Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition最新文献_第2页

Evidence for timing in the midsession reversal task with rats. 以大鼠为实验对象的间歇逆转任务中时间的证据。

IF 0.9 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-09-14 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000442

Marcelo Bussotti Reyes, Fillipi da Rosa Ferreira, Gabriel Gobbo, Marcelo Salvador Caetano, Armando Machado

{"title":"Evidence for timing in the midsession reversal task with rats.","authors":"Marcelo Bussotti Reyes, Fillipi da Rosa Ferreira, Gabriel Gobbo, Marcelo Salvador Caetano, Armando Machado","doi":"10.1037/xan0000442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000442","url":null,"abstract":"The midsession reversal task is frequently used to study behavioral flexibility and decision strategies in animals. In a typical version of the task, subjects complete 80 trials in which they choose between two simultaneously presented stimuli, S1 and S2. During the first 40 trials, responses to S1 are reinforced, whereas responses to S2 are not. The contingencies then reverse and, from Trial 41 to 80, only responses to S2 are reinforced. In birds, performance in this task is often characterized by a strong preference for S1 on the first trials and for S2 on the last trials, with a gradual reversal of preference from S1 to S2 around the contingency-reversal trial. Anticipatory and perseverative errors at midsession suggest that the birds rely on elapsed time since the session began to reverse their preference. In contrast, rats tested in operant conditioning chambers typically show near-optimal performance with few errors, a pattern often interpreted as evidence that rats rely primarily on local reinforcement cues rather than temporal information. The present study investigated whether rats exclusively rely on local cues in the midsession reversal task or whether temporal information also contributes to the decision process. Two groups of rats were trained in the standard task with different intertrial intervals: 5 or 10 s. During acquisition, both groups displayed similar learning rates and near-optimal steady-state performance with minimal anticipatory or perseverative errors. However, when the intertrial interval changed in probe sessions, the pattern of choices was affected also by the temporal midpoint experienced during training. These results suggest that rats rely on a mixed strategy that combines local response-outcome cues from the last trial(s) with global time cues. Hence, temporal control may be present even when it is not expressed during standard training sessions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148971904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The enduring search for avian geomagnetic sensory transduction. 对鸟类地磁感觉转导的持久探索。

IF 0.9 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-08-31 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000444

Verner P Bingman

引用次数: 0

Hive minds? Insect architecture and informational landscapes. 蜂群思维?昆虫建筑和信息景观。

IF 0.9 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-08-27 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000443

Benjamin Alexander Whittaker

引用次数: 0

The effect of interleaving identity- and spatial-recognition trials on cueing. 身份识别与空间识别交替试验对线索的影响。

IF 0.9 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-07-27 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000438

John Solorzano-Restrepo, Sophie Jones, Fredrick R Zenny, Catrina Gillespie, Kenneth J Leising

{"title":"The effect of interleaving identity- and spatial-recognition trials on cueing.","authors":"John Solorzano-Restrepo, Sophie Jones, Fredrick R Zenny, Catrina Gillespie, Kenneth J Leising","doi":"10.1037/xan0000438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000438","url":null,"abstract":"Cues presented before (pre-cue) or after (retro-cue) a task-relevant stimulus (target) can improve visual working memory for the cued target. Griffin and Nobre (2003) found a differential cueing advantage depending on whether participants were required to detect a change in a target's color (identity recognition) or its location (spatial recognition). We investigated how interleaving identity- and spatial-recognition trials influenced the effectiveness of cueing. Participants completed a successive same-different procedure in which colored background pre- or retro-cues signaled whether to match a target based on its identity or location. When identity- and spatial-recognition trials were encountered in separate blocks and instructions were provided at the start of each block, cueing effects were not observed (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, interleaving the same trials within blocks produced main effects of cueing and trial type, as well as an interaction. In Experiment 3, the trial-by-trial task requirement was consistent throughout each session (similar to Experiment 1), but the more discriminable difference (identity or spatial) was cued on each trial (similar to Experiment 2). Congruency effects, but no cueing effects, were observed. These experiments revealed several key factors that influence cueing effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148594710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Visual search for redundantly defined target in pigeons: The effects of trialwise search difficulty on redundancy gain. 鸽子中冗余定义目标的视觉搜索：试验搜索难度对冗余增益的影响。

IF 0.9 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-07-20 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000441

Masako Jitsumori

{"title":"Visual search for redundantly defined target in pigeons: The effects of trialwise search difficulty on redundancy gain.","authors":"Masako Jitsumori","doi":"10.1037/xan0000441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000441","url":null,"abstract":"The redundant signals effect was examined in a visual search task with pigeons. In Experiment 1, pigeons searched for a fixed target among homogeneous, identical distractors that differed from the target on one of two dimensions. Target-distractor discriminability varied across trials, resulting in trial-by-trial changes in search difficulty. When set size increased at test, the relationship between response time and difficulty followed an inverted U-shaped function: Pigeons responded quickly but inaccurately on the most difficult trials, most slowly on trials of intermediate difficulty, and quickly and accurately on easy trials. With smaller set sizes, response time remained flat despite large variation in difficulty. In Experiment 2, the target differed redundantly from distractors on both dimensions, and performance was compared with that on single-cue trials. On difficult trials, redundant cues produced slower but more accurate search than single-cue trials, indicating a time-investing enhancement consistent with a speed-accuracy tradeoff. On trials of intermediate difficulty, redundant cues reduced response time while maintaining high accuracy, demonstrating the typical time-saving enhancement. However, this time-saving benefit diminished as the cues were more salient and the search difficulty on the corresponding single-cue trials decreased. Search efficiency, measured as the slope of response time as a function of set size, was determined solely by the most salient cue. These findings suggest that the two forms of redundancy enhancement arise from distinct processing loci and emerge automatically when individually learned cues are combined. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148521404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The conditioning-delay gradient, not impulsivity, accounts for apparent steep delay discounting in monkeys (Macaca mulatta). 条件-延迟梯度，而不是冲动性，解释了猴子（猕猴）明显的急剧延迟折扣。

IF 0.9 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-07-20 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000440

Ty Henley, Tara Dove-VanWormer, Robert R Hampton

{"title":"The conditioning-delay gradient, not impulsivity, accounts for apparent steep delay discounting in monkeys (Macaca mulatta).","authors":"Ty Henley, Tara Dove-VanWormer, Robert R Hampton","doi":"10.1037/xan0000440","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000440","url":null,"abstract":"Nonhuman animals, like humans, often prefer smaller immediate reward over larger delayed reward, suggesting \"discounting\" of future reward. In studies of nonhuman animals, this preference is measured by offering repeated choices between icons resulting in smaller immediate or larger delayed reward. One possible mechanism driving discounting behavior is that subjects forget during the delay to reinforcement which option they chose at the beginning of the trial. If this account is correct, preventing forgetting should decrease apparent discounting. In Experiment 1, we tested this hypothesis by having monkeys choose between immediate and delayed reward with either a blank delay to reinforcement or with the chosen icon visible during the delay such that the icon could potentially remind monkeys of their choice. When the chosen icon remained visible, apparent discounting was significantly reduced. This result suggested that reminding was effective. However, keeping the chosen icon visible during the delay also meant that the icon was visible immediately prior to reward, potentially causing the icon to accrue more associative strength with reward than would occur when there was a temporal gap between the icon and reward. Experiment 2 distinguished between reminding and associative learning by hiding the icon after selection and briefly showing it before reward delivery. Apparent discounting remained attenuated. These results indicate that the conditioning-delay gradient is a strong determinant of the choices of monkeys in delay discounting paradigms and indicate that animal models may not capture the processes proposed to explain delay discounting in humans, such as impulsivity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13390784/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148521354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Variability, stability, and the law of effect. 可变性，稳定性和效果法则。

IF 0.9 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-06 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000427

Edward A Wasserman, Odysseus R P Orr, Sophia Li

{"title":"Variability, stability, and the law of effect.","authors":"Edward A Wasserman, Odysseus R P Orr, Sophia Li","doi":"10.1037/xan0000427","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000427","url":null,"abstract":"Rewards strengthen behaviors they follow. This principle, articulated in Thorndike's Law of Effect, is foundational to behavioral science-but it obscures two different ways behaviors may be strengthened. First, and axiomatic, is that the frequency of rewarded behaviors increases. Second, but less well established, is that the variability of rewarded behaviors decreases. Indeed, since Thorndike's pioneering research, investigations into behavioral variability have posed a challenging theoretical puzzle: Some indicate a winnowing of behavioral variants, whereas others suggest an ongoing waxing and waning of even dominant behavioral variants throughout rewarded training. We devised a new experimental task which allowed us to monitor pigeons' sequential pecking of five visually distinctive touchscreen buttons, with all sequences delivering food reward. The 120 possible five-peck sequences we monitored over 250 daily sessions produced a rich set of data to help solve this puzzle. We found that pigeons did decrease the diversity of the sequences they performed. Nevertheless, pigeons continued to perform many different sequences-with even the most dominant sequences frequently rising and falling. These findings and others in diverse realms of behavioral science, neuroscience, and computer science suggest a far-reaching solution to this puzzle: The form and frequency of consistently rewarded behavior involve a dynamic adaptive balance between stability produced by the Law of Effect and variability induced by a persistent exploratory predisposition. Called \"the edge of chaos,\" this balance point preserves responses that reliably secure rewards and engenders behavioral flexibility in the event that the prevailing contingencies change or better options arise. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"129-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147624759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reinstatement as renewal produced by associative changes in context. 恢复是由语境中的关联变化所产生的更新。

IF 0.9 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-05 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000422

James Byron Nelson, Maria Del Carmen Sanjuan

{"title":"Reinstatement as renewal produced by associative changes in context.","authors":"James Byron Nelson, Maria Del Carmen Sanjuan","doi":"10.1037/xan0000422","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000422","url":null,"abstract":"Two experiments examined the hypothesis that reinstatement, the recovery of an extinguished response to a cue with the introduction of the unsignaled outcome used in conditioning, can result from context-outcome associations changing between extinction and testing resulting in a renewal of responding to the extinguished cue. The experiments manipulated whether context-outcome associations at testing were the same as those in conditioning or extinction. Using a space-shooter video game, participants learned to press a key in response to a spaceship (O1) which was signaled by a sensor cue (R) in conditioning and then received extinction where R appeared alone. In both phases, context-outcome associations were manipulated by unsignaled presentations of another spaceship (O2, associated with a different key), or its absence. In a third phase, context-outcome associations in the absence of R and O1 were manipulated to be the same as those in conditioning or extinction. When O2 was present during conditioning and immediately before test, but absent in extinction, a strong recovery of extinguished R-O1 responding was observed. When O2 was absent during conditioning and immediately before testing, but present in extinction, a smaller recovery of R-O1 was observed. When a new spaceship (O3) was introduced immediately before testing, a recovery of R-O1 was observed only if O2 had been present in conditioning, suggesting that the effects observed were not simply disinhibition of responding. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"139-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147367242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Emotional contagion of positive mood in insects. 昆虫积极情绪的情绪传染。

IF 0.9 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-09 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000426

Catherine Macri, Luigi Baciadonna, Martin Giurfa

引用次数: 0

The partial reinforcement extinction effect: Learning about trial sequences or time to reinforcement. 部分强化消退效应：了解试验序列或强化时间。

IF 0.9 4区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-09 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000428

Mirari V B Wilcher, Justin A Harris

{"title":"The partial reinforcement extinction effect: Learning about trial sequences or time to reinforcement.","authors":"Mirari V B Wilcher, Justin A Harris","doi":"10.1037/xan0000428","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xan0000428","url":null,"abstract":"The partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) occurs when conditioned responses that were acquired with partial (inconsistent) reinforcement (PRf) extinguish more slowly than responses acquired with continuous (consistent) reinforcement. Sequential theory (Capaldi, 1966, 1994) offers the most popular account of the PREE-that, under PRf, subjects learn that they are reinforced after experiencing sequences of nonreinforcement, and this promotes continued responding during extinction. Recently, Jiao and Harris (2024) showed that rats could learn to anticipate reinforcement after a sequence of nonreinforced trials, but for these rats, being able to predict reinforcement reduced the PREE. However, it is possible that those rats learned to anticipate reinforcement based on time intervals rather than trial sequences. This issue was addressed in the present study. Four groups of rats were trained with both a continuous (consistent) reinforcement and PRf stimulus, and the timing and sequences of reinforcement were systematically manipulated between groups. The results showed that rats used temporal intervals, and not sequences, to predict reinforcement of the PRf stimulus, which calls into question previous findings for sequence learning and directly challenges the main premise of sequential theory. Moreover, during subsequent extinction, a PREE was only observed in groups that had not been able to predict reinforcement. The findings suggest that the PREE depends on uncertainty about reinforcement, and thus increased certainty about reinforcement makes the absence of reinforcement more informative, which promotes faster extinction learning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"169-182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147391265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0