Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition最新文献

Novelty mismatch as a determinant of latent inhibition. 新颖性错配是潜在抑制的决定因素。

IF 1.2 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000388

Mark Haselgrove, Sandra Lagator, Sue Lynn Mah, Emily K Gray

{"title":"Novelty mismatch as a determinant of latent inhibition.","authors":"Mark Haselgrove, Sandra Lagator, Sue Lynn Mah, Emily K Gray","doi":"10.1037/xan0000388","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000388","url":null,"abstract":"Latent inhibition refers to the observation, made in both human and nonhuman animals, that learning about the relationship between a stimulus and an outcome progresses more rapidly when the stimulus is novel compared to when the stimulus has been rendered familiar by preexposure. Three experiments with human participants show that this effect can be reversed to reveal faster learning about a familiar than a novel stimulus, by manipulating the novelty/familiarity of the experimental context. In each experiment, during Stage 1, a preexposed stimulus was rendered familiar by being repeatedly presented within a stream of distractor letters that constituted the experimental context. In a subsequent training stage, participants were required to respond to a target outcome that was preceded by the familiar stimulus on some trials and a novel stimulus on others. These trials were also presented within a stream of contextual distractor stimuli. The results showed that during the training stage, learning about the familiar stimulus proceeded more successfully than the novel stimulus when the distractor stimuli sustained novelty during training (Experiments 1-3), but that this effect could be reverted to latent inhibition when the distractor stimuli sustained familiarity during training (Experiments 2 and 3). The results are in keeping with a novelty-mismatch analysis of latent inhibition, and a novelty-mediated generalization explanation of the results is proposed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"13-34"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142774876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Extinction induced representational change. 灭绝引起了代表性的变化。

IF 1.2 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000391

James Byron Nelson, Maria Del Carmen Sanjuan

{"title":"Extinction induced representational change.","authors":"James Byron Nelson, Maria Del Carmen Sanjuan","doi":"10.1037/xan0000391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000391","url":null,"abstract":"Extinction may alter the representation of a cue (e.g., it becomes less salient). To assess that idea, three groups learned to suppress mouse clicking in a video game in negative-patterning (X+/Y+/XY-) and positive-patterning (Z+/W+/ZW++) discriminations followed by extinction of X and Z. The negative-patterning discrimination should depend on a configural cue that is dependent on the representation of X and Y. Removal of the excitatory influence of X should further reduce responding to XY. In contrast, if extinction alters the representation of X, the original XY configural cue supporting the discrimination should also be changed, affecting inhibitory control, increasing responding to XY. Following patterning, groups received extinction in the same context as training (Ext A), a different context (Ext B), or received no extinction (no extinction). All stimuli were tested in Context A. Group no extinction showed negative patterning; suppression to X and Y was greater than to XY while suppression to Z, W, and ZW was equally strong. In group Ext A extinction reduced suppression to X, increased suppression to XY, reversed the X/XY discrimination, and weakened the Y/XY discrimination. Extinction of Z reduced suppression to Z with no effect on W or ZW. Group Ext B showed renewal of X and a renewal of the X/XY and Y/XY discriminations. Results suggest some form of representational change in X occurred during extinction disrupting the original XY configural cue that was dependent on that representation. Findings are discussed with respect to theories of associative learning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"51 1","pages":"35-49"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143016479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Symmetrical "super learning": Enhancing causal learning using a bidirectional probabilistic outcome. 对称“超级学习”：利用双向概率结果加强因果学习。

IF 1.2 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000390

Santiago Castiello, Gabriella FitzGerald, Georgina M Aisbitt, A G Baker, Robin A Murphy

{"title":"Symmetrical \"super learning\": Enhancing causal learning using a bidirectional probabilistic outcome.","authors":"Santiago Castiello, Gabriella FitzGerald, Georgina M Aisbitt, A G Baker, Robin A Murphy","doi":"10.1037/xan0000390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000390","url":null,"abstract":"In a learning environment, with multiple predictive cues for a single outcome, cues interfere with or enhance each other during the acquisition process (e.g., Baker et al., 1993). Previous experiments have focused on cues that signal the presence or absence of binary outcomes. This introduces a perceptual and perhaps motivational asymmetry between excitatory and inhibitory learning. Here, using a bidirectional outcome, we asked whether learning about both generative (incremental positive outcome) and preventative (incremental negative outcome) causal cues show similar enhancement effects in opposite directions. In three experiments with humans using predictive learning tasks, participants (N = 133) were exposed to probabilistic predictive cues for opposite polarity events. Generative cues caused an increase in outcome likelihood, while preventative cues decreased it. An analysis of explicit predictive ratings found evidence for symmetrical learning and enhanced learning for both generative and preventative cues. The results are discussed in relation to super learning, an effect derived from theories of competitive learning based on error correction and theories of contrasting probability estimates. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"51 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143016486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Explicit and implicit intermixed-blocked effects in the absence of instructions requiring the search for differences between visual stimuli. 在缺乏要求寻找视觉刺激之间差异的指令时，显式和隐式混合阻塞效应。

IF 1.2 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000389

Gabriel Rodríguez, Fernando Rodríguez-San Juan

{"title":"Explicit and implicit intermixed-blocked effects in the absence of instructions requiring the search for differences between visual stimuli.","authors":"Gabriel Rodríguez, Fernando Rodríguez-San Juan","doi":"10.1037/xan0000389","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000389","url":null,"abstract":"In three experiments, participants were asked to mentally count how many target stimuli appeared in a sequence of presentations, without informing them that there were two types of stimuli (AX and BX) with a specific difference. Some participants received intermixed AX and BX presentations (INT groups), while others received the presentations in blocks (BLK groups). In all three experiments, the INT group showed a greater ability to differentiate the stimuli in a posttest compared to the BLK group. In Experiment 1a, where AX and BX were drawings of plants that differed in the number of petals, the improvement in differentiation was accompanied by the ability to identify the specific difference. However, in Experiments 1b and 2, where AX and BX were robots with a more subtle difference in eye separation, the improvement in differentiation occurred without participants being able to indicate what the difference between the stimuli was. These results suggest that intermixed preexposure can generate, without the need for initial instructions to look for differences between stimuli, both explicit (Experiment 1a) and implicit (Experiments 1b and 2) beneficial effects on stimulus differentiation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"50-60"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142774872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Contextual modulation of human associative learning following novelty-facilitated extinction, counterconditioning, and conventional extinction. 新奇感促进消退、反条件反射和传统消退对人类联想学习的情境调节。

IF 1.2 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000385

Jérémie Jozefowiez, James E Witnauer, Yaroslav Moshchenko, Cameron M McCrea, Kristina A Stenstrom, Ralph R Miller

{"title":"Contextual modulation of human associative learning following novelty-facilitated extinction, counterconditioning, and conventional extinction.","authors":"Jérémie Jozefowiez, James E Witnauer, Yaroslav Moshchenko, Cameron M McCrea, Kristina A Stenstrom, Ralph R Miller","doi":"10.1037/xan0000385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000385","url":null,"abstract":"The expression of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) can be attenuated by presenting the CS by itself (i.e., extinction, Ext). Though effective, Ext is susceptible to recovery effects such as renewal, spontaneous recovery, and reinstatement. Dunsmoor et al. (2015, 2019) have proposed that pairing the CS with a neutral outcome (novelty-facilitated Ext [NFE]) could offer better protection against recovery effects than Ext. Though NFE has been compared to Ext, it has rarely been compared to counterconditioning (CC), a similar procedure except that the CS is paired with a US having a valence opposite to the US used in initial training. We report two aversive conditioning experiments using the rapid-trial streaming procedure with human participants that compare the efficacies and susceptibilities to ABA renewal of Ext, CC, and NFE. Associative learning was assessed through expectancy learning and evaluative conditioning. CC and NFE equally decreased anticipation of the US in the presence of the CS (i.e., expectancy learning). Depending on how the CS-US association was probed, they were either as or more effective at doing so than Ext. All three interference treatments were equally susceptible to context manipulations. Only CC clearly altered the valence of the CS (i.e., evaluative conditioning). Valence ratings after Ext, CC, and NFE, as well as a no-interference control condition, were all equally susceptible to context effects. Overall, the present study does not support the assertion that NFE is consistently more resistant to recovery effects than Ext. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"50 4","pages":"267-284"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142480682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Test performance in optional shift and configural acquired equivalence are positively correlated. 可选移位的测试成绩与构型获得的等效性呈正相关。

IF 1.2 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000384

Sara Bru García, David N George, Jasper Robinson

引用次数: 0

Impact of equivalence class training on same/different learning by pigeons. 等价类训练对鸽子同/异学习的影响

IF 1.2 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000379

Robert G Cook, Aaron P Blaisdell

{"title":"Impact of equivalence class training on same/different learning by pigeons.","authors":"Robert G Cook, Aaron P Blaisdell","doi":"10.1037/xan0000379","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000379","url":null,"abstract":"Separating and isolating the contributions of perception to concept formation in animals has been a long-standing and persistent challenge. Here we describe a novel approach to assessing this question by using equivalence training consisting of unrelated images as the basis for subsequent same/different (S/D) learning. Following equivalence class training, two groups of pigeons attempted to learn a go/no-go discrimination task constructed from these classes. In the go/no-go task, a consistent group was given an S/D assignment that aligned with this prior training (same vs. different classes). An inconsistent group was given go/no-go assignments that were misaligned with their established classes. The consistent group exhibited better learning and stimulus control in their S/D task than did the inconsistent group. These results suggest that pigeons can use trained properties derived from class-based information to learn an S/D task without the aid of perceptual similarity. This novel approach holds promise for helping to evaluate the contribution of perceptual similarity to different types of concept learning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"247-253"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140873040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Both probability and rate of reinforcement can affect the acquisition and maintenance of conditioned responses. 强化的概率和速度都会影响条件反射的获得和维持。

IF 1.2 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000386

Jorge Mallea, Atara Schulhof, Charles R Gallistel, Peter D Balsam

{"title":"Both probability and rate of reinforcement can affect the acquisition and maintenance of conditioned responses.","authors":"Jorge Mallea, Atara Schulhof, Charles R Gallistel, Peter D Balsam","doi":"10.1037/xan0000386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000386","url":null,"abstract":"In Pavlovian conditioning, the strength of a conditioned response is a function of the probability of reinforcement. However, manipulations of probability are often confounded with changes in the rate of reinforcement. Two between-group experiments in mice evaluated the effect of the probability of reinforcement, while controlling the rate of reinforcement, on appetitive conditioning and extinction. Experiment 1 equated the reinforcement rate by manipulating the number of reinforcements received in each reinforced trial in a critical group (one vs. two consecutive rewards). The results of this experiment showed that probability influenced the rate of responses in acquisition, even when controlling the reinforcement rate. Experiment 2 further assessed the role of probability on behavior while controlling the rate of reinforcement during the conditioned stimulus (CS) using a split-trial design, in which the total CS time was held constant but presented in different numbers of discrete trials (e.g., 50% reinforcement with two 12 s CS's vs. 100% reinforcement with a 24 s average CS duration). This experiment confirmed that probability influenced response rates, and both the probability and rate of reinforcement affected the proportion of trials with responses. Together, these results suggest that the probability of reinforcement, while having little effect on the speed at which responses emerged, affects responding even when the rate of reinforcement is held constant. The results challenge formal learning theories to account for the effects of both the probability and rate of reinforcement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"50 4","pages":"254-266"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142486108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Renewal of instrumental avoidance in humans. 人类工具性回避的更新。

IF 1.2 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000383

Gonzalo P Urcelay, Kadell Symmons, Bethany Amos, Hazem Toutounji, Arthur Prével

{"title":"Renewal of instrumental avoidance in humans.","authors":"Gonzalo P Urcelay, Kadell Symmons, Bethany Amos, Hazem Toutounji, Arthur Prével","doi":"10.1037/xan0000383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000383","url":null,"abstract":"The ABA renewal effect occurs when behavior is trained in one context (A), extinguished in a second context (B), and the test occurs in the training context (A). Two mechanisms that explain ABA renewal are context summation at the test and contextual modulation of extinction learning, with the former being unlikely if both contexts have a similar associative history. In two experiments, we used within-subjects designs in which participants learned to avoid a loud noise (unconditioned stimulus) signaled by discrete visual stimuli (conditioned stimuli [CSs]), by pressing the space bar on the computer keyboard. The training was conducted in two contexts, with a different pair of CSs (CS+ and CS-) trained in each context. During extinction, CS+ and CS- stimuli were presented in the alternative context from that of training, and participants were allowed to freely respond, but no loud noise was presented. Finally, all CSs were tested in both contexts, resulting in a within-subjects ABA versus ABB comparison. Across experiments, participants increased avoidance responses during training and decreased them during extinction, although Experiment 2 revealed less extinction. During the test, responding was higher when CS+ were tested in the training context (ABA) versus the extinction context (ABB), revealing the renewal of instrumental avoidance. Experiment 2 also measured expectancy after the avoidance test and revealed a remarkable similarity between avoidance responses and expectancy ratings. This study shows the renewal of instrumental avoidance in humans, and the results suggest the operation of a modulatory role for the context in renewal, similar to the occasion setting of extinction learning by the context. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"50 3","pages":"197-209"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dual-system free-operant avoidance: Extension of a theory. 双系统自由操作回避：理论延伸

IF 1.2 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000377

Omar D Perez, Anthony Dickinson

引用次数: 0