Earth and Space Science最新文献

{"title":"Greenland Ice Sheet Wide Supraglacial Lake Evolution and Dynamics: Insights From the 2018 and 2019 Melt Seasons","authors":"Devon Dunmire,&nbsp;Aneesh C. Subramanian,&nbsp;Emam Hossain,&nbsp;Md Osman Gani,&nbsp;Alison F. Banwell,&nbsp;Hammad Younas,&nbsp;Brendan Myers","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003793","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Supraglacial lakes on the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) can impact both the ice sheet surface mass balance and ice dynamics. Thus, understanding the evolution and dynamics of supraglacial lakes is important to provide improved parameterizations for ice sheet models to enable better projections of future GrIS changes. In this study, we utilize the growing inventory of optical and microwave satellite imagery to automatically determine the fate of Greenland-wide supraglacial lakes during 2018 and 2019; low and high melt seasons respectively. We develop a novel time series classification method to categorize lakes into four classes: (a) Refreezing, (b) rapidly draining, (c) slowly draining, and (d) buried. Our findings reveal significant interannual variability between the two melt seasons, with a notable increase in the proportion of draining lakes, and a particular dominance of slowly draining lakes, in 2019. We also find that as mean lake depth increases, so does the percentage of lakes that drain, indicating that lake depth may influence hydrofracture potential. We further observe rapidly draining lakes at higher elevations than the previously hypothesized upper-elevation hydrofracture limit (1,600 m), and that non-draining lakes are generally deeper during the lower melt 2018 season. Our automatic classification approach and the resulting 2-year ice-sheet-wide data set provide new insights into GrIS supraglacial lake dynamics and evolution, offering a valuable resource for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003793","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143110453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Critical Role of Sea Ice Products for Accurate Wind-Wave Simulations in the Arctic","authors":"Tyler W. Miesse,&nbsp;Martin Henke,&nbsp;Andre de Souza de Lima,&nbsp;Celso M. Ferreira,&nbsp;Thomas Ravens","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003803","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Arctic region is experiencing significant changes due to climate change, and the resulting decline in sea ice concentration and extent is already impacting ocean dynamics and exacerbating coastal hazards in the region. In this context, numerical models play a crucial role in simulating the interactions between the ocean, land, sea ice, and atmosphere, thus supporting scientific studies in the region. This research aims to evaluate how different sea ice products with spatial resolutions varying from 2 to 25 km influence a phase averaged spectral wave model results in the Alaskan Arctic under storm conditions. Four events throughout the Fall to Winter seasons in 2019 were utilized to assess the accuracy of wave simulations generated under the dynamic sea ice conditions found in the Arctic. The selected sea ice products used to parameterize the numerical wave model include the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) sea ice concentration, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA5), the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model-Community Ice CodE (HYCOM-CICE) system assimilated with Navy Coupled Ocean Data Assimilation (NCODA), and the High-resolution Ice-Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (HIOMAS). The Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model's accuracy in simulating waves using these sea ice products was evaluated against Sea State Daily Multisensor L3 satellite observations. Results show wave simulations using ERA5 consistently exhibited high correlation with observations, maintaining an accuracy above 0.83 to the observations across all events. Conversely, HIOMAS demonstrated the weakest performance, particularly during the Winter, with the lowest correlation of 0.40 to the observations. Remarkably, ERA5 surpassed all other products by up to 30% in accuracy during the selected storm events, and even when an ensemble was assessed by combining the selected sea ice products, ERA5's individual performance remained unmatched. Our study provides insights for selecting sea ice products under different sea ice conditions for accurately simulating waves and coastal hazards in high latitudes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003803","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143121520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Algorithm Theoretical Basis for Version 3 TEMPO O2-O2 Cloud Product","authors":"Huiqun Wang,&nbsp;Caroline R. Nowlan,&nbsp;Gonzalo González Abad,&nbsp;Heesung Chong,&nbsp;Weizhen Hou,&nbsp;John C. Houck,&nbsp;Xiong Liu,&nbsp;Kelly Chance,&nbsp;Eun-Su Yang,&nbsp;Alexander Vasilkov,&nbsp;Joanna Joiner,&nbsp;Wenhan Qin,&nbsp;Zachary Fasnacht,&nbsp;K. Emma Knowland,&nbsp;Chris Chan Miller,&nbsp;Robert J. D. Spurr,&nbsp;David E. Flittner,&nbsp;James L. Carr,&nbsp;Raid M. Suleiman,&nbsp;John E. Davis,&nbsp;Jean A. Fitzmaurice","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004165","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD) describes the retrieval algorithm and sensitivities of the Version 3 cloud product derived from the spectra collected by the Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of POllution (TEMPO) instrument. The cloud product is primarily produced for supporting the retrievals of TEMPO trace gases that are important for understanding atmospheric chemistry and monitoring air pollution. The TEMPO cloud algorithm is adapted from NASA's Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) oxygen collision complex (O₂-O₂) cloud algorithm. The retrieval generates effective cloud fraction (ECF) from the normalized radiance at 466 nm and generates cloud optical centroid pressure (OCP) using the O₂-O₂ column amount derived from the spectral absorption feature near 477 nm. The slant column of O₂-O₂ is retrieved using Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's spectral fitting code with optimized retrieval parameters. ECF and OCP are used by TEMPO trace gas retrievals to calculate Air Mass Factors which convert slant columns to vertical columns. The sensitivities of the cloud retrieval to various input parameters are investigated.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004165","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143121521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution and Structure of a Heavy-Precipitation-Producing Quasi-Linear Convective System Along a Mesoscale Outflow Boundary","authors":"Yanzhen Kang,&nbsp;Yuhui Duan,&nbsp;Lei Liu,&nbsp;Xingdong Peng,&nbsp;Xiaogang Liang,&nbsp;Xi Liu","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003504","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study explored the complex evolution mechanism and fine-scale structures of a quasi-linear convective system (QLCS) in the eastern Taihang Mountain from 1300 BST 12 to 0300 BST 13 August 2018 by using Doppler radar data, high-resolution surface observations and sounding data. The QLCS which produced heavy precipitation was maintained as the southeasterly being lifted when flowed over a mesoscale outflow boundary (MOB) associated with a cold pool. Topographic blocking effect of Taihang Mountain and the cold environmental northeasterly enhanced the uplift of southeasterly at southwest and northeast of the MOB. Northeastward extension of the QLCS was promoted by the prevailing southeasterly airflow and high convective available potential energy. Meanwhile, the dry cold layer between 850 and 500 hPa obviously prevented southeastward movement of the QLCS. A clear increase of the disturbance pressure took place due to water loading increase other than the temperature dropping. Northwestward oriented “echo training” of convective cells facilitated the perfect-structured QLCS to split into several meso-<i>β</i>-scale rain bands with irregular convergence along the MOB. Mesoscale convective vortices associated with slow-moving strong convective echoes played an important role in middle part of the QLCS development which accounts for the heavy precipitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003504","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143121000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Barystatic Sea Level Change in Global Mass Conservation and Its Excitation to Length-Of-Day Variations","authors":"Qiqi Shi,&nbsp;Yonghong Zhou,&nbsp;Cancan Xu,&nbsp;Xueqing Xu","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003848","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Barystatic sea level stores excess water mass from the atmosphere and land to maintain global mass conservations within the Earth system. Besides the secular contribution to global sea-level rise, changes in barystatic sea level also play an important role in mass-induced length-of-day (LOD) variations over a few years or shorter periods. Compared to barystatic sea level changes deduced from the geophysical models, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment and GRACE follow-on (GRACE/GFO) measurements provide actual observed ocean mass changes. Here, we investigate short-term both seasonal (annual and semiannual) and non-seasonal LOD variations caused by mass redistribution using GRACE/GFO mass estimates and effective angular momentum (EAM) products, particularly quantitatively assessing the excitation from the barystatic sea level. Note that correcting the problem of global mass non-conservation is necessary for GRACE/GFO mass estimates in both spherical harmonic and mascon solutions to calculate the LOD excitation accurately. LOD mass term contributions derived from GRACE/GFO mass estimates considering global mass conservation show high consistency with satellite laser ranging results and are much closer to geodetic LOD observations than EAM products at seasonal and non-seasonal time scales. The barystatic sea level exhibits the most significant amplitude in mass-induced LOD variations, compensating for most land hydrological excitation, but shows no clear correlation with the atmosphere. Due to slight fluctuations in cryospheric effects and the substantial compensatory action of the barystatic sea level, differences in the land hydrological excitation do not lead to significant deviations in the total LOD mass term between EAM products and GRACE/GFO mass estimates.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003848","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143119894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Imaging of Halokinetic Sequences and Structures With High-Resolution, Dual-Element Acquisition, and Processing: Applications to the Gassum Structure in Eastern Jutland, Denmark","authors":"M. Westgate,&nbsp;K. Kucinskaite,&nbsp;E. Konstantinidis,&nbsp;A. Malehmir,&nbsp;M. Papadopoulou,&nbsp;U. Gregersen,&nbsp;M. Keiding,&nbsp;M. Bjerager","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the structural intricacies of subsurface halokinetic formations is crucial for various geological applications, including geological capture and storage (geological carbon storage (GCS)). This study focuses on the seismic imaging of the Gassum structure in eastern Jutland, Denmark, employing high-resolution, dual-element acquisition, and processing techniques. The investigation aims to unravel details in the evolution of the salt dome and its implications for GCS potential. High-resolution seismic data processing and interpretation reveals a skewed dome structure with steeper flanks on the western and northern sides, characterized by faults and stratigraphic thinning. The asymmetric growth of the dome suggests uneven salt loading during its genesis, influencing local stress fields and structural development, with evidence of syn-tectonic subsidence that produced salt welds. This is supported by the presence of stratigraphic wedges and an increased depth of imaged horizons within steeper flanks of the dome. A mild piercement of the salt into overlying sediments, onlapping features, and the presence of normal faults that originate from the dome apex and extend radially, all indicate a reactive piercement process in the salt pillow's development stage. This produced an extensional regime in overlying strata, inducing sequence thinning and graben structures. Analysis of reservoir and seal properties unveils adequate conditions for GCS, with a continuous reservoir and thick primary and secondary seals. However, the presence of faults intersecting these formations raises concerns regarding long-term storage stability. Further investigations into reservoir porosity, migration paths, and volumetric analysis are warranted for conclusive GCS assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143119895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Radiogenic Noble Gas Nuclides to Identify and Characterize Rock Fracturing","authors":"W. Payton Gardner,&nbsp;Stephen J. Bauer,&nbsp;William M. Kibikas,&nbsp;Brynna Siluk,&nbsp;Scott Broome,&nbsp;Chris Strickland,&nbsp;Christine Johnson,&nbsp;Vince Vermeul","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003838","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fracture-released radiogenic noble gas nuclides are used to identify locations and constrain the volume of new fracture creation during subsurface detonations. Real-time, in situ noble gases and reactive gases were monitored using a field-deployed mass spectrometer and automated sampling system in a multilevel borehole array. Released gases were measured after two different detonations having distinct energy, pressure, and gas volume characteristics. Explosive-derived gases (N₂O, CO₂) and excess radiogenic ⁴He and ⁴⁰Ar above atmospheric background are used to identify locations of gas transport and new fracture creation after each detonation. Fracture-released radiogenic ⁴He is used to constrain the volume of newly created fractures with a model of helium release from fracturing. Explosive by-product gas was observed in multiple locations both near and distal to the shot locations for both detonations. Radiogenic ⁴He and ⁴⁰Ar release from rock damage was observed in locations near the detonation after the second, more powerful detonation. Observed ⁴He response is consistent with a model of diffusive release from newly created fractures. Volume of new fractures estimated from the ⁴He release ranges from 1 to 5 m² with apertures ranging from 0.1 to 1 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>μ</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${upmu }$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>m. Our results provide evidence that radiogenic noble gases released during fracture creation can be identified at the field scale in real time and used to identify timing and location of fracture creation during deformation events. This technique could be useful in subsurface science and engineering problems where the location and amount of newly created rock fracturing is of interest including fault rupture, mine safety, subsurface detonation monitoring and reservoir stimulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003838","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying Ocean Submesoscale Activity From Vertical Density Profiles Using Machine Learning","authors":"Leyu Yao,&nbsp;John R. Taylor,&nbsp;Dani C. Jones,&nbsp;Scott D. Bachman","doi":"10.1029/2022EA002618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EA002618","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Submesoscale eddies are important features in the upper ocean where they mediate air-sea exchanges, convey heat and tracer fluxes into ocean interior, and enhance biological production. However, due to their small size (0.1–10 km) and short lifetime (hours to days), directly observing submesoscales in the field generally requires targeted high resolution surveys. Submesoscales increase the vertical density stratification of the upper ocean and qualitatively modify the vertical density profile. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised machine learning algorithm to identify submesoscale activity using vertical density profiles. The algorithm, based on the profile classification model (PCM) approach, is trained and tested on two model-based data sets with vastly different resolutions. One data set is extracted from a large-eddy simulation (LES) in a 4 km by 4 km domain and the other from a regional model for a sector in the Southern Ocean. We show that the adapted PCM can identify regions with high submesoscale activity, as characterized by the vorticity field (i.e., where surface vertical vorticity <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>ζ</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $zeta $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> is similar to Coriolis frequency <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>f</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $f$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> and Rossby number <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>R</mi>\u0000 <mi>o</mi>\u0000 <mo>=</mo>\u0000 <mi>ζ</mi>\u0000 <mo>/</mo>\u0000 <mi>f</mi>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 <mi>O</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>(</mo>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 <mo>)</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $Ro=zeta /fsim mathcal{O}(1)$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>), using solely the vertical density profiles, without any additional information on the velocity, the profile location, or horizontal density gradients. The results of this paper show that the adapted PCM can be applied to data sets from different sources and provides a method to study submesoscale eddies using global data sets (e.g., CTD profiles collected from ships, gliders, and Argo floats).</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2022EA002618","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Forecasting and Assessment of Urban Air Quality by an Automated Machine Learning System: The AI-Air","authors":"Jiayu Yang,&nbsp;Huabing Ke,&nbsp;Sunling Gong,&nbsp;Yaqiang Wang,&nbsp;Lei Zhang,&nbsp;Chunhong Zhou,&nbsp;Jingyue Mo,&nbsp;Yan You","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003942","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An automated air quality forecasting system (AI-Air) was developed to optimize and improve air quality forecasting for different typical cities, combined with the China Meteorological Administration Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environmental Model (CUACE), and used in a typical inland city of Zhengzhou and a coastal city of Haikou in China. The performance evaluation results show that for the PM_2.5 forecasts, the correlation coefficient (R) is increased by 0.07–0.13, and the mean error (ME) and root mean square error (RMSE) is decreased by 3.2–3.5 and 3.8–4.7 μg/m³. Similarly, for the O₃ forecasts, the R value is improved by 0.09–0.44, and ME and RMSE values are reduced by 7.1–22.8 and 9.0–25.9 μg/m³, respectively. Case analyses of operational forecasting also indicate that the AI-Air system can significantly improve the forecasting performance of pollutant concentrations and effectively correct underestimation, or overestimation phenomena compared to the CUACE model. Additionally, explanatory analyses were performed to assess the key meteorological factors affecting air quality in cities with different topographic and climatic conditions. The AI-Air system highlights the potential of AI techniques to improve forecast accuracy and efficiency, and with promising applications in the field of air quality forecasting.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003942","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Age of SAR: How Can Commercial Smallsat Constellations Contribute to NASA's Surface Deformation and Change Mission?","authors":"Stacey A. Huang,&nbsp;Batuhan Osmanoğlu,&nbsp;Bernd Scheuchl,&nbsp;Shadi Oveisgharan,&nbsp;Jeanne M. Sauber,&nbsp;MinJeong Jo,&nbsp;Ala Khazendar,&nbsp;Ekaterina Tymofyeyeva,&nbsp;Betsy Wusk,&nbsp;Arif Albayrak","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003832","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In response to the 2017 Decadal Survey, NASA conducted a five-year study on the Surface Deformation and Change (SDC) designated observable to study potential mission concepts. As part of the SDC mission study, the Commercial Synthetic Aperture Radar (ComSAR) subgroup was tasked with evaluating the current landscape of the SAR and interferometric SAR (InSAR) industry to assess whether NASA could leverage commercial smallsat products to meet the needs of the SDC science mission. The assessment found that although the commercial SAR industry is growing rapidly, off-the-shelf products can currently only make a small—albeit distinct—contribution to SDC mission goals. This gap is due to different design goals between current commercial systems (which prioritize targeted high-resolution, non-interferometric observations at short wavelengths with a daily or faster revisit) and a future SDC architecture (which focuses on broad, moderate-resolution, and interferometric observations at long wavelengths). Even by 2030, planned commercial constellations are expected to only cover <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${sim} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>65% of the area needed to match NISAR coverage. Still, high-resolution and rapid-repeat capabilities can augment scientific findings from a future SDC mission, as demonstrated by recent contributions from commercial data to applied sciences, cryosphere, and volcanology. Future innovations on smallsat constellation concepts could further contribute to SDC science and applications. Although current constellation designs are not fully able to satisfy desired SDC science capabilities, initial positive feedback to a request for information indicates a potential future path for a customized SDC commercial architecture; more studies will be needed to determine the feasibility of these approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003832","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}