Earth and Space Science最新文献

{"title":"Observing Array Designed for Improving the Short-Term Prediction of Kuroshio Extension State Transition Processes","authors":"Yu Geng,&nbsp;Qiang Wang,&nbsp;Hong-Li Ren,&nbsp;Bo Dan,&nbsp;Stefano Pierini,&nbsp;Hui Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003881","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Given the essential implications of Kuroshio Extension (KE) bimodality on oceanic dynamical environment and climate, the present study investigates the targeted observation schemes, based on the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) method and a reduced-gravity shallow-water model, to improve the forecast skills of transition processes of KE bimodal states. To obtain a suitable observing array, the observation schemes, with different numbers of observation sites and observation distances between two sites, are designed. Furthermore, to demonstrate the superiority of the observing networks in predicting KE transition processes, two existing observation schemes and six random observation schemes are compared with the CNOP-determined observing array. Based on this, a relatively optimal observing array with three sites and observation distance of 90 km is established, which is mainly located between 31°N and 33°N in the south of Japan. This targeted observing network is universal for two KE transition processes. The removal of initial errors on this array results in the mean prediction improvements of about 9.2% and 22.5% for KE transition processes from the low- to the high-energy state and from the high- to the low-energy state, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003881","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142664818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Space Environmental Effects on Multifunctional Radiation Shielding Materials","authors":"Subhayu Sen,&nbsp;John Scott O’Dell,&nbsp;Yongzhe Yan,&nbsp;Lawrence Heilbronn,&nbsp;Haibin Ning,&nbsp;Miria Finckenor,&nbsp;Meghan Carrico,&nbsp;Selvum Pillay","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003681","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The two primary material requirements for a crewed habitat or spacecraft to operate beyond low earth orbit (LEO) include effective radiation shielding against the space radiation and secondary neutron environment and sufficient structural and thermal integrity. In this context it is mandatory to study the effect of long duration space environment on any proposed multifunctional radiation shielding material. In this paper we discuss two radiation shielding composite architectures and their long duration performance in LEO. Samples were flown on NASA's The Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE) platform and their structural, optical, and radiation shielding capabilities were characterized pre and post flight. Results showed composite architecture can be key in determining expected damage irrespective of sample placement orientation on the space station. A surface layer with a protective or sacrificial coating can be instrumental in minimizing property degradation even when exposed to orientations with high estimated sun hours and high fluence of atomic oxygen.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003681","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142664817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Microzonation and Geotechnical Modeling Studies Considering Local Site Effects for İnegöl Plain (Bursa-Turkey)","authors":"O. Uyanık,&nbsp;Z. Öncü,&nbsp;N. A. Uyanık,&nbsp;N. Ekin","doi":"10.1029/2023EA003460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EA003460","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Local site effects play a vital role in determining the level of structural damage to the structures built on soil. Therefore, correctly determining the underground layer structure and its physical characteristics in the lateral and vertical directions is essential for the geotechnical model. More information and more accurate results will be obtained if the geotechnical model is evaluated multidisciplinary together with geophysical studies, not only based on drilling results. For this purpose, vertical electric sounding, seismic refraction, microtremor, and mechanical drilling techniques were applied within the scope of geotechnical studies in the İnegöl district of Bursa. The methods were evaluated together, and the geotechnical cross-sections of the underground were interpreted. In addition, microzonation maps determined from Geophysical parameters were created in the study area. These maps, geotechnical cross-sections, and microtremor data evaluation results predicted how the study area's buildings and soils would behave under dynamic forces such as earthquakes. As a result, the soils in the study area were mainly saturated with water and had weak strength. Existing or newly constructed engineering structures on such soils are predicted from microzonation maps that will damage both the soils and the buildings in a seven-magnitude earthquake.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023EA003460","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142664874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of Mud and Sand Fractions and Total Concentration From Coupled Optical-Acoustic Sensors","authors":"Duc Tran,&nbsp;Matthias Jacquet,&nbsp;Stuart Pearson,&nbsp;Bram Van Prooijen,&nbsp;Romaric Verney","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003694","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Optical turbidity and acoustic sensors have been widely used in laboratory experiments and field studies to investigate suspended particulate matter concentration over the last four decades. Both methods face a serious challenge as laboratory and in-situ calibrations are usually required. Furthermore, in coastal and estuarine environments, the coexistence of mud and sand often results in multimodal particle size distributions, amplifying erroneous measurements. This paper proposes a new approach of combining a pair of optical turbidity-acoustic sensors to estimate the total concentration and sediment composition of a mud/sand mixture in an efficient way without an extensive calibration. More specifically, we first carried out a set of 54 bimodal size regime experiments to derive empirical functions of optical-acoustic signals, concentrations, and mud/sand fractions. The functionalities of these relationships were then tested and validated using more complex multimodal size regime experiments over 30 optical-acoustic pairs of 5 wavelengths (420, 532, 620, 700, 852 nm) and six frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 MHz). In the range of our data, without prior knowledge of particle size distribution, combinations between optical wavelengths 620–700 nm and acoustic frequencies 4–6 MHz predict mud/sand fraction and total concentration with the variation &lt;10% for the former and &lt;15% for the later. The results also suggest that acoustic-acoustic signals could be combined to produce meaningful information regarding concentration and mud/sand fraction, while no useful knowledge could be extracted from a combination of optical-optical pairs. This approach therefore enables the robust estimation of suspended sediment concentration and composition, which is particularly practical in cases where calibration data is insufficient.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003694","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142641387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Wave Detectability on Venus Using Ground Deformation Sensors, Infrasound Sensors on Balloons and Airglow Imagers","authors":"Raphael F. Garcia,&nbsp;Iris van Zelst,&nbsp;Taichi Kawamura,&nbsp;Sven Peter Näsholm,&nbsp;Anna Horleston,&nbsp;Sara Klaasen,&nbsp;Maxence Lefèvre,&nbsp;Celine Marie Solberg,&nbsp;Krystyna T. Smolinski,&nbsp;Ana-Catalina Plesa,&nbsp;Quentin Brissaud,&nbsp;Julia S. Maia,&nbsp;Simon C. Stähler,&nbsp;Philippe Lognonné,&nbsp;Mark P. Panning,&nbsp;Anna Gülcher,&nbsp;Richard Ghail,&nbsp;Barbara De Toffoli","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003670","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The relatively unconstrained internal structure of Venus is a missing piece in our understanding of the formation and evolution of the Solar System. Detection of seismic waves generated by venusquakes is crucial to determine the seismic structure of Venus' interior, as recently shown by the new seismic and geodetic constraints on Mars' interior obtained by the InSight mission. In the next decade multiple missions will fly to Venus to explore its tectonic and volcanic activity, but they will not be able to conclusively detect seismic waves, despite their potential to detect fault movements. Looking toward the next fleet of Venus missions after the ones already decided, various concepts to measure seismic waves have been proposed. These detection methods include typical geophysical ground sensors already deployed on Earth, the Moon, and Mars; pressure sensors on balloons; and imagers of high altitude emissions (airglow) on orbiters. The latter two methods target the detection of the infrasound signals generated by seismic waves and amplified during their upward propagation. Here, we provide a first comparison between the detection capabilities of these different measurement techniques and recent estimates of Venus' seismic activity. In addition, we discuss the performance requirements and measurement durations required to detect seismic waves with the various detection methods. Our study clearly presents the advantages and limitations of the different seismic wave detection techniques and can be used to drive the design of future mission concepts aiming to study the seismicity of Venus.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003670","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142641312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospects of Predicting the Polar Motion Based on the Results of the Second Earth Orientation Parameters Prediction Comparison Campaign","authors":"Tomasz Kur,&nbsp;Justyna Śliwińska-Bronowicz,&nbsp;Malgorzata Wińska,&nbsp;Henryk Dobslaw,&nbsp;Jolanta Nastula,&nbsp;Aleksander Partyka,&nbsp;Santiago Belda,&nbsp;Christian Bizouard,&nbsp;Dale Boggs,&nbsp;Sara Bruni,&nbsp;Lue Chen,&nbsp;Mike Chin,&nbsp;Sujata Dhar,&nbsp;Robert Dill,&nbsp;PengShuo Duan,&nbsp;Jose M. Ferrandiz,&nbsp;Junyang Gou,&nbsp;Richard Gross,&nbsp;Sonia Guessoum,&nbsp;Songtao Han,&nbsp;Robert Heinkelmann,&nbsp;ChengLi Huang,&nbsp;Christopher Irrgang,&nbsp;Jacek Kudrys,&nbsp;Jia Li,&nbsp;Marcin Ligas,&nbsp;Lintao Liu,&nbsp;Weitao Lu,&nbsp;Volker Mayer,&nbsp;Wei Miao,&nbsp;Maciej Michalczak,&nbsp;Sadegh Modiri,&nbsp;Michiel Otten,&nbsp;Todd Ratcliff,&nbsp;Shrishail Raut,&nbsp;Jan Saynisch-Wagner,&nbsp;Matthias Schartner,&nbsp;Erik Schoenemann,&nbsp;Harald Schuh,&nbsp;M. Kiani Shahvandi,&nbsp;Benedikt Soja,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Su,&nbsp;Daniela Thaller,&nbsp;Maik Thomas,&nbsp;Guocheng Wang,&nbsp;Yuanwei Wu,&nbsp;CanCan Xu,&nbsp;Xueqing Xu,&nbsp;Xinyu Yang,&nbsp;Xin Zhao,&nbsp;Zhijin Zhou","doi":"10.1029/2023EA003278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EA003278","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Growing interest in Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP) resulted in various approaches to the EOP prediction algorithms, as well as in the exploitation of distinct input data, including the observed EOP values from various operational data centers and modeled effective angular momentum functions. Considering these developments and recently emerged new methodologies, the Second Earth Orientation Parameters Prediction Comparison Campaign (2nd EOP PCC) was pursued in 2021–2022. The campaign was led by Centrum Badań Kosmicznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk in cooperation with Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum and under the auspices of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service. This paper provides the analysis and evaluation of the polar motion predictions submitted during the 2nd EOP PCC with the prediction horizons between 10 and 30 days. Our analysis shows that predictions are highly reliable with only a few occasional discrepancies identified in the submitted files. We demonstrate the accuracy of EOP predictions by (a) calculating the mean absolute error relative to polar motion observations from September 2021 through December 2022 and (b) assessing the stability of the predictions in time. The analysis shows unequal results for the <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> components of polar motion (PMx and PMy, respectively). Predictions of PMy are usually more accurate and have a smaller spread across all submitted files when compared to PMx. We present an analysis of similarity between the participants to indicate what methods and input data give comparable output. We also prepared the ranking of prediction methods for polar motion summarizing the achievements of the campaign.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023EA003278","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142588021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empirical Model of SSUSI-Derived Auroral Ionization Rates","authors":"Stefan Bender,&nbsp;Patrick J. Espy,&nbsp;Larry J. Paxton","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003578","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We present an empirical model for auroral (90–150 km) electron–ion pair production rates, ionization rates for short, derived from Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager electron energy and flux data. Using the Fang et al. (2010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl045406) parametrization for mono-energetic electrons, and the NRLMSISE-00 neutral atmosphere model (Picone et al., 2002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002ja009430), the calculated ionization rate profiles are binned in 2-hr magnetic local time and 3.6°geomagnetic latitude to yield time series of ionization rates at 5-km altitude steps. We fit each of these time series to the geomagnetic indices Kp, PC, and Ap, the 81-day averaged solar <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>F</mi>\u0000 <mn>10.7</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathrm{F}}_{10.7}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> radio flux index, and a constant term. The resulting empirical model can easily be incorporated into coupled chemistry–climate models to include particle precipitation effects.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003578","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Frequency Reconstruction for Full Waveform Inversion by Unsupervised Learning","authors":"Ningcheng Ciu,&nbsp;Tao Lei,&nbsp;Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003565","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Obtaining reliable low-frequency seismic data is crucial for effectively reducing cycle-skipping in full waveform inversion. However, acquiring high signal-to-noise ratio low-frequency information from field data remains a challenge. An effective solution to mitigate cycle-skipping is to utilize low-frequency information synthesized by neural networks to obtain low-wavenumber initial models. Previous attempts to reconstruct synthetic low-frequency data using supervised learning methods have shown feasibility but were limited to training with synthetic data that required labeled information. In this study, we employed an unsupervised learning method, namely cycle-consistent adversarial networks (CycleGAN), to reconstruct large-scale-feature related low-frequency information based on the high-frequency input data. Unlike supervised learning, CycleGAN allows the use of field data as input to train the network, which is more closely aligned with practical applications. Nevertheless, this approach presents challenges in terms of training complexity and potential output stability. To overcome these challenges, we reconstructed an appropriate target data set that combines high, medium, and low-frequency components and incorporated additional loss functions to enhance the network's output performance. We conducted quantitative evaluations of the method's sensitivity to the target data set and its ability to handle low-quality input data through numerical testing. The final results from field data testing confirmed the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003565","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstruction of Nearshore Surface Gravity Wave Heights From Distributed Acoustic Sensing Data","authors":"Samuel Meulé,&nbsp;Julián Pelaez-Quiñones,&nbsp;Frédéric Bouchette,&nbsp;Anthony Sladen,&nbsp;Aurélien Ponte,&nbsp;Annika Maier,&nbsp;Itzhak Lior,&nbsp;Paschal Coyle","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003589","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is a photonics technology converting seafloor telecommunications and optical fiber cables into dense arrays of strain sensors, allowing to monitor various oceanic physical processes. Yet, several applications are hindered by the limited knowledge of the transfer function between geophysical variables and DAS measurements. This study investigates the quantitative relationship between surface gravity DAS-recorded wave-generated strain signals along the seafloor and the pressure at a colocated sensor. A remarkable linear correlation is found over various sea conditions allowing us to reliably determine significant wave heights from DAS data. Utilizing linear wave potential theory, we derive an analytical transfer function linking cable deformation and wave kinematic parameters. This transfer function provides a first quantification of the effects related to surface gravity waves and fiber responses. Our results validate DAS's potential for real-time reconstruction of the surface gravity wave spectrum over extended coastal areas. It also enables the estimation of waves hydraulic parameters at depth without the need from offshore deployments.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003589","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142561569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Self-Calibrating Tilt Accelerometer: A Method for Observing Tilt and Correcting Drift With a Triaxial Accelerometer","authors":"E. K. Fredrickson,&nbsp;W. S. D. Wilcock,&nbsp;M. J. Harrington,&nbsp;G. Cram,&nbsp;J. Tilley,&nbsp;D. Martin,&nbsp;J. Burnett","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003909","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present observations from two field deployments of a calibrated tiltmeter that we name the Self-Calibrating Tilt Accelerometer (SCTA). The tiltmeter is based upon a triaxial quartz crystal accelerometer; the horizontal channels measure tilt and are periodically rotated into the vertical to obtain a measurement of the acceleration of gravity. Changes in the measured total acceleration are ascribed to drift in the vertical channel and used as calibrations for removing that same drift from the tilt time series observed between calibrations. Changes in the span (sensitivity) of the accelerometer channels can also be measured by calibrating them pointing up and down. A 3-year test on the seafloor at Axial Seamount show that the calibrations are consistent with a linear-exponential model of drift to a RMS residual of ∼0.5 μg (μrad). The calibrated tilt time series was impacted by platform settling for the first 2 years, but after repositioning the tiltmeter, the calibrated observations were consistent for the final year with the tilt observed on a nearby LILY tiltmeter, within an assumed level of drift for the unconstrained LILY sensor. A separate 15-month test in a stable vault at Piñon Flat Observatory was complicated by seasonal temperature variations of &gt;5°C; the calibrations are consistent with a linear-exponential model of drift to ∼2 μg RMS when temperature and temperature time-derivative dependence is included. Similarly, the calibrated tilt time series was impacted by thermal deformation of the SCTA assembly. A future test in a thermally and tectonically stable borehole will be required to assess the accuracy of the SCTA.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"11 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003909","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142561605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}