Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition最新文献_第10页

Delaying extinction weakens the partial reinforcement extinction effect. 延迟消退减弱了部分强化消退效应。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2022-05-12 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000319

S. E. Norton, Justin A. Harris

{"title":"Delaying extinction weakens the partial reinforcement extinction effect.","authors":"S. E. Norton, Justin A. Harris","doi":"10.1037/xan0000319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000319","url":null,"abstract":"Conditioned responding that has been extinguished can spontaneously return when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is first presented after an extended delay. This spontaneous recovery of responding suggests that the memory of nonreinforced experience with the CS is impaired over the delay period. Rescorla (2007) provided evidence that this effect of time on nonreinforcement is not specific to extinction. He showed that a delay period can also reverse the reduction of responding established by a partial reinforcement schedule. Here we describe a series of experiments that attempted to confirm Rescorla's finding and additionally assessed the impact of the delay on another well-known consequence of partial reinforcement-the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE). Like Rescorla, we used a Pavlovian conditioning procedure with rats, measuring magazine activity during a CS that signaled food. Unlike Rescorla, we did not find that responding acquired under partial reinforcement spontaneously increased after a delay; however, we did observe a significant reduction in the PREE after that delay. We conclude that the passage of time has a selective effect on the retrieval of memories of nonreinforcement. Therefore, time produces spontaneous recovery by impairing retrieval of extinction memories but also weakens the PREE by impairing retrieval of memories of nonreinforcement that were acquired during partial reinforcement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74567333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Associative change in Pavlovian conditioning: A reappraisal. 巴甫洛夫条件反射中的联想变化:再评价。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2022-05-12 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000318

R. C. Honey, Dominic Michael Dwyer, Adela F. Iliescu

{"title":"Associative change in Pavlovian conditioning: A reappraisal.","authors":"R. C. Honey, Dominic Michael Dwyer, Adela F. Iliescu","doi":"10.1037/xan0000318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000318","url":null,"abstract":"Robert A. Rescorla changed how Pavlovian conditioning was studied and interpreted. His empirical contributions were fundamental and theoretically driven. One involved testing a central tenet of the model that he developed with Allan R. Wagner. The Rescorla-Wagner learning rule uses a pooled error term to determine changes in a directional association between the representations of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US). This learning rule predicts that 2 equally salient CSs (A and B) will undergo equivalent associative change when they are conditioned in compound (i.e., AB→US). Rescorla's results suggested that this was not the case (e.g., Rescorla, 2000). Here, we show that these results can be reconciled with a model that uses a learning rule with a pooled error term once that rule is applied equivalently to all of the stimuli presented on a given trial, and the resulting reciprocal associations (directly and indirectly) contribute to performance. This model, called HeiDI, integrates several features of Rescorla's research and theorizing while addressing an issue that he recognized required further analysis: how learning is translated into performance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87693456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Inhibitory summation as a form of generalization. 抑制性总结作为概括的一种形式。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000320

Julie Y. L. Chow, Jessica C. Lee, P. Lovibond

{"title":"Inhibitory summation as a form of generalization.","authors":"Julie Y. L. Chow, Jessica C. Lee, P. Lovibond","doi":"10.1037/xan0000320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000320","url":null,"abstract":"Inhibitory learning after feature negative training (A+/AB-) is typically measured by combining the Feature B with a separately trained excitor (e.g., C) in a summation test. Reduced responding to C is taken as evidence that B has properties directly opposite to those of C. However, in human causal learning, transfer of B's inhibitory properties to another excitor is modest and depends on individual differences in inferred causal structure. Here we ask whether instead of opposing processes, a summation test might instead be thought of in terms of generalization. Using an allergist task, we tested whether inhibitory transfer would be influenced by similarity. We found that transfer was greater when the test stimuli were from the same semantic category as the training stimuli (Experiments 1 and 2) and when the test excitor had previously been associated with the same outcome (Experiment 3). We also found that the similarity effect applied across all self-reported causal structures. We conclude it may be more helpful to consider transfer of inhibition as a form of conceptual generalization rather than the arithmetic summation of opposing processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"21 1","pages":"86-104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82693033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Blocking is not 'pure' cue competition: Renewal-like effects in forward and backward blocking indicate contributions by associative cue interference. 阻塞不是“纯粹的”线索竞争:向前和向后阻塞的更新效应表明联想线索干扰的贡献。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000315

Gonzalo Miguez, Ralph R Miller

{"title":"Blocking is not 'pure' cue competition: Renewal-like effects in forward and backward blocking indicate contributions by associative cue interference.","authors":"Gonzalo Miguez, Ralph R Miller","doi":"10.1037/xan0000315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000315","url":null,"abstract":"Blocking (i.e., reduced responding to cue X following YX-outcome pairings in Phase 2 as a consequence of cue Y having been paired with the outcome in Phase 1) is one of the signature phenomena in Pavlovian conditioning. Its discovery promoted the development of multiple associative models, most of which viewed blocking as an instance of pure cue competition (i.e., a decrease in responding attributable to training two conditioned stimuli in compound). Two experiments are reported in which rats were examined in a fear conditioning paradigm (i.e., lick suppression), and context dependency of retrieval at test was used as an index of associative cue interference (i.e., a decrease in responding to a target cue as a result of training a second cue with the same outcome but without concurrent presentation of the two cues). Specifically, we observed renewal of forward-blocking which parallels renewal of proactive interference, and renewal of backward-blocking which parallels renewal of retroactive interference. Thus, both backward-blocking (Experiment 1, embedded in a sensory preconditioning design) and forward-blocking (Experiment 2, conducted in first-order conditioning) appear to be influenced by retroactive and proactive interference, respectively, as well as cue competition. Consequently, blocking, long regarded as a benchmark example of pure cue competition, is sometimes a hybrid of cue competition and associative interference. Finally, the Discussion considers whether stimulus competition and associative interference are two independent phenomena or products of a single underlying process. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"48 2","pages":"145-159"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10259191/pdf/nihms-1899385.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9970546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) perceive the Müller-Lyer illusion.

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000321

Sota Watanabe

{"title":"Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) perceive the Müller-Lyer illusion.","authors":"Sota Watanabe","doi":"10.1037/xan0000321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000321","url":null,"abstract":"A Müller-Lyer figure consists only of a line and arrowheads located at both ends of the line. Many comparative studies have reported that animals perceive Müller-Lyer illusion as humans, but few have used appropriate experimental designs to verify whether animal subjects actually respond to line length alone. The present study investigated whether budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) can perceive the Müller-Lyer illusion by using a method that addresses this problem. Four budgerigars were trained to select a long or short line (counterbalanced across subjects) from two horizontal lines. Next, the same task was conducted using two lines, one of which was situated between arrowheads pointing either right (>>) or left (<<). In the final training phase, the arrowheads were replaced with those pointing inward (><) or outward (<>). The performance of each subject toward each stimulus set of these trainings suggested that they did not determine the length of the line by including the arrowheads. In the test phase, response tendencies to the four figures were compared. Results suggested that budgerigars perceive the Müller-Lyer illusion in the same direction as humans; however, its magnitude is larger than that of humans. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"17 1","pages":"123-134"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85984510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pavlovian summation: Data and theory. 巴甫洛夫总结:数据和理论。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000265

S. Ghirlanda

引用次数: 0

Pigeon's choice depends primarily on the value of the signal for the outcome rather than its frequency or contrast. 鸽子的选择主要取决于信号的价值，而不是它的频率或对比度。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000316

T. Zentall, Daniel N Peng, Peyton M. Mueller

{"title":"Pigeon's choice depends primarily on the value of the signal for the outcome rather than its frequency or contrast.","authors":"T. Zentall, Daniel N Peng, Peyton M. Mueller","doi":"10.1037/xan0000316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000316","url":null,"abstract":"Pigeons typically prefer a 20% probability of signaled reinforcement over a 50% probability of unsignaled reinforcement. There is even evidence that they prefer 50% signaled reinforcement over 100% reinforcement. It has been suggested that this effect results from contrast between the expected probability of reinforcement (e.g., 50%) at the time of choice and the value of the positive signal for reinforcement (100%). Alternatively, it is primarily the value of the positive signal for reinforcement itself that determines suboptimal choice. To attempt to distinguish between these two hypotheses, in Experiment 1, we gave pigeons a choice between (a) a 50% reinforcement alternative that was followed by one of two signals for 100% reinforcement, each 25% of the time, or a signal for the absence of reinforcement 50% of the time (50% contrast) and (b) a 25% reinforcement alternative that was followed by a signal for 100% reinforcement 25% of the time, or a signal for the absence of reinforcement 75% of the time (75% contrast). In spite of the difference in contrast, the pigeons were indifferent between the two alternatives. In Experiment 2, when contrast was held constant at 50% and the value of the positive signals for reinforcement were different, we found support for choice based on the value of the positive signal for reinforcement. Thus, it appears that pigeons' choice depends primarily on the value of the outcome rather than its frequency or contrast. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"36 2 1","pages":"135-144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82807273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Supplemental Material for Hierarchical and Configural Control in Conditional Discrimination Learning 条件判别学习中的层次控制和结构控制补充材料

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000342.supp

引用次数: 0

The effects of stimulus pre-exposure and conditioning on overt visual attention. 刺激前暴露和条件反射对显性视觉注意的影响。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000313

James Byron Nelson, Anton Navarro, Paula Balea, Maria Del Carmen Sanjuan

{"title":"The effects of stimulus pre-exposure and conditioning on overt visual attention.","authors":"James Byron Nelson, Anton Navarro, Paula Balea, Maria Del Carmen Sanjuan","doi":"10.1037/xan0000313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000313","url":null,"abstract":"Three experiments (a, b, c) combined to provide a well-powered examination of the effects of stimulus pre-exposure and conditioning on visual attention using an eye tracker and a space-shooter video game where a colored flashing light predicted an attacking spaceship. In each, group \"control\" received no pre-exposure to the light, group \"same\" received pre-exposure in the same context as conditioning, and group \"different\" received pre-exposure in a different context. Experiments differed in visual details regarding the game (1a vs. 1b and 1c) or minor details in the setup of the eye tracker (1a and 1b vs. 1c). Overall, pre-exposure retarded acquisition of keyboard responding. That effect was enhanced, rather than attenuated, by a context change. Separating participants by sign and goal trackers showed the context change enhanced the pre-exposure effect in goal trackers and reduced it in sign trackers. Visual attention to the light declined during pre-exposure and did not recover with either conditioning or a context switch. Visual attention to the light decreased during conditioning. Visual goal tracking toward where the spaceship would appear was also retarded with pre-exposure. Unlike the keyboard responding, a context change led to more normal goal-tracking acquisition. Results are discussed in terms of theories of attention and the potential effects of demand characteristics on the task. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"48 1","pages":"29-45"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39906252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Nonreactive testing: Evaluating the effect of withholding feedback in predictive learning. 非反应性测试:评估预扣反馈在预测学习中的效果。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-11-29 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000311

Jessica C Lee, Mike E Le Pelley, Peter F Lovibond

{"title":"Nonreactive testing: Evaluating the effect of withholding feedback in predictive learning.","authors":"Jessica C Lee, Mike E Le Pelley, Peter F Lovibond","doi":"10.1037/xan0000311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000311","url":null,"abstract":"Learning of cue-outcome relationships in associative learning experiments is often assessed by presenting cues without feedback about the outcome and informing participants to expect no outcomes to occur. The rationale is that this \"no-feedback\" testing procedure prevents new learning during testing that might contaminate the later test trials. We tested this assumption in 4 predictive learning experiments where participants were tasked with learning which foods (cues) were causing allergic reactions (the outcome) in a fictitious patient. We found that withholding feedback in a block of trials had no effect on causal ratings (Experiments 1 and 2), but it led to regression toward intermediate ratings when the missing feedback was embedded in the causal scenario and information about the outcome replaced by a \"?\" (Experiment 3). A factorial experiment manipulating cover story and feedback revealed that the regression-to-baseline effect was primarily driven by presentation of the \"?\" feedback (Experiment 4). We conclude that the procedure of testing without feedback, used widely in studies of human cognition, is an appropriate way of assessing learning, as long as the missing data are attributed to the experimenter and the absence of feedback is not highlighted in a way that induces uncertainty. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"48 1","pages":"17-28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39765153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1