Human Antibodies最新文献

{"title":"Investigation of interleukines-4, 6 and malondialdehyde levels in serum of Iraqi patients with chronic kidney diseases.","authors":"Marwa Al-Razak, Basima AlSaadi, Ali Al Saedi","doi":"10.1177/10932607251322055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10932607251322055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundImmune dysfunction develops early in the course of renal failure in patients with chronic kidney disease and occurs independently of the underlying disease. Cytokines play an essential role in the control and regulation of the immune and inflammatory systems.ObjectiveThe current study aims to estimate Interleukin 4, Interleukin 6, and Malondialdehyde in the blood of Iraqi patients with chronic kidney disease.MethodsIn this study, 50 Iraqi chronic kidney disease patients (males 17 and females33) and 50 apparently healthy as the control group (male27 and females23) aged (20-65)years who attended lmamain Al-Kadhemain Medical Teaching Hospital and Al-Numan Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. Interleukin 4, Interleukin 6, and malondialdehyde were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique.ResultsThe serum level of IL-4 and IL-6 showed highly significant differences between chronic kidney disease patients and healthy control groups m as the mean value of both interleukin levels in patient groups was (25.524 ± 16.295, 12.844 ± 4.863) respectively, and mean of the control group (13.562 ± 7.488, 5.533 ± 2.970) respectively. The mean of malondialdehyde was (25.160 ± 17.152 and18.470 ± 6.545) in chronic kidney disease patients and control groups, respectively. There was a highly significant positive correlation between Interleukin6 and malondialdehyde (r = 0.862, <i>P</i> = 0.0001, r = 0.598, <i>P</i> = 0.0001), respectively. In addition, there was a highly significant positive correlation between Interleukin4 and malondialdehyde (r = 0.862, <i>P</i> = 0.0001, r = 0.662, <i>P</i> = 0.0001) respectively. There was a highly significant positive correlation between Interleukin 4 and Interleukin 6 (r = 0.598, <i>P</i> = 0.0001) and (r = 0.662, <i>P</i> = 0.0001) respectively.ConclusionsThe increased levels of Interleukin 4, Interleukin 6, and malondialdehyde are an indication of the progression in Iraqi patients with chronic kidney disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":"10932607251322055"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144043072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) directed against PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4; a mini review.","authors":"Amirhossein Mardi, Leili Aghebati-Maleki","doi":"10.1177/10932607251325751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10932607251325751","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Novel approaches to tumor immunotherapy include adoptive cell immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and bispecific antibodies (bsABs). bsABs are members of the antibody family that have the ability to distinguish between two distinct antigens or epitopes on a single antigen. These antibodies show better clinical results than monoclonal antibodies, suggesting that they might be a useful choice for tumor immunotherapy. Additionally, dual blockade immunotherapy targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 functions at various phases of T cell activation with synergistically increasing immune responses against cancer cells, in contrast to ICI monotherapy, which sometimes displays treatment resistance and limited effectiveness. It has been shown that immune response rates and anti-tumor effects may be increased in a synergistic manner by ICI-based combination therapy. We explore the safety and effectiveness of bsABs and ICIs (especially PD1/PDL1 and CTLA-4) combination treatments in tumor immunotherapy in this study with the goal of offering evidence-based methods for clinical research and tailored tumor identification and management.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":"10932607251325751"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143671850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL10) in patients with chronic kidney disease.","authors":"Duaa Mohammed Abdulsatar, Hayfaa Mahmood Fahad, Sahar Taha Hatif, Zaid Jaafar Awad Al-Nuaimi","doi":"10.1177/10932607251317417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10932607251317417","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Anti-inflammatory cytokines is thought to influence the onset and course of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Particular cytokines include Interleukin-10 (IL-10), which is usually considered anti-inflammatory.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The current study designed to determine the activity of the IL10 and their roles in chronic kidney disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This research is done, forty- five blood samples were collected from patients with chronic kidney disease and 42 volunteers. A sandwich ELISA was used to estimate the serum levels of human Interleukin-10.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age among patient groups (males, females) it was 47.40 ± 2.96 and 62.64 ± 14.46 years, respectively. While the control groups (males, females) were 40.97 ± 1.67 and 45.25 ± 7.13 years (p > 0.05). Of the 45 patients, 20 (44.4%) were males, 25 (55.6%) females. The resulted data showed that there are no significant (p > 0.05) for the total of the mean of human IL-10 between patients and control, respectively, where the mean level of IL10 in males was 190.10 ± 15.07& 154.18 ± 8.77 (p < 0.05) respectively and 142.22 ± 12.43 & 117.04 ± 14.66 in females, but not significantly (p > 0.05), and revealed an highly increased significant in this marker during the course of the chronic kidney disease in males more than females in patients (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Can conclude from this study that decreased anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 likely affects CKD progression and prognosis in females specifically.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":"10932607251317417"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143460673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amino acids characterization based on frequency and interaction analysis in human antigen-antibody complexes from Thera-SAbDab.","authors":"Roylan Pais, Anil Kumar Nagraj, Akshata Gavade, Riya Patel, Mohasin Momin, Juergen Scheele, Werner Seiz, Jaspal Patil","doi":"10.1177/10932607241303614","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10932607241303614","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundAntibodies are composed of light and heavy chains, both of which have constant and variable regions. The diversity, specific binding ability and therapeutic potential of antibodies are determined by hypervariable loops called complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), with the other regions being the framework regions.ObjectiveTo investigate the key amino acid patterns in various antibody regions in the human therapeutic antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) complexes collected from the Thera-SAbDab database.MethodThe study focuses on identifying the amino acid frequency, diversity index in CDRs, paratope-epitope amino acid interactions, amino acid bond formation frequency, and bond types among selected therapeutic Ag-Ab complexes.ResultsThe results revealed that Ser is highly distributed in the overall light chain CDRs while Gly is highly distributed in the heavy chain CDRs. CDR profiling analysis indicated that the average amino acid diversity in heavy chain CDRs is 60% to 70%, while in the light chain, it is 50% to 60%. Aromatic residues such as Tyr, Trp and Phe are the top contributors to these paratope-epitope interactions in the light and heavy chains. Moreover, we examined the frequency of amino acids in light and heavy chains of Ag-Ab complexes. Importantly, the outcome of this study leverages the in depth analysis on single residues, dipeptides, and tripeptides for the therapeutic Ag-Ab complexes.ConclusionWe conclude that the amino acid frequency and interaction analysis centered on therapeutic Ag-Ab complexes will benefit antibody engineering parameters such as antibody design, optimization, affinity maturation, and overall antibody development.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":"10932607241303614"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143460671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging therapies in Multiple Myeloma: Leveraging immune checkpoint inhibitors for improved outcomes.","authors":"Anuja Anil Mandavkar, Suraj Sai Nikhil Padakanti, Srajan Gupta, Samiyah Akram, Nida Jaffar, Jugalkishor Chauhan, Likhita Reddy Allu, Pulkit Saini, Jamil Nasrallah, Mohamed Abdullahi Omar, Muna Ali Mugibel, Saif Syed, Kumaran Ottilingam Ravindran, Ayush Dwivedi, Gurneet Singh Dhingra, Avleen Dhingra, Jay Kakadiya, Jana Kotaich, Shreya Singh Beniwal","doi":"10.1177/10932607241301699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10932607241301699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background:: </strong>Multiple Myeloma is a hematological malignancy characterized by the proliferation of clonal plasma cells and associated with severe clinical manifestations. Despite advancements in diagnosis and management, Multiple Myeloma remains incurable, necessitating further research into more effective therapies.</p><p><strong>Aim:: </strong>The primary objective of this review is to provide an informative and critical summary of the Multiple Myeloma microenvironment, and emerging revolutionary therapeutic approaches with potential combination therapy to improve the quality of life for Multiple Myeloma patients.</p><p><strong>Emerging approaches:: </strong>Recent advancements in immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have shown improvements in immune response against Multiple Myeloma. ICIs target inhibitory pathways such as PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4, potentially overcoming tumor-induced immunosuppression. Combination therapies integrate ICIs with proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulators, and monoclonal antibodies to enhance the anti-tumor immune response. Additionally, Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has demonstrated effectiveness against Multiple Myeloma, particularly when coupled with ICIs to decrease resistance and relapse.</p><p><strong>Challenges:: </strong>Although the efficacy of ICIs in treating Multiple Myeloma has been hindered by the complexity of the tumor microenvironment and immune evasion mechanisms, this challenge has led to the exploration of combination therapies. Potential side effects are still a big challenge for newly recognized ICIs and combination treatment.</p><p><strong>Future directions:: </strong>Investigations of new immune checkpoints and the development of targeted therapies against these markers are in progress, creating possibilities for more personalized and effective treatment strategies. Continuous research and robust clinical trials are needed to comprehend the complex dynamics of the Multiple Myeloma microenvironment to develop revolutionary therapeutic targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":"10932607241301699"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143460672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State of type 2 diabetic Iraqi patients after hospitalization for COVID-19.","authors":"Hiba S Ahmed, Haylim N Abud, Hind S Ahmed","doi":"10.1177/10932607241304947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10932607241304947","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, triggered by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has affected over 100 million people and killed around 2 million individuals. One of the most common chronic illnesses in the world is diabetes, which greatly raises the risk of hospitalization and death for COVID-19 patients.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to analyze the novel coronavirus's general characteristics and shed light on COVID-19 and its management in diabetic individuals by measuring some metabolic and inflammatory factors in type 2 diabetic patients with and without COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred Iraqi patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were enrolled in the current study; 50 had COVID-19 with the Omicron variant, and 50 weren't. The diagnosis was designed by the consultant medical staff at the clinic. Eligible individuals had a positive nasal swab for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. They were compared with 50 healthy individuals as a control group. Every participant's anthropometric and clinical features were measured. The study includes the study groups' glycemic, lipid profile, serum urea, and C-reactive protein (CRP) measurements.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were remarkable rises (<i>p </i>< 0.05) in fasting and random blood glucose, serum lipid, and urea levels in diabetic patients with COVID-19 compared to those without COVID-19 and the control group. Also, a significant elevation (<i>p </i>= 0.01) was found in fasting serum insulin among diabetic patients with COVID-19 as compared to those without COVID-19 and the control group (32.75 ± 8.63 vs. 25.82 ± 3.50 and 10.65 ± 1.12) µU/L, respectively. Serum CRP levels significantly increased (<i>p </i>= 0.0001) in diabetic patients with COVID-19 compared to other groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia resulting from cytokine storm significantly increased the risk of hospitalization and death among coronavirus disease-19 patients. It has been concluded that T2DM reliably predicts morbidity among COVID-19 patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of severe hyperglycemia. The results also show the temporary and reversible deficiency in insulin secretion associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection. Consequently, it is recommended to examine variables of insulin sensitivity and pancreatic islet activity among patients with COVID-19 who have a history of diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":"10932607241304947"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143460675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of CD40L and TSAB serum level in Graves disease patients.","authors":"Alkhansaa Tariq Jawad, Hayfaa Mahmood Fahad, Ayat Ali Salih","doi":"10.3233/HAB-240036","DOIUrl":"10.3233/HAB-240036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The autoimmune disorder known as Graves' disease. The condition is due to the binding of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins to the thyrotropin receptor located on the thyroid gland. The result is an excess of thyroidal hormones. symptoms of hyperthyroidism, and the formation of diffuse goiter.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This research intends to quantify the levels of CD40L, TSAB in people who suffer from Graves' disease. It also aims to determine the relationship between TSAB and the duration of the disease, as well as analyze the role of CD40L as a predictive marker for Graves' disease using medcalc Statistical Software version 16.4.3 and SAS (2018).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a case-control study, randomly selected 90 graves disease patients were included, the randomly selected patients were divided equally and matched into a case group who have graves disease and graves disease-free patients as a control group. For both groups whole blood sample was examined to compare for (TSAB), and (CD40L) levels determination by ELISA technique.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average serum levels of CD40L showed a highly significant correlation (<math><mi>P</mi></math> value <math><mo><</mo></math> 0.01) among the groups examined for Graves' disease. The patient group consisted of 13 males (28.89%) and 32 females (71.11%). No significant correlation was identified between TSAB and the duration of the condition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Thyroid stimulating antibody (TSAb) test and ultrasonography of the thyroid gland are valuable diagnostic techniques for autoimmune Graves' disease (GD). CD40L could potentially serve as a predictive diagnostic marker for Graves' disease. However, there is no observed link between the duration of the disease and the concentration of TSAB.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":"HAB240036"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and characterization of three novel mouse monoclonal antibodies targeting spike protein S1 subunit of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus.","authors":"A. Abbas, S. El-Kafrawy, Ashraf A Tabll, A. Hashem, Tagreed L Al Subhi, M. Alsaadi, E. Azhar","doi":"10.3233/HAB-240016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-240016","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus is a highly pathogenic virus that poses a significant threat to public health.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000The purpose of this study is to develop and characterize novel mouse monoclonal antibodies targeting the spike protein S1 subunit of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS-CoV).\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000In this study, three mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against MERS-CoV were generated and characterized using hybridoma technology. The mAbs were evaluated for their reactivity and neutralization activity. The mAbs were generated through hybridoma technology by the fusion of myeloma cells and spleen cells from MERS-CoV-S1 immunized mice. The resulting hybridomas were screened for antibody production using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000ELISA results demonstrated that all three mAbs exhibited strong reactivity against the MERS-CoV S1-antigen. Similarly, dot-ELISA revealed their ability to specifically recognize viral components, indicating their potential for diagnostic applications. Under non-denaturing conditions, Western blot showed the mAbs to have robust reactivity against a specific band at 116 KDa, corresponding to a putative MERS-CoV S1-antigen. However, no reactive bands were observed under denaturing conditions, suggesting that the antibodies recognize conformational epitopes. The neutralization assay showed no in vitro reactivity against MERS-CoV.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000This study successfully generated three mouse monoclonal antibodies against MERS-CoV using hybridoma technology. The antibodies exhibited strong reactivity against MERS-CoV antigens using ELISA and dot ELISA assays. Taken together, these findings highlight the significance of these mAbs for potential use as valuable tools for MERS-CoV research and diagnosis (community and field-based surveillance and viral antigen detection).","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"26 47","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141019899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of vitamin D against COVID-19 infection, progression and severity.","authors":"H. S. Ahmed, Hind Sh Ahmed, Haylim N. Abud","doi":"10.3233/HAB-240009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-240009","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000The number of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) positive patients and fatalities keeps rising. It is important to recognize risk factors for severe outcomes. Evidence linking vitamin D deficiency and the severity of COVID-19 is tangential but substantial - relating to race, obesity, and institutionalization.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000This study aims to examine the function of vitamin D and nutritional defense against infections such as COVID-19, which is the goal of this research.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000This study includes observational cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies that estimated variances in serum levels of vitamin D among patients with mild or severe forms of COVID-19, and in patients who died or were discharged from hospitals. Studies that assessed the risk of developing severe disorder or death in patients with vitamin D deficiency, defined as levels of vitamin D< 20 ng/mL, were also encompassed.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000In a retrospective study on 464,383 individuals, results showed that individuals who had the highest risks for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and for COVID-19 severity when infected, had vitamin D levels < 30 nmol/L; Odds Ratio (OR) were 1.246 [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.210-1.304] and 1.513 [95%CI: 1.230-1.861], respectively. Additionally, in a retrospective observational study of 191,779 individuals in the USA. The SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate was greater in the 39,190 subjects with vitamin D < 20 ng/mL [12.5%, 95% C.I. 12.2-12.8%] than in the 27,870 subjects with sufficient serum vitamin D levels [8.1%, 95% C.I. 7.8-8.4%] and in the 12,321 subjects with serum vitamin D ⩾ 55 ng/mL [5.9%, 95% C.I. 5.5-6.4%].\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000People hospitalized for COVID-19 should be checked for vitamin D status and supplemented, and high-dose-in testing should be considered in the recovery trial. More importantly, screening for malnutrition and the administration of the best nutritional supplements are essential for the immune system of the human body to function as it should be. Thus, nutritional supplementation is crucial for people with risk factors as well as older adults with compromised immune systems.","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"2005 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140718594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The rebirth of epitope-based patent claims.","authors":"Ulrich Storz","doi":"10.3233/HAB-240006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-240006","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Patent protection of therapeutic antibodies and T cell receptors is an important tool to enable the path to the market. In view of the substantial spendings for R&D and regulatory approval, sponsors expect exclusivity for their drug for a given period of time. Different categories exist to protect therapeutic antibodies and T cell receptors. One of these categories are epitope-based patent claims, with regard to which in the different jurisdictions, different patentability standards exist, which, furthermore, are constantly changed by courts and lawmakers.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000This article tries to explain the patentability issues related to epitope-based patent claims.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000For this purpose, an overview is given on the respective legal provisions and court decisions.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000The study reveals that the respective patentability standards are constantly changed by courts and lawmakers.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000Companies developing therapeutic antibodies or T cell receptors need to consider these developments in their strategic planning.","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"40 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140783676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}