/Val in the Separated Gulf Stream","authors":"Takaya Uchida,&nbsp;内田貴也,&nbsp;Badarvada Yadidya,&nbsp;Karl E. Lapo,&nbsp;Xiaobiao Xu,&nbsp;Jeffrey J. Early,&nbsp;Brian K. Arbic,&nbsp;Dimitris Menemenlis,&nbsp;Luna Hiron,&nbsp;Eric P. Chassignet,&nbsp;Jay F. Shriver,&nbsp;Maarten C. Buijsman","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004079","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024EA004079","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The decomposition of oceanic flow into its geostrophically balanced and unbalanced motions carries theoretical and practical significance for the oceanographic community. These two motions have distinct dynamical characteristics and affect the transport of tracers differently from one another. The launch of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite provides a prime opportunity to diagnose the surface balanced and unbalanced motions on a global scale at an unprecedented spatial resolution. Here, we apply dynamic-mode decomposition (DMD), a linear-algebraic data-driven method, to tidally-forced idealized and realistic numerical simulations at submesoscale-permitting resolution and one-day-repeat SWOT observations of sea-surface height (SSH) in the Gulf Stream downstream of Cape Hatteras, a region commonly referred to as the separated Gulf Stream. DMD is able to separate out the spatial modes associated with sub-inertial periods from super-inertial periods. The sub-inertial modes of DMD can be used to extract geostrophically balanced motions from SSH fields, which have an imprint of internal gravity waves, so long as the data extends long enough in time. We utilize the statistical relation between relative vorticity and strain rate as the metric to gauge the extraction of geostrophy.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144833315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Possible Linkage Between Barents–Kara Sea Ice Loss and Summer Precipitation Variability Over East Asia","authors":"JingChao Yang,&nbsp;XuanWen Zhang,&nbsp;ZhenFeng Ma,&nbsp;XianYu Wang","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004182","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024EA004182","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Arctic sea ice (ASI) loss is a prominent indicator of climate system change, affecting mid to low latitudes weather and climate through intricate interactions and feedback processes. However, it remains unclear whether ASI loss significantly affects summer precipitation in East Asia at interannual scales. This analysis explores how the spring Barents–Kara (BK) sea ice anomaly is linked to summer precipitation interannual variability in East Asia (100°−122.5°E, 21°–36°N) since 1979 by using reanalysis data sets and Community Atmosphere Model 5.4 (CAM 5.4) simulation experiments. Both observational results and numerical simulation results indicate that the summer precipitation anomalies associated with the BK sea ice anomaly exhibit a dipole pattern over East Asia. In response to persistent BK sea ice loss from spring to summer, a Rossby wave is generated, which extends from the Arctic to the Northwest Pacific. This atmospheric circulation anomalies weakens the Northwest Pacific Subtropical High and strengthens the western Northwest Pacific summer monsoon (WNPSM). The intensified WNPSM not only inhibits the transport of subtropical water vapor from the South Asian monsoon to North China but also induces divergence of the lower troposphere in North China and convergence over South China. Consequently, summer rainfall increases in the southern part of East Asia and decreases in the northern region. Additionally, the CAM 5.4 simulation experiments successfully replicate key atmospheric responses to BK sea ice loss. The results indicate that the spring ASI may affect summer precipitation over East Asia independently of the interannual variability in the Arctic Oscillation and El Niño‒Southern Oscillation.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004182","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144833301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}