Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition最新文献

{"title":"Supplemental Material for Rats Delay Gratification During a Time-Based Diminishing Returns Task","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/xan0000305.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000305.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57377785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the 'timing' function of schedule-induced behavior on fixed-interval performance.","authors":"Gabriela E López-Tolsa,&nbsp;Ricardo Pellón","doi":"10.1037/xan0000308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It has been suggested that schedule-induced behaviors allow organisms to adapt better to temporal regularities of the environment. The main goal of the present study was to observe the effect of schedule-induced drinking (SID) on the performance in fixed-interval (FI) schedules. Rats were exposed to a FI 15-, 30-, or 60-s food reinforcement schedule, and only half of them had access to water in the experimental chamber. Rats with access to water developed SID, which occurred in the first part of the interval, regardless of the FI value, and was followed by an increase in lever pressing rate. There were no substantial differences in the quantitative measures of timing between groups that had or did not have access to water, except for the rats in the FI 15-s group with access to water, who showed longer postreinforcement pauses, possibly attributable to competition between SID and lever pressing. SID did not manifest the scalar property, contrary to lever pressing, but it is proposed that behaviors are displayed serially until the last behavior before the target operant response becomes a discriminative stimulus for that behavior. It is not assumed that the purpose of schedule-induced behaviors is to aid timing, but the development of behavioral patterns might determine the performance of organisms on temporal tasks. Additionally, in some cases competition between responses might exert more control on when the operant behavior occurs than timing. Timing seems to consist in the temporal organization of available behaviors that leads to a specific behavior occurring at a specified time, a single characteristic that typically had come to indicate accurate timing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"47 3","pages":"326-336"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39493515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative cognition-Conceptual and methodological advancements.","authors":"Andrew R Delamater,&nbsp;Edward A Wasserman","doi":"10.1037/xan0000309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000309","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This special issue originally placed a Call for Papers that emphasized the importance of \"Conceptual and Methodological\" advances in the field of Comparative Cognition. Represented here is a collection of 14 papers that helps to display some of the diversity of ideas and approaches within this flourishing research area. The first paper in this issue, by Gazes and Lazareva (2021), discusses transitive inference learning from the perspectives of: identifying the problems of contextual variables in studying different species; whether associative processes can or cannot fully account for the behavior and, if not, what alternative representational mechanisms might be at work; and, finally, how ecological considerations may support comparative research by suggesting novel theoretical and empirical questions. The next paper, by Loy et al. (2021) investigates questions related to the complexity of learning in invertebrate species, single-celled organisms, and plants. The paper by Rawlings et al. (2021) reviews the literature on cumulative cultural evolution, primarily in nonhuman primate species, and critically evaluates the importance of identifying the essential conceptual and methodological issues in what many have deemed to be a uniquely human form of behavior. The paper by Goto and Watanabe (2021) explores whether the mouse visual system is sensitive to Gestalt principles, using operant discrimination learning tasks similar to those used previously to document Gestalt processing in chimpanzees and humans. Qadri and Cook (2021) use the innovative approach of \"adaptive genetic algorithms\" to assess the relative importance of different features of a stimulus in controlling organisms' discrimination learning performance. Wittek et al. (2021) introduce a novel method for studying the importance of visual accumulation processes in pigeons when information is presented to a single hemisphere at a time. The paper by Cowie et al. (2021) focuses on a misallocation model of two-step sequence learning in young children and explores from a behavioranalytic viewpoint the implications of assuming that reinforcement might be misattributed to a misremembered response at the beginning of the behavioral sequence. The paper by López-Tolsa and Pellón (2021) explores whether the opportunity to display schedule-induced drinking as an early response within a behavioral sequence might alter the accuracy of temporal control in different-length fixed-interval schedule tasks with rats. Crystal (2021) reviews the literature examining episodic memory in nonhuman species and considers a variety of criteria and methods thought to be crucial for establishing empirical evidence for episodic memory in nonhumans, in general, and rats, in particular. Vila et al. (2021) discuss the use a novel 'hide-and-seek' task in preschool age children to study episodic-like memory; their work illustrates how memory dynamics can change over time in a manner not very unlike what has been demons","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"47 3","pages":"219-222"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39496110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlling for dogs' (Canis familiaris) use of nonmnemonic strategies in a spatial working memory task.","authors":"Sarah Krichbaum,&nbsp;Jordan G Smith,&nbsp;Lucia Lazarowski,&nbsp;Jeffrey S Katz","doi":"10.1037/xan0000293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000293","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Short assessments of spatial working memory (SWM) in dogs are becoming popular evaluations of canine aging and individual differences. In a typical SWM task, an experimenter hides a reward inside of a bucket at a specific stimulus position while the dog watches. Then, following a varying delay interval, the dog is released to choose a bucket. The longest delay at which the dog can successfully choose the bucket containing the reward is considered to reflect the dog's SWM duration. Although past studies were informative, the tasks often lacked a valid measure of SWM due to dogs' ability to use nonmnemonic strategies, such as body orientation or sustained attention, to successfully solve these tasks without relying on working memory mechanisms. Therefore, we designed the first study to assess the internal validity of these tasks by directly comparing dogs' performance on two experimental conditions. We found that dogs performed worse in a control condition in which nonmnemonic strategies were eliminated compared with a typical SWM task condition. In addition, our results indicate a strong relationship between the percentage of delay time that a dog spends orienting its head or body to the correct bucket and performance in a typical SWM task. These findings were the first to show a difference in SWM performance when dogs' use of nonmnemonic strategies was controlled and stress the importance of considering the internal validity of these tasks if used to examine SWM in future work. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"47 3","pages":"364-370"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39493518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive testing of the critical features in 2D-shape discrimination by pigeons and starlings.","authors":"Muhammad A J Qadri,&nbsp;Robert G Cook","doi":"10.1037/xan0000307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An innovative adaptive discrimination procedure examined how two bird species, pigeons and starlings, recognize and discriminate two-dimensional (2D) visual shapes. Prior results suggest a comparative divergence between mammals and birds in their relative reliance on vertices versus line segments to mediate discrimination. To address this potentially important difference, four pigeons and five starlings were tested with a square versus triangle discrimination in two experiments. An adaptive genetic algorithm guided the selection and organization of the training and test stimuli. Both species showed considerable flexibility in accurately selecting triangles despite wide variation in stimulus appearance and location. Most critically, Experiment 2 revealed that both bird species relied more on the figures' vertices during successful discrimination than their connecting line segments. This reliance was revealed by both traditional accuracy differences using contour-deleted displays and genetic algorithm-based shifts in \"gene values\" caused by the birds' selection. These results, in contrast to previous findings, indicate that mammals and birds likely converge in their reliance on vertices as a highly critical feature in visual shape discrimination. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"47 3","pages":"281-302"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39496115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unihemispheric evidence accumulation in pigeons.","authors":"Neslihan Wittek,&nbsp;Hiroshi Matsui,&nbsp;Mehdi Behroozi,&nbsp;Tobias Otto,&nbsp;Kevin Wittek,&nbsp;Nurullah Sarı,&nbsp;Sven Stoecker,&nbsp;Sara Letzner,&nbsp;Vikash Choudhary,&nbsp;Jutta Peterburs,&nbsp;Onur Güntürkün","doi":"10.1037/xan0000290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Perceptual decision making involves choices between alternatives based on sensory information. Studies in primates and rodents revealed a stochastic perceptual evidence accumulation process that, after reaching threshold, results in action execution. Birds represent a cognitively highly successful vertebrate class that has been evolving independent from mammals for more than 300 million years. The present study investigated whether perceptual decision making in pigeons shows behavioral and computational dynamics comparable to those in mammals and rodents. Using a novel \"pigeon helmet\" with liquid shutter displays that controls visual input to individual eyes/hemispheres with precise timing, we indeed revealed highly similar dynamics of perceptual decision making. Thus, both mammals and birds seem to share this core cognitive process that possibly represents a fundamental constituent of decision making throughout vertebrates. Interestingly, in our experiments we additionally discovered that both avian hemispheres start independent sensory accumulation processes without any major interhemispheric exchange. Because birds lack a corpus callosum and have only a small anterior commissure, they seem to be forced to decide on motor responses based on unihemispheric decisions under conditions of time pressure. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"47 3","pages":"303-316"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39496116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abstract-concept learning in two species of new world corvids, pinyon jays (Gymnorhinus Cyanocephalus) and California scrub jays (Aphelocoma Californica).","authors":"Alizée Vernouillet,&nbsp;Kevin Leonard,&nbsp;Jeffrey S Katz,&nbsp;John F Magnotti,&nbsp;Anthony Wright,&nbsp;Debbie M Kelly","doi":"10.1037/xan0000283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000283","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>concepts require individuals to identify relationships between novel stimuli. Previous studies have reported that the ability to learn abstract concepts is found in a wide range of species. In regard to a same/different concept, Clark's nutcrackers (<i>Nucifraga columbiana</i>) and black-billed magpies (<i>Pica hudsonia</i>), two corvid species, were shown to outperform other avian and primate species (Wright et al., 2017). Two additional corvid species, pinyon jays (<i>Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus</i>) and California scrub jays (<i>Aphelocoma californica</i>) chosen as they belong to a different clade than nutcrackers and magpies, were examined using the same set-size expansion procedure of the same/different task (the task used with nutcrackers and magpies) to evaluate whether this trait is common across the Corvidae lineage. During this task, concept learning is assessed with novel images after training. Results from the current study showed that when presented with novel stimuli after training with an 8-image set, discrimination accuracy did not differ significantly from chance for pinyon jays and California scrub jays, unlike the magpies and nutcrackers from previous studies that showed partial transfer at that stage. However, concept learning improved with each set-size expansion, and the jays reached full concept learning with a 128-image set. This performance is similar to the other corvids and monkeys tested, all of which outperform pigeons. Results from the current study show a qualitative similarity in full abstract-concept learning in all species tested with a quantitative difference in the set-size functions, highlighting the shared survival importance of mechanisms supporting abstract-concept learning for corvids and primates. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"47 3","pages":"384-392"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38976963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can we study episodic-like memory in preschoolers from an animal foraging model?","authors":"Javier Vila,&nbsp;Eneida Strempler-Rubio,&nbsp;Angélica Alvarado","doi":"10.1037/xan0000304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Episodic-like memory (ELM) involves remembering the <i>what</i>, <i>where</i>, and <i>when</i> (WWW) of an event as a whole, and it can be studied behaviorally. In research regarding this type of memory with children, one experiment proposes a new task adapted from animal foraging studies. A task derived from a foraging model was presented its considers the characteristics required for ELM study in children and employs a single trial presented from an egocentric perspective to avoid memory consolidation. One study compared four-year-old children's choices after being trained with one or three trials using a hide-and-seek task. The consequence size and retention interval between training and test were manipulated. Results showed that children chose the optimal outcome after an immediate or delayed test. The children's choices were conditional on the size of the consequences and the time at retrieval according to the Temporal Weighting Rule (Devenport & Devenport, 1994). The results were similar to those of animal studies and were consistent with a foraging memory model. In discussion, the advantages and limitations of the proposed task for the study of ELM in children are described and explained. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"47 3","pages":"357-363"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39493517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Focusing and shifting attention in pigeon category learning.","authors":"Leyre Castro,&nbsp;Ella Remund Wiger,&nbsp;Edward Wasserman","doi":"10.1037/xan0000302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adaptively and flexibly modifying one's behavior depending on the current demands of the situation is a hallmark of executive function. Here, we examined whether pigeons could flexibly shift their attention from one set of features that were relevant in one categorization task to another set of features that were relevant in a second categorization task. Critically, members of both sets of features were available on every training trial, thereby requiring that attention be adaptively deployed on a trial-by-trial basis based on contextual information. The pigeons not only learned to correctly categorize the stimuli but, as training progressed, they concentrated their pecks to the training stimuli (a proxy measure for attention) on those features that were relevant in a specific context. The pigeons selectively tracked the features that were relevant in Context 1-but were irrelevant in Context 2-and they selectively tracked the features that were relevant in Context 2-but were irrelevant in Context 1. This adept feature tracking requires disengaging attention from a previously relevant feature and shifting attention to a previously ignored feature on a trial-by-trial basis. Pigeons' adaptive and flexible performance provides strong empirical support for the involvement of focusing and shifting attention under exceptionally challenging training conditions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"47 3","pages":"371-383"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8514057/pdf/nihms-1738632.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39493519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Where association ends. A review of associative learning in invertebrates, plants and protista, and a reflection on its limits.","authors":"Ignacio Loy,&nbsp;Susana Carnero-Sierra,&nbsp;Félix Acebes,&nbsp;Judit Muñiz-Moreno,&nbsp;Clara Muñiz-Diez,&nbsp;José-Carlos Sánchez-González","doi":"10.1037/xan0000306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000306","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Minimal Cognition approach has emerged vigorously, focusing on the study of the adaptive behavior of the simplest organisms, including bacteria, assuming that they are sentient and information-processing entities. Although Minimal Cognition has occasionally used Pavlovian methods to try to demonstrate Associative Learning, neither the Psychology of Learning nor the Comparative Psychology traditions are prominent in the movement. However, the Psychology of Learning approach, with its highly sophisticated experimental designs, has done a great deal of research on Associative Learning in animals and carried out several studies on plants and unicellular organisms. The present work offers a comprehensive review of these experimental results, among invertebrates, plants and unicellular organisms (paramecia and the amoeba <i>Physarum policephalum</i>) showing that, while there are increasing instances of Associative Learning in many invertebrate <i>phyla</i> (and also many <i>phyla</i> with no data) there is no adequate evidence of it in unicellular protists (despite more than a century of experiments with paramecia and amoeba) or in plants (despite recent results that so claim). We then consider the alternative offered by Minimal Cognition and suggest some complementary ideas, from a Comparative Developmental Psychology approach, which we call \"Minimal Development.\" (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"47 3","pages":"234-251"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39496112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}