Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition最新文献

{"title":"Learning about trial sequences disrupts the partial reinforcement extinction effect in classical conditioning.","authors":"Tianjian Jiao, Justin A Harris","doi":"10.1037/xan0000370","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000370","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) refers to the phenomenon that conditioned responding extinguishes more slowly if subjects had been inconsistently (\"partially\") reinforced than if they had been reinforced on every trial (\"continuously\" reinforced). One largely successful account of the PREE, known as sequential theory (Capaldi, 1966), suggests that, when subjects are partially reinforced, they learn that memories of sequences of nonreinforced trials are associated with subsequent reinforcement. This association helps to maintain responding (i.e., delay extinction) when the subjects experience nonreinforced trials during extinction. Sequential theory's explanation of the PREE hinges on subjects learning sequences of nonreinforced trials during acquisition. However, direct evidence for such sequential learning is not available in previous studies of the PREE where animals are trained with multiple sequences of different lengths that are randomly intermixed and, therefore, cannot anticipate whether a given trial will be reinforced during acquisition. The current study conducted two experiments that trained rats with a single fixed trial sequence to provide evidence of sequential learning during conditioning, and then observe its effect on the PREE. Under one condition the rats did learn about the fixed sequence but did not subsequently show a PREE, whereas other rats that did show a PREE had not learned the trial sequences during conditioning. Therefore, contrary to sequential theory's prediction, our result suggests that learning about the trial sequence is neither necessary nor sufficient for the PREE. We suggest that the PREE may instead depend on uncertainty about whether the conditioned stimulus will be reinforced. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"50 1","pages":"11-24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139378817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stimulus-outcome associations are required for the expression of specific Pavlovian-instrumental transfer.","authors":"Juhyeong Park, Nura W Lingawi, Byron E Crimmins, Joanne M Gladding, Christopher R Nolan, Thomas J Burton, Vincent Laurent","doi":"10.1037/xan0000371","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000371","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A series of experiments employed a specific Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT) task in rats to determine the capacity of various treatments to undermine two outcome-specific stimulus-outcome (S-O) associations. Experiment 1 tested a random treatment, which involved uncorrelated presentations of the two stimuli and their predicted outcomes. This treatment disrupted the capacity of the outcome-specific S-O associations to drive specific PIT. Experiment 2 used a negative-contingency treatment during which the predicted outcomes were exclusively delivered in the absence of their associated stimulus. This treatment spared specific PIT, suggesting that it left the outcome-specific S-O associations relatively intact. The same outcome was obtained in Experiment 3, which implemented a zero-contingency treatment consisting of delivering the predicted outcomes in the presence and absence of their associated stimulus. Experiment 4 tested a mixed treatment, which distributed the predicted outcomes at an equal rate during each stimulus. This treatment disrupted the capacity of the outcome-specific S-O associations to drive specific PIT. We suggest that the mixed treatment disrupted specific PIT by generating new and competing outcome-specific S-O associations. By contrast, we propose that the random treatment disrupted specific PIT by undermining the original outcome-specific S-O associations, indicating that these associations must be retrieved to express specific PIT. We discuss how these findings inform our theoretical understanding of the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"50 1","pages":"25-38"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139378818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The sequencing of trials during partial reinforcement affects subsequent extinction.","authors":"Justin A Harris","doi":"10.1037/xan0000369","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000369","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>If a conditioned stimulus or response has been inconsistently (\"partially\") reinforced, conditioned responding will take longer to extinguish than if responding had been established by consistent (\"continuous\") reinforcement. This partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) is one of the best-known phenomena in associative learning but defies ready explanation by associative models which assume that a partial reinforcement schedule will produce weaker conditioning that should be less resistant to extinction. The most popular explanation of the PREE is that, during partial reinforcement, animals learn that recent nonreinforced (N) trials are associated with subsequent reinforcement (R), and therefore the presence of N trials during extinction serves to promote generalization of conditioning to extinction. According to sequential theory (Capaldi, 1966), animals can encode whole sequences (runs) of N trials and associate their memory of the sequence with subsequent R. The length of these N sequences during conditioning affects how long the animal will continue to respond during extinction. The present experiment used Pavlovian magazine approach conditioning with rats to test two predictions of this theory. Consistent with sequential theory, the PREE was sensitive to the length of the N sequence: conditioning with long sequences (runs of 3-5 N trials) produced a stronger PREE than conditioning with short sequences (runs of 1 or 2) even when the total number of N and R trials was held constant. Surprisingly, there was no PREE among rats trained with the short sequences. Moreover, contrary to the theory's prediction, interrupting the long N sequences with reinforced trials of a different conditioned stimulus did not affect the subsequent PREE. I conclude that uncertainty about reinforcement, rather than the memory of N sequences per se, is a key factor in the development of the PREE. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71488936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing previous but not concurrent extinction attenuates the \"extinction makes acquisition context specific\" effect in human predictive learning.","authors":"Pedro M Ogallar, Juan M Rosas, José E Callejas-Aguilera","doi":"10.1037/xan0000372","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000372","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Four experiments in human predictive learning evaluated whether the extinction makes the acquisition context specific (EMACS) effect is attenuated when the increase in prediction error that extinction produces disappears. Participants had to evaluate the relationship between a given food (cue) that was ingested by an imaginary client of a given restaurant (context) and a potential gastric illness (outcome). The task was implemented using Gorilla online software. All participants received the relevant training in context A, and equivalent exposure to context B. Cue E was presented paired with the outcome in all groups. Cue E was then either extinguished (group E) or not extinguished (group NE), either previously or concurrently to training of the target cue (P). P was then tested in contexts A and B. When extinction was conducted concurrently, performance to P became context-dependent regardless of the number of extinction trials (12 or 24)-the EMACS effect. The EMACS effect disappeared when extinction was elongated to 24 trials, and conducted before acquisition of P. Implications of these results for attentional explanations of context processing are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"50 1","pages":"39-55"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139378816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supplemental Material for Effect of Instructions on the Microstructure of Human Schedule Performance","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/xan0000364.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000364.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135730009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primacy and recency in snails (Cornu aspersum).","authors":"Pablo Rubio,&nbsp;Judit Muñiz-Moreno,&nbsp;Ignacio Loy","doi":"10.1037/xan0000365","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000365","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pavlovian conditioning has been proven to be useful for the study of associative learning and animal cognition. This procedure can be used to observe certain memory phenomena. The appetitive conditioning of several neutral stimuli can result in higher response rates, and therefore a better memory, for the first and last stimuli of the series. This is equivalent to primacy and recency effects. In this work, the tentacle lowering procedure was employed to study these phenomena in the snail (<i>Cornu aspersum</i>). Subjects experienced five odorous conditioned stimuli (CS) paired with food (conditioning) in a specific order followed by the exposure to the CSs alone to measure the conditioned response (CR, conditioning test). For Experiment 1, the serial presentation of the five reinforced odors resulted in a higher CR for the initial and final odors in comparison with the middle ones. In Experiment 2, it was established that a 20-min trial is enough to produce appetitive conditioning in snail. For Experiment 3, the results of Experiment 1 were replicated while controlling for odor presentation order. Finally, in Experiment 4, the serial position effect was obtained when the interval between conditioning and test phases were minimized. The results observed in the present study provided evidence of the serial position effect in terrestrial snails. The theoretical implications of these are debated. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"49 4","pages":"226-236"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50163754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of numerical and nonnumerical magnitudes in pigeons' conditional discrimination behavior.","authors":"Francisca Diaz,&nbsp;Edward A Wasserman","doi":"10.1037/xan0000368","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research on approximate numerical estimation suggests that numerical representations can be influenced by nonnumerical magnitudes. Current theories of numerical cognition differ on the nature of this interaction. The present project evaluated the effect of task requirements on the stimulus control exerted by numerical and nonnumerical magnitudes on pigeons' numerical discrimination behavior. In a series of experiments, we explored the effects of cumulative area and item size on pigeons' numerical discrimination. The effect of cumulative area was assessed by presenting visual displays in which cumulative area and item number were either positively correlated, uncorrelated, or negatively correlated. The effect of item size was evaluated by presenting displays in which the size of individual items was varied across trials. Results confirmed that pigeons' numerical discrimination behavior accorded with Weber's law, a prime indicator of nonsymbolic numerical representation. The results further indicated that pigeons did not use numerical information when nonnumerical magnitudes also provided reliable information to solve the discrimination task. However, task manipulations that rendered the information provided by nonnumerical magnitudes unreliable successfully shifted stimulus control toward numerical magnitudes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"49 4","pages":"253-272"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50163758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Switching from sucrose to saccharin: Extended successive negative contrast is not maintained by hedonic changes.","authors":"Simone Rehn,&nbsp;Robert A Boakes,&nbsp;Dominic M Dwyer","doi":"10.1037/xan0000362","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous experiments found that acceptance of saccharin by rats was reduced if they had prior experience of sucrose or some other highly palatable solution. This reduction in saccharin consumption was particularly extended after a switch from sucrose. On the surface, this seems to correspond to a successive negative contrast (SNC) effect. This term was coined by C. F. Flaherty to describe the situation where consumption of a target solution is reduced by prior experience of a more valuable solution, typically a more concentrated version of the target solution. However, SNC effects are normally transient and assessed relative to a nonshifted control. Here, we confirm that the reduction in consumption seen when shifting from sucrose to saccharin is persistent and is seen relative to the traditional unshifted control. In addition, an analysis of licking microstructure showed that the shift from sucrose to saccharin suppressed the hedonic value of saccharin relative to controls, but this effect was less persistent than consumption suppression. Interestingly, a similar dissociation is observed in extinction of conditioned taste aversion (CTA): suppression of consumption produced by CTA is far more persistent than suppression of hedonic value. The comparison of results across procedures suggests that persistent SNC produced by a qualitative downshift from sucrose to saccharin appears different from quantitative downshifts in the concentration of a single solution, and qualitative downshift effects may involve CTA. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"49 4","pages":"289-295"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50163756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Same/different discrimination of motion by pigeons.","authors":"Robert G Cook,&nbsp;Muhammad A J Qadri,&nbsp;Daniel I Brooks","doi":"10.1037/xan0000359","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000359","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Telling that one object or moment is different from another one is fundamental to cognition and intelligent behavior. Most investigations examining same/different (S/D) concepts in animals have relied on testing static visual stimuli. To move beyond this limitation, we investigated how five pigeons learned and performed a motion S/D discrimination. Using a go/no-go task, dynamic motion fields built from dot elements were presented in sequence to display repeating (same) or changing (different) motions. Each trial consisted of 10 motion segments presented in succession using the direction and rate of dot movement in the motion field to exemplify the S/D relations. The pigeons learned this motion S/D discrimination. We further tested their performance by varying the number and persistence of the dots in the motion fields. The results indicated the pigeons likely extracted globally integrated perceptual summaries of the motions for comparison across the segments. Testing differing organizations of the S/D relations across segments indicated that this discrimination could be determined from as few as two segments and involved an updating comparison of at least four or more segments of the sequence during their presentation. Collectively, the experiments establish for the first time that pigeons can use motion features to classify sequential same and different experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"49 4","pages":"237-252"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50163755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to Civile et al. (2023).","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/xan0000363","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000363","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reports an error in \"Modulating perceptual learning indexed by the face inversion effect: Simulating the application of transcranial direct current stimulation using the MKM model\" by Ciro Civile, Rossy McLaren, Charlotte Forrest, Anna Cooke and Ian P. L. McLaren (<i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition</i>, 2023[Jul], Vol 49[3], 139-150). The article is being made available open access under the CC-BY license under the Jisc/ APA Read and Publish agreement. The correct copyright is \"© 2023 The Author(s)\" and the CC-BY license disclaimer is below. The online version of this article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2023-90030-001). We report here two large studies investigating the effects of an established transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) procedure on perceptual learning as indexed by the face inversion effect. Experiments 1a and 1b (n = 128) examined the harmful generalization from Thatcherized faces to normal faces by directly comparing the size of the inversion effect for normal faces when presented intermixed with Thatcherized faces (Experiment 1a) versus that obtained when normal faces were presented intermixed with checkerboards (Experiment 1b). The results from the sham/control tDCS groups provide the first direct evidence in the literature showing how Thatcherized faces generalize onto normal ones producing a reduced inversion effect compared to when normal faces are presented with stimuli (e.g., checkerboards) that do not generalize significantly to normal faces. In the anodal tDCS groups, this effect was reversed, with a larger inversion effect recorded for normal faces in Experiment 1a versus that found in Experiment 1b. Further analyses within each experiment confirmed that the anodal tDCS procedure can enhance the inversion effect for normal faces in circumstances where harmful generalization would otherwise be produced by the Thatcherized faces (Experiment 1a). We also demonstrated our standard reduction in the inversion effect for normal faces consequent on the application of tDCS when presented intermixed with stimuli that do not generalize onto them. We interpret our results in terms of simulations using the MKM model of perceptual and associative learning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"272"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10017208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}