Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition最新文献_第5页

Food-caching chickadees know where to look. 储存食物的山雀知道去哪里找。

IF 0.9 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000403

Vladimir V Pravosudov

引用次数: 0

Response-specific behavioral plasticity in habituation triggered by repeated visual looming stimuli in foraging bumblebees (Bombus terrestris). 觅食大黄蜂（Bombus terrestris）在重复视觉隐现刺激触发的习惯化反应特异性行为可塑性。

IF 0.9 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000412

Andrea Dissegna, Lars Chittka, Cinzia Chiandetti

{"title":"Response-specific behavioral plasticity in habituation triggered by repeated visual looming stimuli in foraging bumblebees (Bombus terrestris).","authors":"Andrea Dissegna, Lars Chittka, Cinzia Chiandetti","doi":"10.1037/xan0000412","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000412","url":null,"abstract":"Habituation and dishabituation are fundamental adaptive processes that govern how animals respond to repeated stimuli. Habituation is defined as a decline in response to irrelevant stimuli, and dishabituation reactivates this response upon qualitatively different stimulation. Here, we explored these processes in bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) by exposing freely foraging individuals to a repeated overhead looming stimulus, followed by a distinct vibration. We identified three defensive responses-flight, disturbance leg-lift response, and startle-and found that only flight probability showed robust habituation and dishabituation. Disturbance leg-lift response remained consistently frequent, whereas startle initially increased and later declined when flight was reinstated. Our findings demonstrate clear habituation and dishabituation of defensive responses in bumblebees within a novel free-flying testing paradigm, providing initial support for response-specific plasticity mechanisms. The results underscore the importance of differentiating among multiple defensive responses to better understand the mechanisms driving habituation and dishabituation, suggesting that bumblebee defense strategies are finely tuned across multiple stimulus-response pathways. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"50-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145193701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Interstimulus interval effects on the habituation of the contraction response in the worm Eisenia foetida. 刺激间期对叶爱森虫收缩反应习惯化的影响。

IF 0.9 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000409

Pablo D Matamala, Sebastián A Casanueva, Sergio N Galarce, Martina A Fernández, Claudio I Valenzuela, Orlando E Jorquera, Edgar H Vogel

{"title":"Interstimulus interval effects on the habituation of the contraction response in the worm Eisenia foetida.","authors":"Pablo D Matamala, Sebastián A Casanueva, Sergio N Galarce, Martina A Fernández, Claudio I Valenzuela, Orlando E Jorquera, Edgar H Vogel","doi":"10.1037/xan0000409","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000409","url":null,"abstract":"Habituation is a form of learning characterized by a decreased response to repeated stimuli. Research has shown that the interval between stimuli (interstimulus interval [ISI]) influences the development and retention of habituation. Experiments 1-4 examined earthworm contraction-response habituation to light using ISIs ranging from 2 to 256 s. Experiment 1 showed an inverted-U in response probability across ISIs: very short (2-8 s) and very long (128-256 s) ISIs produced greater within-session decrements than intermediate ISIs (16-88 s). Experiment 2 found that 128-256 s yielded faster, larger decrements than 88 s, with group differences persisting 24 hr later when all animals were tested at 4 s. Experiment 3 focused on ISIs of 2-64 s with extended training (50 trials): on Day 1, 32 s yielded the least within-session decrement, and under the common 4-s Day 2 test, only the 64-s group showed evidence of retention of habituation. Experiment 4 replicated the key patterns when comparing ISIs of 4, 32, and 128 s: 128 s produced the largest short- and long-term decrements. Experiments 5 and 6 introduced an air puff and demonstrated stimulus specificity of the 128-s ISI condition. Day 2 responding was lowest when the Day 2 stimulus matched Day 1 (light-light; puff-puff), whereas switching stimuli (light-puff; puff-light) reduced or eliminated this carryover. Overall, the ISI-dependent patterns and stimulus-specificity effects observed here confirm the value of this animal model as a preparation for studying habituation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"51 4","pages":"193-219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145379853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Modulating perceptual learning: Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) reduces the face inversion effect (FIE), while cathodal tDCS restores it to baseline. 调节知觉学习：阳极经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）可降低人脸反转效应（FIE），而阴极经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）可使其恢复到基线水平。

IF 0.9 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-21 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000402

Ciro Civile, Yizhen Shen, Siobhan McCourt, Guangtong Wang, I P L McLaren

{"title":"Modulating perceptual learning: Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) reduces the face inversion effect (FIE), while cathodal tDCS restores it to baseline.","authors":"Ciro Civile, Yizhen Shen, Siobhan McCourt, Guangtong Wang, I P L McLaren","doi":"10.1037/xan0000402","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000402","url":null,"abstract":"We report three large experiments (n = 440 in total) investigating the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) at Fp3 on perceptual learning indexed by the face inversion effect (FIE). Experiments employed a double-blinded design, with participants randomly allocated to different tDCS groups. They then participated in an old/new recognition task involving both upright and inverted faces. Consistent with previous research, our findings indicate that anodal tDCS reduces the FIE compared to sham tDCS/control by impairing the recognition performance of upright faces. Crucially, our experiments introduced novel evidence suggesting that cathodal tDCS at Fp3 can reverse the effects of anodal tDCS, thereby restoring the FIE and performance for upright faces to typical levels. Across all three experiments, participants who received anodal tDCS followed by cathodal tDCS exhibited no reduction in the FIE nor impaired performance for upright faces. Moreover, Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated that participants who only received cathodal tDCS showed no difference in the FIE compared to the sham/control group. This indicates that the effects of cathodal tDCS are specific to reversing the negative impact of anodal tDCS rather than affecting baseline performance. These results underscore that the detrimental effects of anodal tDCS on the FIE can be reversed through the application of cathodal tDCS. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"220-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144978557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Attention and prediction error as mechanisms for theory protection? 注意和预测误差作为理论保护的机制？

IF 0.9 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000408

Evan J Livesey, Yvonne Y Chan, Shu Chen, Hilary J Don

{"title":"Attention and prediction error as mechanisms for theory protection?","authors":"Evan J Livesey, Yvonne Y Chan, Shu Chen, Hilary J Don","doi":"10.1037/xan0000408","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000408","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, a principle known as theory protection has been proposed to explain the way people bias the updating of their beliefs when they encounter new information about ambiguous cues. This principle presents an alternative to the proposal that a combination of individual and summed prediction error contributes to learning in situations where combinations of predictive cues are presented as potential causes of an outcome. Here, we discuss similarities between the notion of theory protection and attention shifting models of learning that assume attention is guided by individual prediction error. We report simulations using a prominent attention shifting model in the category learning literature and show that it accounts for several of the key examples of theory protection. The basis of these learning biases, hypothesized to be determined by either cue uncertainty or prediction error, is yet to be determined and requires further tests that dissociate these factors more clearly. It may be the case that theory protection is better understood as an organizing principle for knowledge updating rather than a single psychological mechanism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"169-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145193759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparison of convergent and independent pathways in neural networks during second-order conditioning and blocking procedures. 神经网络在二阶条件作用和阻断过程中的收敛和独立路径的比较。

IF 0.9 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000413

Giselle M Castañeda, José E Burgos, Jonathan Buriticá, Oscar García-Leal

{"title":"Comparison of convergent and independent pathways in neural networks during second-order conditioning and blocking procedures.","authors":"Giselle M Castañeda, José E Burgos, Jonathan Buriticá, Oscar García-Leal","doi":"10.1037/xan0000413","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000413","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the role of convergent versus independent pathways in a neural network model to simulate blocking (Blk) and second-order conditioning (SOC). Convergent connections refer to the intersection of connections from one hidden layer unit to an adjacent unit in feedforward neural networks, whereas independent pathways involve exclusive, nonconverging connections. This research compares five network architectures with varying degrees of convergent connectivity in SOC and Blk. These phenomena are relevant as they illustrate how prior reinforcement history influences learning about a second stimulus, either by enhancing or inhibiting the conditioned response to it. The findings indicate that networks with convergent connections better replicate Blk than SOC, whereas those with independent pathways more accurately model SOC than Blk. Some exceptions were observed, which may have implications for the conceptual analysis of deep learning models. Future work could incorporate theoretical insights into the underlying mechanisms of stimulus-stimulus and stimulus-response associations. Additionally, the findings from this study could inform model-driven hypotheses in neurobehavioral research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"51 4","pages":"181-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145379862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Spatial proximity determines overshadowing between landmarks in human spatial navigation. 空间接近决定了人类空间导航中地标间的阴影。

IF 0.9 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000398

Estibaliz Herrera, Joe M Austen, Gonzalo P Urcelay

{"title":"Spatial proximity determines overshadowing between landmarks in human spatial navigation.","authors":"Estibaliz Herrera, Joe M Austen, Gonzalo P Urcelay","doi":"10.1037/xan0000398","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000398","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies involving birds and humans have identified spatial proximity as a source of overshadowing between landmarks in navigation. In Herrera et al. (2024), subjects were trained in an open environment to locate a hidden goal with reference to an array of four landmarks placed at varying distances from it. Critically, two of the four landmarks (i.e., target landmarks) were placed at distances that were common among groups, whereas the remaining two were either proximal to, or distal from, them. Landmarks near the goal overshadowed (i.e., competed with) learning about the further ones, and this effect disappeared in the groups trained with distal landmarks. However, neither of these studies included a control group providing a baseline performance to assess the extent of competition; were the data indicative of overshadowing or facilitation of learning? Thus, we assessed whether spatial proximity determines overshadowing or facilitation between landmarks, including a control group trained with the target landmarks only. We conducted three experiments with varying training lengths: six training trials in Experiments 1 and 16 in Experiments 2 and 3. We also extended the landmark-goal distance in Experiment 3. In all experiments, we observed overshadowing in groups trained with closer nontarget landmarks (relative to the target) but no overshadowing when the nontarget landmarks were distal from the target landmarks. Overall, these experiments reveal that landmark-goal distance determines overshadowing between landmarks, a finding consistent with domain-general theories of learning, such as a modification of Pearce's configural model. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"51 3","pages":"113-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144561965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Probability and rate of reinforcement in negative prediction error learning. 负预测误差学习中的强化概率和强化率。

IF 0.9 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-12 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000396

David J Sanderson, Joseph M Austen, Anthony McGregor, Jasmin A Strickland

{"title":"Probability and rate of reinforcement in negative prediction error learning.","authors":"David J Sanderson, Joseph M Austen, Anthony McGregor, Jasmin A Strickland","doi":"10.1037/xan0000396","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000396","url":null,"abstract":"Trial-based theories of associative learning propose that learning is sensitive to the probability of reinforcement signaled by a conditioned stimulus (CS). Learning, however, is often sensitive to reinforcement rate rather than probability of reinforcement per trial, suggesting that temporal properties of cues may be more important than trial-based properties. In four experiments, the role of probability of reinforcement per trial was examined in appetitive Pavlovian conditioning in mice under conditions in which reinforcement rate was controlled. Experiments 1 and 2 examined the loss of conditioned responding caused by overexpectation of reinforcement. The probability of reinforcement per trial failed to affect acquisition and summation of conditioned responding and failed to affect overexpectation. It also failed to affect extinction of conditioned responding in Experiments 3 and 4. Experiments 2-4 contained nonreinforced trials in which responding at the offset of the CS could be measured. These probe trials did reveal an effect of probability of reinforcement per trial. Cues associated with 100% reinforcement elicited greater post-CS responding than cues associated with 50% reinforcement. The effect was also evident in summation trials (in Experiment 2) in which two 100% or 50% reinforced cues were presented in compound. The results show that mice learn about rate and probability information, but reinforcement rate determines anticipatory responding during the CS. The probability of reinforcement determines responding at the expected time of reinforcement. Thus, learning occurs continuously over the duration of experience and per episode of experience independent of duration. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"126-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12224701/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144058474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of habituation to different light intensities on the head retraction response in earthworms (Dendrobaena veneta). 不同光强对蚯蚓头部缩回反应的影响。

IF 0.9 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000401

Concepción Paredes-Olay, M Mar Carpio-Cruz, David Reyes-Jiménez, Sergio Iglesias-Parro

{"title":"Effects of habituation to different light intensities on the head retraction response in earthworms (Dendrobaena veneta).","authors":"Concepción Paredes-Olay, M Mar Carpio-Cruz, David Reyes-Jiménez, Sergio Iglesias-Parro","doi":"10.1037/xan0000401","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000401","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the effects of habituation to different light intensities on the head retraction response in the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta using a t1-t2 experimental design. Twenty-four adult earthworms were randomly assigned to two groups, each habituated with either 700 lux or 6,300 lux light (80 trials). Head retraction responses to 700, 2,100, and 6,300 lux were measured in pre- and posthabituation phases, with stimuli presented in a pseudorandomized order. Statistical analyses showed that, prior to habituation, responsiveness increased with light intensity across all subjects. During habituation, both groups exhibited significant declines in responsiveness, but the group exposed to 6,300 lux showed a steeper and more sustained decrease compared to the 700 lux group. Posthabituation testing demonstrated that worms habituated with 6,300 lux exhibited a generalized reduction in responsiveness across all test intensities, whereas the 700 lux group maintained an intensity-dependent response pattern. These findings challenge the traditional view that lower stimulus intensity leads to stronger habituation and instead indicate that higher intensity stimuli can produce more generalized and persistent habituation effects. The results emphasize the importance of distinguishing between learning and performance in habituation studies and highlight the value of standardized procedures for comparative research on nonassociative learning in invertebrates. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"51 3","pages":"160-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144561963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Intertrial interval as a contextual stimulus in discriminated operant learning. 间隔时间在判别性操作学习中的情境刺激作用。

IF 0.9 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000400

Emery W Harlan, Eric A Thrailkill, John T Green, Mark E Bouton

{"title":"Intertrial interval as a contextual stimulus in discriminated operant learning.","authors":"Emery W Harlan, Eric A Thrailkill, John T Green, Mark E Bouton","doi":"10.1037/xan0000400","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000400","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research on Pavlovian conditioning has shown that the duration of the intertrial interval (ITI) can function like a contextual stimulus, modulating responding to an upcoming conditioned stimulus. Here, four operant learning experiments with rats investigated whether ITIs can similarly modulate operant responding occasioned by a discriminative stimulus (SD). In Experiment 1, responding for one group was reinforced during a 10-s SD when it was preceded by a 4-min ITI but not when it was preceded by a 1-min ITI (4+/1- discrimination). A second group had the opposite discrimination, 1+/4-. As seen with Pavlovian conditioning, rats could acquire discriminative control with the 4+/1- but not with the 1+/4- discrimination. Additional experiments investigated whether control by a temporal context in the 4+/1- discrimination transfers across physical contexts (i.e., the context provided by the operant chamber). In Experiment 2, rats learned the 4+/1- discrimination in one context (Context A), and the discrimination failed to transfer to a different context (Context B). In Experiment 3, the 4+/1- discrimination also failed to transfer to Context B when experience with reinforcers was equated across contexts. Experiment 4 found evidence of transfer, however, when rats had learned a second, nontemporal discrimination, in Context B. Overall, the findings suggest that ITI duration can acquire conditional control of discriminated operants in a manner similar to Pavlovian conditioned responses. The ITI arguably sets the occasion for a stimulus that itself sets the occasion for responding. Moreover, the control created by time can transfer across physical contexts under some conditions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"51 3","pages":"147-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12233152/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144561964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0