Antibiotics-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Surviving Colonies of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Isolated In Vivo from Infected, Antibiotic-Treated <i>Galleria mellonella</i> Larvae Acquire an Antibiotic-Tolerant Phenotype.","authors":"Alex McCormack, Joanne K Hobbs, Paul R Johnston, Peter J Coote","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14050507","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14050507","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The aim of this work was to induce the formation of antibiotic-tolerant and/or persister cells in vivo using antibiotic therapy on <i>Galleria mellonella</i> larvae infected with <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, isolate these surviving cells, and characterise their phenotype and genotype. <b>Methods</b>: Infected larvae were treated with effective doses of either ceftazidime or meropenem. Despite this, surviving <i>P. aeruginosa</i> colonies were isolated from living larvae, and antibiotic killing, fitness, virulence, antibiotic resistance and the whole genome sequence of a selection of these isolates were compared with their original parent strains. <b>Results</b>: The surviving isolates had an increased minimum duration to kill 99% of the population (MDK₉₉) upon exposure to ceftazidime or meropenem and decreased growth rates in culture, but they showed no change to the MIC or virulence-consistent with an antibiotic-tolerant phenotype. Long-read genome sequencing of selected isolates revealed only one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within <i>bkdB</i>, encoding the lipoamide acyltransferase component of the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase, present in two independent isolates. However, time-kill assays with ceftazidime of <i>bkdB</i> knockout strains showed no significant change in the MDK₉₉. Concomitant with the antibiotic-tolerant phenotype, many of the isolates also had a reduced rate of killing when exposed to heat stress. <b>Conclusions</b>: <i>P. aeruginosa</i> cells that survived antibiotic therapy in vivo were found to be antibiotic-tolerant and thermotolerant but not antibiotic-resistant and had reduced growth rates under optimal conditions but unchanged virulence. In the absence of a convincing genetic explanation, the co-induction of enhanced thermotolerance with antibiotic tolerance indicated that both are conferred by a heritable phenotypic mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12108411/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accurate Diagnosis of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Is Critical to Mitigating Development of Antibiotic Resistance.","authors":"Hala I Al-Daghistani, Lubna F Abu-Niaaj, Sima Zein","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14050509","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14050509","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: The accurate and rapid diagnosis of infections is critical for effective and timely treatment. Misdiagnosis often leads to the prescription of antibiotics not targeting the causing agent of infection and thus be the possible development of multidrug resistance. This collectively worsens the condition and might lead to unnecessary intervention or death. The abundance of <i>Pseudomonas</i> spp. in healthcare-settings and the environment may lead to the inaccurate diagnosis of <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, making the treatment of its infections challenging. <i>P. aeruginosa</i> is a Gram-negative, opportunistic pathogen commonly linked to healthcare-associated infections. Its pathogenicity is attributed to several virulence factors correlated to enhanced survivability and colonization, invasion of the host tissues, and the development of multidrug resistance. When advanced diagnostic facilities are limited or unaffordable, the prescription of antibiotics solely relies on identifying the bacteria by culture-based methods. <b>Objectives</b>: This study aims to validate the accuracy of diagnosis of fifty clinical isolates preidentified as <i>P. aeruginosa</i> in three healthcare facilities in Jordan. <b>Methods</b>: The isolates were from infected areas of patients, including skin, wounds, ears, urine, and peritoneal cavities. Morphological and biochemical tests were performed, and the validation relied on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene. This molecular method is affordable for medical facilities with limited finances in contrast to advanced high-cost techniques. <b>Results</b>: The PCR confirmed that only 60% of the isolates were <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. All the confirmed isolates could produce different pigments and form biofilms. <b>Conclusions</b>: The high percentage of isolates mistakenly identified as <i>P. aeruginosa</i> raises concern about the suitability of prescribed antibiotics. The present study strongly recommends using advanced molecular methods to identify the pathogens. If conventional methods remain the only diagnostic option, this study recommends frequent external validation for tests in addition to performing an antibiotic susceptibility test to pinpoint the effective antibiotics against biofilm-producing <i>P. aeruginosa.</i></p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12108264/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenomic Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> Strains Carrying Wide Efflux-Associated and Virulence Genes from the Dairy Farm Environment in Xinjiang, China.","authors":"Muhammad Shoaib, Sehrish Gul, Sana Majeed, Zhuolin He, Baocheng Hao, Minjia Tang, Xunjing Zhang, Zhongyong Wu, Shengyi Wang, Wanxia Pu","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14050511","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14050511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Livestock species, particularly dairy animals, can serve as important reservoirs of <i>E. coli</i>, carrying antibiotic resistance and virulence genes under constant selective pressure and their spread in the environment. In this study, we performed the pathogenomic analysis of seven multidrug resistant (MDR) <i>E. coli</i> strains carrying efflux-associated and virulence genes from the dairy farm environment in Xinjiang Province, China. <b>Methods</b>: First, we processed the samples using standard microbiological techniques followed by species identification with MALDI-TOF MS. Then, we performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) on the Illumina NovaSeq PE150 platform and conducted pathogenomic analysis using multiple bioinformatics tools. <b>Results</b>: WGS analysis revealed that the <i>E. coli</i> strains harbored diverse antibiotic efflux-associated genes, including conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, aminocoumarins, macrolides, peptides, phosphonic acid, nitroimidazole, tetracyclines, disinfectants/antiseptics, and multidrug resistance. The phylogenetic analysis classified seven <i>E. coli</i> strains into B1 (<i>n</i> = 4), C (<i>n</i> = 2), and F (<i>n</i> = 1) phylogroups. PathogenFinder predicted all <i>E. coli</i> strains as potential human pathogens belonging to distinct serotypes and carrying broad virulence genes (ranging from 12 to 27), including the Shiga toxin-producing gene (<i>stx1</i>, <i>n</i> = 1). However, we found that a few of the virulence genes were associated with prophages and genomic islands in the <i>E. coli</i> strains. Moreover, all <i>E. coli</i> strains carried a diverse bacterial secretion systems and biofilm-associated genes. <b>Conclusions</b>: The present study highlights the need for large-scale genomic surveillance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in dairy farm environments to identify AMR reservoir spillover and pathogenic risks to humans and design targeted interventions to further stop their spread under a One Health framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12108283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Colistin Resistance in Clinical Isolates from Healthcare Facilities in Mthatha and Surrounding Areas.","authors":"Silindokuhle Ndlela, Ravesh Singh, Sandeep Vasaikar","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14050505","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14050505","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat in the public healthcare sector. The emergence of carbapenem-resistant <i>Enterobacterales</i> (CRE) has become a serious public health threat in South Africa. The spread of CRE has led to the use of colistin for treating severe infections. Colistin is a cationic, lipopeptide antibacterial agent that is effective against most Gram-negative bacteria through its disruption of the bacterial cell membrane. This study aims to determine the colistin resistance (MIC) and mobile colistin resistance (<i>mcr-1</i>) gene in clinical isolates from healthcare facilities in Mthatha and its surrounding areas. <b>Methods</b>: Fifty-three CRE isolates were collected from health facilities between January 2019 and June 2021 and stored in skim milk 10% and 5% inositol broth. The carbapenemase confirmatory test involved a RESIST-4 O.K.N.V assay (Coris BioConcept, Gembloux, Belgium), which was conducted following manufacturer protocol. Broth microdilution was performed according to the ISO standard method (20776-1) using A ComAspTM colistin 0.25-16 μg/mL MIC Broth. Conventional polymerase reaction (PCR) was performed for the detection of <i>mcr-1</i>. <b>Results</b>: <i>N</i> = 53 (100%) isolates were used. A total of 53% were defined as <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, Escherichia coli constituted 8%, <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> 8%, <i>Serratia marcescens</i> 8%, <i>Serratia fonticola</i> 2%, <i>Enterobacter aerogenes</i> 2%, <i>Klebsiella oxytoca</i> 2%, <i>Citrobacter koseri</i> 2%, and <i>Citrobacter freundii</i> 2%. The specimens were from the following wards: Pediatric and Neonatal 38%, Medical 30%, Gynecology, Labour, and Maternity 11%, OPD and A&E 11%, ENT 4%, and Others-Male TB ward, Trauma, and adult ICU 6%. In total, 13% of the isolates were resistant and 86% were sensitive to colistin. The common CRE genes detected were OXA-48 at 47%, NDM at 13%, VIM at 1%, and a combination of OXA-48 and NDM at 5%. Of the isolates, 66% were positive for the production of carbapenamase. In this study, we found that all <i>N</i> = 53 (100%) isolates did not have the mobile colistin resistance gene (<i>mcr-1</i>). <b>Conclusions</b>: Antimicrobial resistance is associated with the emergence of carbapenemases genes. Increasing resistance to colistin in clinical settings can lead to difficulties in treating CRE infections, which may lead to clinical failure. In our study, 13% of isolates were phenotypically resistant to colistin.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12108396/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vitro Analysis of Interactions Between <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> During Biofilm Formation.","authors":"Julia Scaffo, Rayssa Durães Lima, Cameron Dobrotka, Tainara A N Ribeiro, Renata F A Pereira, Daniela Sachs, Rosana B R Ferreira, Fabio Aguiar-Alves","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14050504","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14050504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> are classified as ESKAPE pathogens that present a significant challenge to treatment due to their increased resistance to a considerable number of antimicrobial agents. Background/Objective<b>:</b> Biofilms exacerbate treatment challenges by providing enhanced antimicrobial and environmental protection. Mixed-species biofilms further complicate treatment options through numerous complex interspecies interactions, leading to potentially severe adverse clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study assessed the interaction between clinical <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> isolates during biofilm formation using microplate biofilm formation assays, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified a competitive relationship between <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>S. aureus</i>, where both pathogens exhibited a reduction in biofilm formation during mixed-species biofilms compared with monocultures, although <i>P. aeruginosa</i> outcompeted <i>S. aureus</i>. Furthermore, we found that the cell-free conditioned media (CFCM) of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> significantly reduced the <i>S. aureus</i> biofilms. Using fractioned CFCM, we identified that the anti-staphylococcal activity of the >10 kDa fraction was almost identical to the non-fractioned CFCM. Our confocal microscopy results suggest that <i>P. aeruginosa</i> CFCM depolarize <i>S. aureus</i> membranes and reduces the biofilm burden.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the interactions between these pathogens, suggesting that there is an antagonistic relationship between <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> in a biofilm setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12108489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes Using Respiratory Sample from Pneumonia Patients.","authors":"Eman Abdullah Alsuof, Ahmad R Alsayed, Manar Saleh Zraikat, Heba A Khader, Luai Z Hasoun, Mamoon Zihlif, Osama Abu Ata, Malek A Zihlif, Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Mohammed Al Maqbali","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14050502","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14050502","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction/objectives: </strong>Antibiotic resistance makes the treatment of pneumonia challenging. Effective management depends on accurate diagnostic techniques to identify resistance genes and customize drugs. This study primarily aimed to identify antibiotic resistance genes in respiratory samples from patients with pneumonia using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the prevalence of specific resistance genes and analyze clinical factors contributing to antibiotic resistance, as well as to provide actionable insights into resistance patterns in Jordan and support efforts to improve pneumonia management.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective observational study included 114 patients who were diagnosed with pneumonia. Clinical data, including prior antibiotic exposure and treatment history, were collected. PCR diagnostics were used to detect resistance genes in respiratory samples. In this study, we evaluated 14 antibiotic resistance genes in pneumonia pathogens, highlighting their diverse resistance mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong><i>Mec A</i> was the most frequently detected gene, appearing in 87 samples (77.3%). Additionally, <i>Tem</i> in 80 samples (70.2%), <i>Oxa-48-like</i> in 15 samples (13.2%), and <i>Ctx-M-1</i> in 38 samples (33.3%) were among the most commonly detected genes. In contrast, <i>Oxa-40-like</i> (7.0%), <i>Vim</i> (8.8%), and <i>Imp</i> (4.4%) genes exhibited a lower prevalence. The <i>Oxa-51-like</i> gene showed the only significant association with ertapenem resistance (<i>p</i>-value = 0.046). Further analysis revealed statistically significant associations between <i>Mec A</i> and methicillin resistance (<i>p</i> < 0.001), underscoring its critical role. However, other genes, such as <i>Oxa-40-like</i> and <i>Oxa-48-like</i>, showed no significant correlation with the antibiotic resistance patterns of imipenem and meropenem (<i>p</i> > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrates the utility of PCR-based diagnostics for detecting resistance genes and highlights the critical clinical factors associated with antibiotic resistance in patients with pneumonia. These findings underscore the importance of integrating molecular diagnostics into routine care to improve treatment outcomes and combat the growing threat of antibiotic resistance in Jordan. This highlights PCR's value in guiding effective treatment strategies and addressing multidrug-resistant pneumonia.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12108368/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Adjunctive Aminoglycoside Therapy Compared to β-Lactam Monotherapy in Critically Ill Patients with Gram-Negative Bloodstream Infections.","authors":"Joshua Eudy, Aaron M Chase, Divisha Sharma, Zoheb Irshad Sulaiman, August Anderson, Ashley Huggett, Lucy Gloe, Daniel T Anderson","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14050497","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14050497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Gram-negative bloodstream infections (GN-BSIs) in the critically ill carry significant mortality, which is exacerbated by delays in appropriate therapy. To improve the time to effective therapy, aminoglycosides are often recommended as empiric adjunctive antimicrobials. However, there is a paucity of clinical data supporting this practice. This study's objective was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of adjunctive aminoglycosides compared to β-lactam monotherapy in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with GN-BSI. <b>Methods</b>: This was a retrospective, propensity-matched cohort study of critically ill patients with GN-BSI. The primary outcome was 15-day all-cause mortality. The secondary endpoints evaluated included 30-day mortality, ICU-free survival days, 60-day relapse, 30-day readmission, development of acute kidney injury (AKI), and new resistance. <b>Results</b>: A total of 209 propensity-matched patients were included for analysis: 136 received β-lactam monotherapy and 73 received adjunctive aminoglycoside. The primary outcome of 15-day all-cause mortality was not significantly different between groups (17% vs. 21%; <i>p</i> = 0.644). Additional secondary endpoints of 30-day mortality (22% vs. 25%), ICU-free survival (12.1 vs. 12.2 days), 60-day relapse (3.3% vs. 7.4%), and 30-day readmission (23% vs. 18%) did not yield significant differences. The proportion of AKI was higher in the adjunctive aminoglycoside group but was not found to be significantly different (26.5% vs. 37%). <b>Conclusions</b>: The use of adjunctive aminoglycosides for GN-BSI did not affect clinical outcomes in the critically ill.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12108242/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dose-Dependent Physiological Response to Transient Bioaccumulation of Tetracycline in Kimchi Cabbage (<i>Brassica campestris</i> L.).","authors":"Hadjer Chohra, Keum-Ah Lee, Hyeonji Choe, Ju Young Cho, Vimalraj Kantharaj, Mi Sun Cheong, Young-Nam Kim, Yong Bok Lee","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14050501","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14050501","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background/objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;Globally, antibiotic contamination has become an emerging issue in agricultural lands. The presence of antibiotic residues in farmlands, especially through the application of manure fertilizers containing veterinary antibiotics, e.g., tetracycline (TC), can cause severe toxicity, which inhibits crop growth and performance, subsequently threatening human health via consumption of contaminated products. This study was conducted to evaluate the phytotoxicity of TC on Kimchi cabbage (&lt;i&gt;Brassica campestris&lt;/i&gt; L.) during seed germination, seedling, and vegetative growth stages, along with its physiological responses and bioaccumulation under TC stress.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The responses of cabbage plants to TC stress were assessed through a germination test and a pot experiment, conducted for three days and six weeks, respectively, under different doses of TC (0, 5, 10, 25, and 50 mg/L).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;As a result of the germination test, higher TC doses (25 and 50 mg/L) tended to delay seed germination, but all treatments achieved a 100% germination percentage by Day 3 after sowing. Eight days after sowing, the length of shoots and roots of seedlings exhibited a TC dose-dependent decline, specifically under 50 mg TC/L, showing a considerable decrease of 24% and 77%, respectively, compared to control. Similar results were observed in the plants transitioning from the seedling to vegetative stages in the pot experiment. Four and six weeks after sowing, the 50 mg TC/L dose showed the strongest phytotoxicity in cabbage plants with physiological parameters, such as the maximum photosystem II quantum yield (&lt;i&gt;F&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;v&lt;/sub&gt;/&lt;i&gt;F&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;), pigment content (chlorophyll and carotenoid), biomass, and leaf number, significantly reduced by 26 to 60% compared to control. Interestingly, at lower TC doses (5 and 10 mg/L), a hormesis effect was observed in the phenotype and biomass of the plants. In addition, the degree of TC accumulation in the plants was highly dose-dependent at Week 4 and Week 6, but a temporal decline in TC accumulation was noted between these time points in all TC treatments. This phenomenon might affect the value of the bio-concentration factor (BCF) as an indicator of the plant's tendency to uptake TC. That is, in Week 6, the dose-dependent reduction in BCF for TC in the plants was likely attributed to a dilution effect caused by plant biomass increase or a degradation mechanism within the plant.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Overall, our findings suggest that tetracycline toxicity induces seed germination delay and influences seedling elongation and photosynthetic functions, ultimately impairing crop growth and performance. Also, the antibiotic dynamics related to accumulation and degradation in plants were identified. These results will not only suggest the toxicity threshold of TC for cabbage but also provide insights into effective soil management st","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12108208/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Essential Oils for Biofilm Control: Mechanisms, Synergies, and Translational Challenges in the Era of Antimicrobial Resistance.","authors":"Abdelaziz Touati, Assia Mairi, Nasir Adam Ibrahim, Takfarinas Idres","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14050503","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14050503","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biofilms, structured microbial consortia embedded in self-produced extracellular matrices, pose significant challenges across the medical, industrial, and environmental sectors due to their resistance to antimicrobial therapies and ability to evade the immune system. Their resilience is driven by multifaceted mechanisms, including matrix-mediated drug sequestration, metabolic dormancy, and quorum sensing (QS)-regulated virulence, which collectively sustain persistent infections and contribute to the amplification of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This review critically examines the potential of plant-derived essential oils (EOs) as innovative agents for biofilm control. EOs exhibit broad-spectrum antibiofilm activity through multi-target mechanisms, including disrupting initial microbial adhesion, degrading extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), suppressing QS pathways, and compromising membrane integrity. Their ability to act synergistically with conventional antimicrobials at sub-inhibitory concentrations enhances therapeutic efficacy while reducing the selection pressure for resistance. Despite their potential, EO applications face technical challenges, such as compositional variability due to botanical sources, formulation stability issues, and difficulties in standardization for large-scale production. Clinical translation is further complicated by biofilm stage- and strain-dependent efficacy, insufficient in vivo validation of therapeutic outcomes, and potential cytotoxicity at higher doses. These limitations underscore the need for optimized delivery systems, such as nanoencapsulation, to enhance bioavailability and mitigate adverse effects. Future strategies should include combinatorial approaches with antibiotics or EPS-degrading enzymes, advanced formulation technologies, and standardized protocols to bridge laboratory findings to clinical practice. By addressing these challenges, EOs hold transformative potential to mitigate biofilm-associated AMR, offering sustainable, multi-target alternatives for infection management and biofilm prevention in diverse contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12108346/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple Copies of Tigecycline Gene Cluster <i>tmexC6D6-toprJ1b</i> in <i>Pseudomonas mendocina</i> in a Swine Farm.","authors":"Renjie Wu, Yongliang Che, Longbai Wang, Qiuyong Chen, Bing He, Jingli Qiu, Xuemin Wu, Rujing Chen, Yutao Liu, Lunjiang Zhou","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14050500","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14050500","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> The emergence and transmission of the tigecycline resistance efflux pump gene cluster <i>tmexCD-toprJ</i> among humans, animals and the environment have posed a serious threat to public health. The objective of this study was to characterize <i>Pseudomonas</i> strains carrying multiple copies of <i>tmexC6D6-toprJ1b</i> from a pig farm and illustrate the genetic context of <i>tmexC6D6-toprJ1b</i> in the NCBI database. <b>Methods:</b> The characterization of <i>Pseudomonas</i> strains FJFQ21PNM23 and FJFQ21PNM24 was determined by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, whole-genome sequencing, and RT-qPCR. <b>Results:</b> The <i>tmexCD-toprJ</i>-positive <i>P. mendocina</i> strains FJFQ21PNM23 and FJFQ21PNM24 were isolated from nasal swabs in a pig farm. Sequence analysis showed that the two <i>P. mendocina</i> strains harbored multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including tigecycline resistance gene <i>tmexC6D6-toprJ1b</i>. WGS analysis indicated that <i>tmexC6D6-toprJ1b</i> gene was located on a classical transferable module (<i>int1</i>-<i>int2</i>-<i>hp1</i>-<i>hp2</i>-<i>tnfxB</i>-<i>tmexCD-toprJ</i>) and a multiresistance region in FJFQ21PNM24 and FJFQ21PNM23, respectively. Further analysis revealed that 39 additional <i>tmexC6D6-toprJ1b</i> genes in the NCBI database were all identified in <i>Pseudomonas</i> spp., and the genetic features of <i>tmexC6D6-toprJ1b</i> were summarized into three distinct structures. <b>Conclusions:</b> This study is the first to identify and report the tigecycline resistance gene <i>tmexCD-toprJ</i> in a swine farm. Our findings summarize the three structures in the genetic context of <i>tmexC6D6-toprJ1b</i> and reveal that <i>Pseudomonas</i> serves as the only known reservoir of <i>tmexC6D6-toprJ1b</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12108250/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}