Antibiotics-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Development of a UHPLC-UV/Vis Method for Simultaneously Determining Six Beta-Lactam Antibiotics in Plasma: A Tool for the Clinical Implementation of Therapeutic Monitoring of Beta-Lactams.","authors":"Iria Varela-Rey, Marta Martínez-Guitián, Gonzalo Hermelo-Vidal, Enrique Bandín-Vilar, Ignacio Novo-Veleiro, Pablo Manuel Varela-García, Irene Zarra-Ferro, Miguel González-Barcia, Cristina Mondelo-García, Anxo Fernández-Ferreiro","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14060613","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14060613","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Introduction:</b> Beta-lactam antibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed drugs in clinical practice, yet their therapeutic drug monitoring remains underutilized despite high interindividual pharmacokinetic variability, especially in critically ill patients. <b>Methods:</b> To address this, we developed and validated an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-UV/Vis) method for the simultaneous quantification of six beta-lactams (cefepime, ceftolozane, ceftazidime, meropenem, ampicillin, and ertapenem) in plasma. <b>Results:</b> This method uses a single gradient mobile phase and a photodiode array detector, ensuring accurate separation, minimal interference, and robust analyte identification. Validation followed EMA bioanalytical guidelines, demonstrating selectivity, precision, accuracy, and linearity within clinically relevant ranges (1.0-50.0 mg/L). Stability tests showed that the analytes were stable in plasma for up to seven days at 4 °C and one month at -20 °C. Pilot clinical implementation in 35 patients revealed significant interindividual variability, supporting the need for routine beta-lactam monitoring. Approximately 26% of trough concentrations were below the minimal inhibitory concentration, while others exceeded thresholds associated with potential toxicity. <b>Discussion</b>: This study represents the first UHPLC-UV/Vis method for the simultaneous determination of these six beta-lactams, overcoming limitations of prior methods that required different mobile phases or excluded clinically relevant antibiotics. The method is universally applicable and easily transferable to routine clinical practice. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings underline the importance of beta-lactam monitoring in optimizing treatment outcomes and combating antibiotic resistance in vulnerable populations. Further studies to assess free drug concentrations are warranted to enhance clinical applicability.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189362/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic Characterization and Safety Evaluation of <i>Enterococcus lactis</i> RB10 Isolated from Goat Feces.","authors":"Nattarika Chaichana, Sirikan Suwannasin, Jirasa Boonsan, Thunchanok Yaikhan, Chollachai Klaysubun, Kamonnut Singkhamanan, Monwadee Wonglapsuwan, Rattanaruji Pomwised, Siriwimon Konglue, Rusneeta Chema, Manaschanan Saivaew, Komwit Surachat","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14060612","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14060612","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The genus <i>Enterococcus</i> includes a diverse group of bacteria that are commonly found in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals, as well as in various environmental habitats. <b>Methods:</b> In this study, <i>Enterococcus lactis</i> RB10, isolated from goat feces, was subjected to comprehensive genomic and functional analysis to assess its safety and potential as a probiotic strain. <b>Results:</b> The genome of <i>E. lactis</i> RB10, with a size of 2,713,772 bp and a GC content of 38.3%, was assembled using Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT). Genome annotation revealed 3375 coding sequences (CDSs) and highlighted key metabolic pathways involved in carbohydrate, protein, and amino acid metabolism. The strain was susceptible to important antibiotics, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and vancomycin, but exhibited resistance to aminoglycosides, a common trait in <i>Enterococcus</i> species with non-hemolytic activity. Genomic analysis further identified two intrinsic antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). The strain also demonstrated antimicrobial activity against <i>Bacillus cereus</i> DMST 11098 and <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi DMST 22842, indicating pathogen-specific effects. Key genes for adhesion, biofilm formation, and stress tolerance were also identified, suggesting that RB10 could potentially colonize the gut and compete with pathogens. Moreover, the presence of bacteriocin and secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters suggests its potential for further evaluation as a biocontrol agent and gut health promoter. <b>Conclusions:</b> However, it is important to note that <i>E. lactis</i> RB10 was isolated from goat feces, a source that may harbor both commensal and opportunistic bacteria, and therefore additional safety assessments are necessary. While further validation is needed, <i>E. lactis</i> RB10 exhibits promising probiotic properties with low pathogenic risk, supporting its potential use in food and health applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189428/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Therapeutic Efficacy of Intravesical Tigecycline Administration in Rats with Cystitis Induced by Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR), Tigecycline-Sensitive <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> Strain.","authors":"Cihan Yüksel, Işıl D Alıravcı, Murat Koşan, Sinem Esen, Sevinç Yenice Aktaş, Neslihan Kaya Terzi, Ahmet Ali Berber, Sevil Alkan, Selçuk Kaya","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14060611","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14060611","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of intravesical tigecycline administration in a rat model of cystitis induced by a tigecycline-sensitive, extensively drug-resistant (XDR) <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> strain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-six female Wistar albino rats were inoculated intravesically with XDR <i>A. baumannii</i> to induce cystitis. Twenty-four rats that developed infection were divided into four groups: untreated control, saline irrigation, low-dose tigecycline (6.25 mg/kg), and high-dose tigecycline (25 mg/kg). Microbiological clearance was assessed via urine cultures on days 3 and 5. Bladder tissues were analyzed histopathologically and for genotoxicity using the Comet assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On day 5, microbiological clearance was significantly higher in tigecycline-treated groups compared to controls (<i>p</i> = 0.028). Histopathology revealed significantly more inflammation in the high-dose tigecycline group (<i>p</i> = 0.029). Genotoxicity was observed in both tigecycline groups, independent of dose (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Intravesical tigecycline demonstrated microbiological efficacy against XDR <i>A. baumannii</i>-induced cystitis. However, its inflammatory and genotoxic potential necessitates further preclinical evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189304/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Administration of Rifampicin Does Not Induce Increased Resistance in Septic Two-Stage Revision Knee and Hip Arthroplasty.","authors":"Leonard Grünwald, Benedikt Paul Blersch, Bernd Fink","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14060610","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14060610","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a severe complication that follows arthroplasty and occurs in approximately 2% of all cases. One of several cornerstones of therapy is an optimized antibiotic regimen. Early administration of rifampicin-together with a combination of an antibiotic to which the specific microorganism is susceptible-accompanying a two-stage revision surgery, remained controversial due to the potential risk of emerging resistance. However, the exact time to start rifampicin treatment often remains unclear and might be crucial in the treatment regimen. <b>Methods</b>: In a retrospective study design, a total of 212 patients receiving a two-stage revision surgery after a diagnosis of PJI (60.8% THA, 39.2% TKA) received an individual rifampicin combination therapy after initial debridement and removal of all foreign material, starting rifampicin on the second day postoperatively. <b>Results</b>: At the time of spacer explantation, two patients had developed rifampicin resistance (0.9%). At follow-up (M = 55.4 ± 21.8 months) after reimplantation, three patients had developed rifampicin resistance (1.4%). Concerning the development of reinfection, in general, in the study group and the necessity for further treatment, a total of 25 patients showed signs of reinfection (11.8%). <b>Conclusions</b>: Only 0.9% after the first stage and 1.4% at follow-up after the second stage of all 212 patients with accompanying long-term rifampicin combination therapy developed a rifampicin resistance. Therefore, rifampicin administration could be started on the second postoperative day when sufficient concentrations of the accompanying antibiotics can be expected.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189908/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Livestock Antibiotic Use in Microbiota Dysbiosis and Neuroinflammation.","authors":"Serena Silvestro, Carmelo Biondo, Angelina Midiri, Borrello Lucia, Giuseppe Mancuso","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14060608","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14060608","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibiotic overuse in livestock is a major concern, as it contributes to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and may adversely affect both animal and human health. One important consequence is its impact on the gut microbiota, a complex microbial ecosystem essential for maintaining host health. A growing body of research highlights the critical role of a balanced gut microbiota in maintaining the integrity of the gut-microbiota-brain axis, a bidirectional communication network between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system (CNS). Antibiotics introduced through the food chain and the environment can disrupt microbial balance, leading to dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. In this context, the concept of \"One Health\" is emphasized, which recognizes the deep interconnection between the health of humans, animals, and the environment to address the global problem of antibiotic resistance. Several animal studies highlight how dysbiosis can induce neuroinflammation and potentially damage the gut-brain barrier. This review explores the mechanisms by which antibiotic use in livestock alters the gut microbiota and compromises the gut-microbiota-brain axis integrity, outlining the implications for public health and the possible link with neurodegenerative conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190112/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Osteoarthritis a State of Joint Dysbiosis?","authors":"Mincong He, Frank Kolhoff, Michael A Mont, Javad Parvizi","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14060609","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14060609","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoarthritis (OA) has traditionally been defined as a degenerative joint disease driven by mechanical wear, aging, and metabolic disturbances. However, emerging evidence suggests that joint dysbiosis, a dysregulation in the joint microbiome, may play an important role in OA pathogenesis. This review explores the mechanisms linking dysbiosis to OA. We examine the presence and origin of joint dysbiosis, also highlighting the gut-joint and oral-joint axes as potential routes for microbial translocation. However, challenges remain in distinguishing causation from correlation and addressing microbial contaminants in microbiome studies. Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies and multiomics integration to elucidate the complex interplay between microbial communities and joint health.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190058/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surveillance of Multidrug-Resistant Genes in Clinically Significant Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Hospital Wastewater.","authors":"Shriya C Shetty, Lakshya S Gowda, Ankeeta Menona Jacob, Kalidas Shetty, A Veena Shetty","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14060607","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14060607","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a serious public health threat worldwide. Among the various surveillance domains, hospital wastewater (HWW) has been overlooked, and it is the major reason for the threats posed by AMR. Therefore, the HWW domain is of paramount importance for tackling the AMR. In this regard, the present study investigated the occurrence of Gram-negative bacteria from HWW and evaluated the isolates' multi-drug-resistant (MDR) pattern in the study environment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This descriptive study involves HWW samples (<i>n</i> = 24) consecutively collected across 6 months. The samples were cultured for bacteria, identified, and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing via Kirby-Bauer. PCR confirmed the presence of drug-resistance genes in Gram-negative bacterial isolates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>High rates of <i>Enterobacterales</i> resistant to carbapenems and cephalosporins observed in isolates from final treated effluent. The molecular screening showed <i>tet</i>D, <i>tet</i>E, <i>tet</i>G, <i>cat</i>A1, <i>cat</i>A2, <i>bla</i>_NDM-1, quinolones, <i>qnr</i>A, <i>qnr</i>B, <i>qnr</i>S, and <i>qepa</i>.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, our results suggest that microbiological surveillance and identification of resistance genes of clinically important pathogens in HWW can be a general screening method for early determination of under-detected antimicrobial resistance profiles in hospitals and early warning of outbreaks and difficult-to-treat infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189587/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobials in Livestock Farming and Resistance: Public Health Implications.","authors":"Marilena Trinchera, Silvia De Gaetano, Elenoire Sole, Angelina Midiri, Serena Silvestro, Giuseppe Mancuso, Teresa Catalano, Carmelo Biondo","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14060606","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14060606","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The accelerated spread of bacterial resistance has been demonstrated to reduce the effectiveness of antibiotic treatments for infections, resulting in higher morbidity and mortality rates, as well as increased costs for livestock producers. It is expected that the majority of future antimicrobial use will be in animal production. The management of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the livestock sector poses significant challenges due to the multifaceted nature of the problem. In order to identify appropriate solutions to the rise of antimicrobial resistance, it is imperative that we have a comprehensive understanding of the disease dynamics underpinning the ways in which antimicrobial resistance is transmitted between humans and animals. Furthermore, in consideration of the anticipated requirement to satisfy the global demand for food, it is imperative that we guarantee that resistance is not transmitted or propagated during the treatment and disposal of animal waste, particularly from intensive farming. It is also crucial to formulate a research agenda to investigate how antibiotic resistance in animal faeces from livestock farming is affected by intensified farming activities. The review analyses the environment's role in the transmission resistance chain and reviews methodologies for disrupting the link. A particular focus is placed on the limitations of the applied methodologies to reduce antimicrobial resistance in global animal production.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190098/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is It Possible to Optimize the Elaboration and Preservation of a Vancomycin Catheter Lock Solution?","authors":"Marta Díaz-Navarro, David Samitier, Félix García-Moreno, María Sanjurjo, Patricia Muñoz, Beatriz Torroba, María Guembe","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14060605","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14060605","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Vancomycin (V) is widely used for catheter lock therapy. However, its ad hoc preparation in pharmacy departments involves discarding most of an intravenous vial and contributes to high workload. We aimed to assess the V concentration and minimum inhibitory biofilm concentration (MIBC) of a frozen V lock solution. <b>Methods</b>: Two V-2 mg/mL solutions were tested: (1) V + heparin 100 IU/mL and (2) V + citrate 2%. Solutions were frozen at -20 °C, followed by 48 h refrigeration, and analyses were performed at baseline and after 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks (experiment 1). In addition, after the 12-week freezing period, solution 1 was also preserved for 1 and 2 weeks at both 4 °C and room temperature (experiment 2). V concentration was assessed by HPLC-DAD at 205 nm and validated with forced degradation tests. A <10% variation indicated significant change. MBIC was determined by XTT staining of 24 h biofilms exposed to decreasing concentrations of each solution. Microorganisms tested included methicillin-susceptible and -resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MSSA, MRSA), <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> ATCC35984 (SE), and a highly biofilm-forming clinical <i>S. epidermidis</i> strain (SEclin). MIBC was defined as ≥50% reduction in metabolic activity. <b>Results</b>: In experiment 1, while V concentration remained stable over time, MIBC values varied, notably increasing from 8 weeks for all strains. Moreover, in experiment 2, significant reductions in both V concentration and MIBC were detected in the 2-week period. <b>Conclusions</b>: V lock solution appears to be able to be 12-weeks frozen followed by up to 1 week at refrigeration or room temperature. This facilitates the optimization of vial preparation in hospital pharmacy laboratories.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189980/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Farm to Slaughter: Tracing Antimicrobial Resistance in a Poultry Short Food Chain.","authors":"Andrea Laconi, Roberta Tolosi, Claudia Chirollo, Cristiana Penon, Giacomo Berto, Francesco Galuppo, Alessandra Piccirillo","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics14060604","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antibiotics14060604","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Short food supply chains are commonly perceived as more sustainable and safer alternatives to conventional production systems, often linked to organic, free-range livestock practices. <b>Materials and methods</b>: This study investigates, for the first time, the distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and characterizes the microbial communities' composition, using 16S rRNA sequencing and real-time PCR, respectively. Eleven fecal, 76 slaughterhouse surface, 11 cecal, and 11 carcass samples, from 11 poultry farms belonging to the same short food chain, were analyzed in the study. <b>Results</b>: While cleaning and disinfection procedures appeared to reduce the bacterial load on slaughterhouse surfaces, diverse and potentially resistant bacteria, including genera such as <i>Staphylococcus</i> and <i>Streptococcus</i>, persisted both before and after slaughter. ARGs conferring resistance to high-priority critically important antimicrobials (HPCIAs), such as fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins, were frequently detected on carcasses, with <i>qnrS</i> (76.15%, 95%CI 68.02-84.28%) and <i>bla_CMY2</i> (57.8%, 95%CI 48.38-67.22%) being the most prevalent. The slaughtering process emerged as a critical step for ARG dissemination via intestinal bacteria, such as genus <i>Lactobacillus</i>. Additionally, the detection of <i>mcr</i> genes and <i>bla_NDM</i> on carcasses but not in the bird gut samples suggests possible anthropogenic contamination. <b>Discussion:</b> These findings highlight that the evisceration process, slaughterhouse environment, and personnel are all contributing factors in ARG spread and underscore the need for enhanced hygiene protocols and reduced gut ARG carriage in domestic birds to mitigate the risk for the consumer.</p>","PeriodicalId":54246,"journal":{"name":"Antibiotics-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190163/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}