{"title":"Unravelling humoral immunity in SARS-CoV-2: Insights from infection and vaccination.","authors":"Nouhaila Najimi, Chaimae Kadi, Noureddine Elmtili, Fouad Seghrouchni, Youssef Bakri","doi":"10.3233/HAB-230017","DOIUrl":"10.3233/HAB-230017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Following infection and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, humoral components of the adaptive immune system play a key role in protecting the host. Specifically, B cells generate high-affinity antibodies against various antigens of the virus. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of immunity initiation through both natural infection and vaccination, shedding light on the activation of B cell subsets in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. The innate immune system serves as the initial line of primary and nonspecific defence against viruses. However, within several days following infection or a vaccine dose, a virus-specific immune response is initiated, primarily by B cells that produce antibodies. These antibodies contribute to the resolution of the disease. Subsequently, these B cells transition into memory B cells, which play a crucial role in providing long-term immunity against the virus. CD4+ T helper cells initiate a cascade, leading to B cell somatic hypermutation, germinal center memory B cells, and the production of neutralizing antibodies. B-cell dysfunction can worsen disease severity and reduce vaccine efficacy. Notably, individuals with B cell immunodeficiency show lower IL-6 production. Furthermore, this review delves into several aspects of immune responses, such as hybrid immunity, which has shown promise in boosting broad-spectrum protection. Cross-reactive immunity is under scrutiny as well, as pre-existing antibodies can offer protection against the disease. We also decipher breakthrough infection mechanisms, especially with the novel variants of the virus. Finally, we discuss some potential therapeutic solutions regarding B cells including convalescent plasma therapy, B-1 cells, B regulatory cell (Breg) modulation, and the use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in combating the infection. Ongoing research is crucial to grasp population immunity trends and assess the potential need for booster doses in maintaining effective immune responses against potential viral threats.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":"85-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140959711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Azhar S H Al-Nasralla, Suzan Saadi Hussian, Nihad Khalawe Tektook
{"title":"Immunological analysis of Interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), and Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in benign and malignant prostate cancer.","authors":"Azhar S H Al-Nasralla, Suzan Saadi Hussian, Nihad Khalawe Tektook","doi":"10.3233/HAB-220018","DOIUrl":"10.3233/HAB-220018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Among the cancers that impacts men, prostate cancer considerably raises deaths for males around the world. Persons with tumours can have a localized or advanced form of the illness.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study aimed to determining the relationship between the level of cytokines (IL-10 and TNF-a) and PSA in the sera of patients and compared it with healthy.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A case control study consist of three group included was in this study. The first group involves 50 patients with PC were observation in Al-Amal Oncology Hospital in the period from April 2021 to April 2022 under the supervision of oncology specialists was included in this study. Second group consist of 30 patients. They have benign hyper plaisa (BHP), this group has been collected from urosergical department . Third group was include 20 healthy volunteers (non prostate cancer and non BHP). Prostate specific antigen (PSA) was measured by mini - VIDAS device using kit supplied by Biomerieux - France. IL-10 and TNF-a levels were measured by ELISA technique using kit supplied by CAUSABIO - China.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results of the present study showed the 60-69 years age group scored highest percentage in benign (56.7%), malignant (54.0%), compared to control (healthy) (50.0%), while > 69 years scored least percentage in these groups (3.3%, 14.0%, and 25.0%) respectively with significant different (p< 0.05). Additionally, the IL-10 and PSA scored highest mean levels in the malignant group (1.22 ± 0.23 and 27.66 ± 6.31), while TNF-a scored highest mean levels in a benign group (0.30 ± 0.11). The least mean level of IL-10 was in healthy (0.42 ± 0.15), TNF-a in malignant (0.23 ± 0.03), and PSA in benign (6.73 ± 1.36). Finally, there is a significant difference among age groups and PSA, IL-10, and TNF-parameters.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We concluded the PSA, TNF-a and IL-10 parameters are play important roles in pathogenesis patients with prostate cancer. PCa is high prevalence in elderly population.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10685293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Expression analysis of cytoskeleton regulator RNA and Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2B genes in breast cancer.","authors":"Majid Mokhtari, Mahdi Gholipour, Solat Eslami, Atefe Abak, Bashdar Mahmud Hussen, Azadeh Rakhshan, Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard","doi":"10.3233/HAB-220015","DOIUrl":"10.3233/HAB-220015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Breast cancer has been found to be associated with deregulation of several non-coding genes and mRNA coding genes.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess expressions of CYTOR and CDKN2B in breast cancer and adjacent samples and find their relevance with clinical data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We enumerated expression level of CDKN2B and CYTOR in 43 newly diagnosed breast cancer samples and their adjacent specimens using real-time PCR method Expression data was judged using Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CYTOR level was higher in tumors compared with adjacent tissues. Nevertheless, there was no difference in expression of CDKN2B between these two sets of tissues. ROC curve analysis showed that CYTOR levels can differentiate between tumoral and adjacent tissues with AUC, specificity and sensitivity values of 0.65, 37% and 92% (P= 0.017). There was a positive correlation between expression levels of CYTOR and CDKN2B genes in breast cancer tissues (r= 0.5 and P= 0.0008) as well as adjacent tissues (r= 0.79 and P< 0.0001). Relative expression level of CDKN2B in normal tissues was associated with clinical stage (P= 0.014). Moreover, relative expression level of CDKN2B in tumor tissues was associated with the body weight. There was no other association between expressions of CYTOR and CDKN2B and clinical or pathological variables.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Cumulatively, this study offers evidence for involvement of these genes in the pathoetiology of breast cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":"51-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9858756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Immunoglobulin G follow-up and immune response longevity analysis in SARS-CoV-2 convalescent patients and vaccinated individuals: A longitudinal analysis.","authors":"Fadia Mothafar Maki, Anima Namma Al-Thwani, Kareem Shahal Jiad, Karar Nadhum Jawad Musafer","doi":"10.3233/HAB-230004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-230004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although the detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules has long been considered to be crucial for successful humoral immune defence against infections and harmful metabolites, it has become increasingly important in relation to SARS-CoV-2 research.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare longitudinal changes in IgG titres in post-infection and post-vaccination Iraqi participants, and to estimate the protective benefits of the two principal vaccines used in Iraq.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This quantitative study used samples from SARS-CoV-2 recovered patients (n= 75), those vaccinated with two doses of Pfizer or Sinopharm vaccine (n= 75), and healthy unvaccinated individuals (n= 50) who formed a control group. Participant ages (range 20-80 years) and sex (52.7% men, 47.3% females). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure IgG.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>IgG antibody levels peaked in the first month and tapered off in the following three months in both convalescent and vaccinated groups. The latter showed a significant decrease in IgG titres than in the convalescent group. Samples from the group given the mRNA vaccination that targeted spike (S) proteins might have a cross-reactivity between nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Participants who had recovered from or who were vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 exhibited a protective, persistent and durable humoral immune response for at least a month. This was more potent in the SARS-CoV-2 convalescent group compared to the vaccinated cohort. The IgG titres decayed faster after vaccination with Sinopharm than following the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"31 1-2","pages":"19-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9798799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Murat Cagan, Hanife Guler Donmez, Zeliha Gunnur Dikmen, Mehmet Sinan Beksac
{"title":"Association of lupus anticoagulants with risk factors for obstetric complications and adverse gestational outcome.","authors":"Murat Cagan, Hanife Guler Donmez, Zeliha Gunnur Dikmen, Mehmet Sinan Beksac","doi":"10.3233/HAB-230003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-230003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lupus anticoagulant (LA) may be a cause of poor obstetric outcome.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To search the association of LA with risk factors for obstetric complications and adverse gestational outcome.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort was consisted of 2 groups of pregnancies with poor obstetric history; 1) LA (+) gestations (Study Group, n= 20) and 2) LA (-) gestations (Control Group, 78). All patients were admitted to a special antenatal care program and were examined in terms of risk factors for thrombotic events, placenta-related obstetric complications, and poor gestational outcomes. Patients were administered low-dose low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), low-dose salicylic acid and low-dose corticosteroid (if necessary) within the framework of a prophylaxis protocol in addition to their already existing medications.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We have shown that adverse gestational outcome was 1.7-fold more frequent in LA (+) pregnancies with poor obstetric history (p= 0.039, 70% vs. 41%). Higher rates of autoimmune diseases and hereditary thrombophilia were observed among LA (+) patients compared to LA (-) gestations (35% vs. 10.3%, p< 0.012 and 55% vs. 19.2%, p< 0.003, respectively). To identify the effectiveness of low-dose LMWH prophylaxis protocol, we compared gestational outcomes and demonstrated that the miscarriage rate was significantly decreased to half in current pregnancies compared to the previous gestations (73.6% vs. 35%, p= 0.003).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Autoimmune diseases and hereditary thrombophilia are more frequent in LA (+) pregnancies, and these women are prone to obstetric problems. Low-dose LMWH and salicylic acid prophylaxis are critical in the management of LA (+) pregnant women.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"31 1-2","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9785914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Does TNF-α 308 G/A (rs1800629) gene polymorphism associate with liver and pancreas disorders in Iraqi adults with beta thalassemia major?","authors":"Hawraa Allawi Luaibi, Bushra Jasim Mohammed","doi":"10.3233/HAB-230015","DOIUrl":"10.3233/HAB-230015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>TNF-α has been considered as the key regulator of inflammatory responses and is known to be participated in the pathogenesis of several diseases.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to explore the relationship of (rs1800629) gene polymorphism associated to liver and pancreas disorders in sample of β-thalassemia major adult Iraqi Patients.</p><p><strong>Material and method: </strong>Blood samples were obtained from 40 patients suffered from beta thalassemia with pancreas disorder, along with 40 patient suffered from thalassemia with liver disorder, and 40 patient suffered from thalassemia without pancreas or liver, from Ibn Al-Baladi Hospital, Baghdad, and 40 samples from age and gender-matched apparently healthy individuals as control group, all subjects with age more than 18 years. TNF-308G/A (rs1800629) gene polymorphisms were assessed by Tetra- ARMS-PCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The result of showed that heterogeneous GA and homogeneous AA genotypes were higher, while GG wild genotype was lower in beta thalassemia major patients with liver and pancreas disorders compared to control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It can be concluded that the prevalence of TNF-α 308 G/A SNP plus (A) allele could be associated with risk of liver and pancreas disorders in sample of beta thalassemia major adult.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":"99-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139466194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of IL-6 and CRP titer with antibody level on severity of COVID-19 infection.","authors":"Adeq K Hachim, Aesha Saber Ali, Khalid B Arif","doi":"10.3233/HAB-230001","DOIUrl":"10.3233/HAB-230001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is combined with a high death rate and morbidity in different regions across the world. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine secreted in response to tissue injury, primarily produced by macrophages. C-reactive protein (CRP) is considered a part of innate immunity and is elevated in response to infection and cancer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study includes one hundred patients infected with the viral pathogen known as SARS-CoV-2 and fifty healthy individuals attending Al-Salam Hospital in Baghdad. Approximately 5 ml of samples were collected from each virus-infected patient and healthy control, then separated by centrifuge and stored in a refrigerator until testing. The study timeline was from October 1st, 2020, to January 15th, 2021. The SARS-CoV-2 (IgM, IgG) antibody was measured using the immunofluorescent technique with the Afias instrument. The IL-6 was measured using the ELISA technique with a human Elisa reader. The CRP titer was measured using the immunofluorescent technique with the Afias instrument. The level of SARS-CoV-2 (IgM, IgG) antibody was 0.01 ± 0.004, 0.02 ± 0.004, respectively, in healthy controls, while in COVID-19 patients, the level of SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody was 2.45 ± 1.87, and the level of IgG antibody was 5.16 ± 2.63 in COVID-19 patients. The IL-6 level was 0.88 ± 0.28, 5.82 ± 3.28 in healthy controls and COVID-19 patients, respectively. The CRP titer in healthy controls was 1.25 ± 0.36, while in COVID-19 patients, it was 13.8 ± 4.85. The aim of the research is to focus on the association between IL-6 level and CRP titer, with a concentration on COVID-19 patients, and to determine if IL-6 possesses the potential to serve as a biomarker for prognosticating the extent of COVID-19 infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":"45-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9858753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sara El Fakihi, Aicha El Allam, Hicham Tahoune, Nouhaila Najimi, Chaimae Kadi, Azeddine Ibrahimi, Jamal-Eddine Bourkadi, Fouad Seghrouchni
{"title":"Functional characterization of small and large alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis compared with non-fibrosis interstitial lung diseases.","authors":"Sara El Fakihi, Aicha El Allam, Hicham Tahoune, Nouhaila Najimi, Chaimae Kadi, Azeddine Ibrahimi, Jamal-Eddine Bourkadi, Fouad Seghrouchni","doi":"10.3233/HAB-230005","DOIUrl":"10.3233/HAB-230005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease that mostly affects the lungs. Advanced tissue injury caused by this disease can progress to pulmonary fibrosis with similar characteristics shared with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The initial presentations of both sarcoidosis and IPF may be shared with other interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). Two populations of macrophages have been described in the alveolar space: small alveolar macrophages (AMs) and large alveolar macrophages. Despite their protective function, these cells may also play a role in the initiation and maintenance of inflammation leading to fibrosis.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was the functional characterization of small and large AM subpopulations in sarcoidosis and IPF as a pathology with respectively mild and advanced tissue injury causing fibrosis, in comparison with non-fibrosis ILDs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Activation and adhesion surface markers as well as functions of small and large AMs isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were assessed by Flow Cytometry within patients with confirmed sarcoidosis (n= 14), IPF (n= 6), and non-fibrosis ILDs (n= 9).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results showed that small AMs are immunologically more active, which may be important for airway inflammation. They are also proportionally more abundant in IPF, and therefore they may be more involved in a fibrosis process associated with the down-regulation of HLA-DR, LeuCAM, and CD62L expression. In Sarcoidosis, the inflammatory process appears to be associated with up-regulation of CD38 expression and oxidative burst activity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A relevant potential of the activation and adhesion markers as well as oxidative burst activity expressed on small and large AMs, in the perspective of differential diagnosis of sarcoidosis and IPF.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":"59-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10343623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Demographic and clinico-pathological characteristics of colorectal cancer in Kirkuk governorate, Iraq.","authors":"Khalid Bahram Arif, Summer Said, Nawfal Khiro, Salih Ibrahem, Saleh Al-Ghamdi","doi":"10.3233/HAB-230011","DOIUrl":"10.3233/HAB-230011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>World-wide Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer with one million new cases a year. Historically, a higher incidence of this disease has been recorded among the elderly in the western countries, but it is increasing in developing countries and in younger age groups.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aims to find whether CRC cancer is progressively affecting the younger age groups known as early onset (< 50 years). In addition, it describes the pathological characteristics of CRC in early onset CRC cases.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The study is retrospective cross-sectional. It was conducted over a period of five months from October 1st 2019 till 1st March 1st 2020. Data were drawn from patients with CRC from their medical records at Kirkuk Oncology Centre (KOC) and from the IRAQI National CANCER REGISTRY (INCR) over thirteen years period from 2006 to 2018. The basic data we obtained for each patient include sex, age, and stage, grade of the disease at diagnosis and mode of presentation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Initial study population included 654 patients of both genders and all ages. CRC occurred in < 5.5/100,000 population per year which accounted for < 8% of total malignancies (2006-2018). The patients were divided into two groups; an early onset (< 50 years) group and a late onset CRC (⩾ 50 years) group. The final study population provided enough data for 238 patients for the years (2014-2018) with an age range of 20-91 and a mean of 54.4 years. The males were ∼54% while ∼46% were females. The age group under 50 years (early onset CRC) was ∼41% (no 98) while those who are 50 years and older (late onset) stood for 59% (no 140). There were no statistical differences between the two age groups regarding stage, grade, or presenting symptom.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CRC is common in early onsets or young age groups with similar pathological characteristics to those of the late onset cancer. Accordingly, even mild lower gastrointestinal symptoms should be taken seriously. The study points toward an increasing awareness of the population on the importance of colorectal cancer. Also, conducting more surveillance studies and investigations would be recommended for early detections of the disease in young populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":"89-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139466185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Razieh Fatehi, Farinaz Khosravian, Mansoor Salehi, Mohammad Kazemi
{"title":"Time-series bioinformatics analysis of SARS-CoV-infected cells to identify the biological processes associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome.","authors":"Razieh Fatehi, Farinaz Khosravian, Mansoor Salehi, Mohammad Kazemi","doi":"10.3233/HAB-230012","DOIUrl":"10.3233/HAB-230012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the new virus of the coronavirus family, SARS-CoV-2, could lead to acute respiratory syndrome. The molecular mechanisms related to this disorder are still debatable.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study to understand the pathogenicity mechanism of SARS-CoV-2, using the bioinformatics approaches, we investigated the expression of involved genes, their regulatory, and main signaling pathways during the time on days 1, 2, 3, and 4 of SARS-CoV infected cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Here, our investigation shows the complex changes in gene expression on days 2 and 3 post-infection. The functional analysis showed that especially related to immune response, response to other organisms, and defense response. IL6-AS1 is the predicted long non-coding RNA and is a key regulator during infection. In this study, for the first time has been reported the role of IL6-AS1. Also, the correlation of differential expression genes with the level of immune infiltration was shown in the relationship of Natural killer cells and T cell CD 4+ with DE genes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In the current study, identification of the altered expression pattern of genes in SARS-CoV-infected cells in time course also can help identify and link the molecular mechanisms and explore the holistic view of infection of SARS-CoV-2.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":"81-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139033172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}