Human Antibodies最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of CD40L and TSAB serum level in Graves disease patients.","authors":"Alkhansaa Tariq Jawad, Hayfaa Mahmood Fahad, Ayat Ali Salih","doi":"10.3233/HAB-240036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-240036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The autoimmune disorder known as Graves' disease. The condition is due to the binding of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins to the thyrotropin receptor located on the thyroid gland. The result is an excess of thyroidal hormones. symptoms of hyperthyroidism, and the formation of diffuse goiter.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This research intends to quantify the levels of CD40L, TSAB in people who suffer from Graves' disease. It also aims to determine the relationship between TSAB and the duration of the disease, as well as analyze the role of CD40L as a predictive marker for Graves' disease using medcalc Statistical Software version 16.4.3 and SAS (2018).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a case-control study, randomly selected 90 graves disease patients were included, the randomly selected patients were divided equally and matched into a case group who have graves disease and graves disease-free patients as a control group. For both groups whole blood sample was examined to compare for (TSAB), and (CD40L) levels determination by ELISA technique.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average serum levels of CD40L showed a highly significant correlation (P value < 0.01) among the groups examined for Graves' disease. The patient group consisted of 13 males (28.89%) and 32 females (71.11%). No significant correlation was identified between TSAB and the duration of the condition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Thyroid stimulating antibody (TSAb) test and ultrasonography of the thyroid gland are valuable diagnostic techniques for autoimmune Graves' disease (GD). CD40L could potentially serve as a predictive diagnostic marker for Graves' disease. However, there is no observed link between the duration of the disease and the concentration of TSAB.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and characterization of three novel mouse monoclonal antibodies targeting spike protein S1 subunit of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus.","authors":"A. Abbas, S. El-Kafrawy, Ashraf A Tabll, A. Hashem, Tagreed L Al Subhi, M. Alsaadi, E. Azhar","doi":"10.3233/HAB-240016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-240016","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus is a highly pathogenic virus that poses a significant threat to public health.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000The purpose of this study is to develop and characterize novel mouse monoclonal antibodies targeting the spike protein S1 subunit of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS-CoV).\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000In this study, three mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against MERS-CoV were generated and characterized using hybridoma technology. The mAbs were evaluated for their reactivity and neutralization activity. The mAbs were generated through hybridoma technology by the fusion of myeloma cells and spleen cells from MERS-CoV-S1 immunized mice. The resulting hybridomas were screened for antibody production using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000ELISA results demonstrated that all three mAbs exhibited strong reactivity against the MERS-CoV S1-antigen. Similarly, dot-ELISA revealed their ability to specifically recognize viral components, indicating their potential for diagnostic applications. Under non-denaturing conditions, Western blot showed the mAbs to have robust reactivity against a specific band at 116 KDa, corresponding to a putative MERS-CoV S1-antigen. However, no reactive bands were observed under denaturing conditions, suggesting that the antibodies recognize conformational epitopes. The neutralization assay showed no in vitro reactivity against MERS-CoV.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000This study successfully generated three mouse monoclonal antibodies against MERS-CoV using hybridoma technology. The antibodies exhibited strong reactivity against MERS-CoV antigens using ELISA and dot ELISA assays. Taken together, these findings highlight the significance of these mAbs for potential use as valuable tools for MERS-CoV research and diagnosis (community and field-based surveillance and viral antigen detection).","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"26 47","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141019899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of vitamin D against COVID-19 infection, progression and severity.","authors":"H. S. Ahmed, Hind Sh Ahmed, Haylim N. Abud","doi":"10.3233/HAB-240009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-240009","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000The number of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) positive patients and fatalities keeps rising. It is important to recognize risk factors for severe outcomes. Evidence linking vitamin D deficiency and the severity of COVID-19 is tangential but substantial - relating to race, obesity, and institutionalization.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000This study aims to examine the function of vitamin D and nutritional defense against infections such as COVID-19, which is the goal of this research.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000This study includes observational cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies that estimated variances in serum levels of vitamin D among patients with mild or severe forms of COVID-19, and in patients who died or were discharged from hospitals. Studies that assessed the risk of developing severe disorder or death in patients with vitamin D deficiency, defined as levels of vitamin D< 20 ng/mL, were also encompassed.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000In a retrospective study on 464,383 individuals, results showed that individuals who had the highest risks for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and for COVID-19 severity when infected, had vitamin D levels < 30 nmol/L; Odds Ratio (OR) were 1.246 [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.210-1.304] and 1.513 [95%CI: 1.230-1.861], respectively. Additionally, in a retrospective observational study of 191,779 individuals in the USA. The SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate was greater in the 39,190 subjects with vitamin D < 20 ng/mL [12.5%, 95% C.I. 12.2-12.8%] than in the 27,870 subjects with sufficient serum vitamin D levels [8.1%, 95% C.I. 7.8-8.4%] and in the 12,321 subjects with serum vitamin D ⩾ 55 ng/mL [5.9%, 95% C.I. 5.5-6.4%].\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000People hospitalized for COVID-19 should be checked for vitamin D status and supplemented, and high-dose-in testing should be considered in the recovery trial. More importantly, screening for malnutrition and the administration of the best nutritional supplements are essential for the immune system of the human body to function as it should be. Thus, nutritional supplementation is crucial for people with risk factors as well as older adults with compromised immune systems.","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"2005 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140718594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The rebirth of epitope-based patent claims.","authors":"Ulrich Storz","doi":"10.3233/HAB-240006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/HAB-240006","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Patent protection of therapeutic antibodies and T cell receptors is an important tool to enable the path to the market. In view of the substantial spendings for R&D and regulatory approval, sponsors expect exclusivity for their drug for a given period of time. Different categories exist to protect therapeutic antibodies and T cell receptors. One of these categories are epitope-based patent claims, with regard to which in the different jurisdictions, different patentability standards exist, which, furthermore, are constantly changed by courts and lawmakers.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000This article tries to explain the patentability issues related to epitope-based patent claims.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000For this purpose, an overview is given on the respective legal provisions and court decisions.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000The study reveals that the respective patentability standards are constantly changed by courts and lawmakers.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000Companies developing therapeutic antibodies or T cell receptors need to consider these developments in their strategic planning.","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":"40 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140783676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and characterization of three novel mouse monoclonal antibodies targeting spike protein S1 subunit of Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus.","authors":"Aymn T Abbas, Sherif A El-Kafrawy, Ashraf A Tabll, Anwar M Hashem, Tagreed L Al Subhi, Mohammed Alsaadi, Esam I Azhar","doi":"10.3233/HAB-240016","DOIUrl":"10.3233/HAB-240016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus is a highly pathogenic virus that poses a significant threat to public health.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this study is to develop and characterize novel mouse monoclonal antibodies targeting the spike protein S1 subunit of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS-CoV).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, three mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against MERS-CoV were generated and characterized using hybridoma technology. The mAbs were evaluated for their reactivity and neutralization activity. The mAbs were generated through hybridoma technology by the fusion of myeloma cells and spleen cells from MERS-CoV-S1 immunized mice. The resulting hybridomas were screened for antibody production using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ELISA results demonstrated that all three mAbs exhibited strong reactivity against the MERS-CoV S1-antigen. Similarly, dot-ELISA revealed their ability to specifically recognize viral components, indicating their potential for diagnostic applications. Under non-denaturing conditions, Western blot showed the mAbs to have robust reactivity against a specific band at 116 KDa, corresponding to a putative MERS-CoV S1-antigen. However, no reactive bands were observed under denaturing conditions, suggesting that the antibodies recognize conformational epitopes. The neutralization assay showed no in vitro reactivity against MERS-CoV.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study successfully generated three mouse monoclonal antibodies against MERS-CoV using hybridoma technology. The antibodies exhibited strong reactivity against MERS-CoV antigens using ELISA and dot ELISA assays. Taken together, these findings highlight the significance of these mAbs for potential use as valuable tools for MERS-CoV research and diagnosis (community and field-based surveillance and viral antigen detection).</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":"129-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140959771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicity of biologics used in the treatment of asthma.","authors":"Omario A M Neunie, Wardah Rabbani, David Baker, Emma S Chambers, Paul E Pfeffer, Angray S Kang","doi":"10.3233/HAB-240002","DOIUrl":"10.3233/HAB-240002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Asthma is a major global disease affecting adults and children, which can lead to hospitalization and death due to breathing difficulties. Although targeted monoclonal antibody therapies have revolutionized treatment of severe asthma, some patients still fail to respond. Here we critically evaluate the literature on biologic therapy failure in asthma patients with particular reference to anti-drug antibody production, and subsequent loss of response, as the potential primary cause of drug failure in asthma patients.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Encouragingly, asthma in most cases responds to treatment, including the use of an increasing number of biologic drugs in moderate to severe disease. This includes monoclonal antibody inhibitors of immunoglobulin E and cytokines, including interleukin 4, 5, or 13 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. These limit mast cell and eosinophil activity that cause the symptomatic small airways obstruction and exacerbations.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Despite humanization of the antibodies, it is evident that benralizumab; dupilumab; mepolizumab; omalizumab; reslizumab and tezepelumab all induce anti-drug antibodies to some extent. These can contribute to adverse events including infusion reactions, serum sickness, anaphylaxis and potentially disease activity due to loss of therapeutic function. Monitoring anti-drug antibodies (ADA) may allow prediction of future treatment-failure in some individuals allowing treatment cessation and switching therefore potentially limiting disease breakthrough.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":"121-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141437788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serostatus of Coxsackie B in a sample of women with miscarriage in Baghdad, Iraq.","authors":"Mervet B Jasim, Asmaa B Al-Obaidi, Enas Adnan Abdulrasul, Haider Faisal Ghazi","doi":"10.3233/HAB-240005","DOIUrl":"10.3233/HAB-240005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The antibody that crosses transplacentally from mother to fetus is very important origin of protective passive immunity against infection neonatal with enterovirus. Important varieties of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) are responsible for infections in newborns. The purpose from this study is to investigate in the prevalence of Coxsackie B virus in a sample of Iraqi women with miscarriage and potential role of miscarriage risk.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between November 2022 and June 2023, we included 91 parturient women (gestational age: 4-20 weeks) who were between the ages of 15 and 40. Every participant completed a questionnaire, and blood was drawn to assess maternal antibodies against CVB3.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The blood seropositive rates were 46 out 91(50.54%), 2 out 46 were IgM positive (4.34%), (8-12 weeks) 23 from 46 (50%) (p-value 0.0294) gestational age more frequent among aborted women that positive for anti-coxsackie B antibody, The 25-35 age group was significantly overrepresented (51/91, 56%) compared to other age groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This investigation posits Coxsackie B virus (CBV) as a possible etiology for miscarriage in the Iraqi female population. Further studies employing larger cohorts and robust methodologies, beyond the current detection technique, are warranted to corroborate these observations and elucidate the potential mechanisms by which CBV might induce miscarriage.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":"61-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140872629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Free radicals and oxidative stress: Mechanisms and therapeutic targets.","authors":"Huda A Hassan, Hind Sh Ahmed, Dheefaf F Hassan","doi":"10.3233/HAB-240011","DOIUrl":"10.3233/HAB-240011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Free radicals are small extremely reactive species that have unpaired electrons. Free radicals include subgroups of reactive species, which are all a product of regular cellular metabolism. Oxidative stress happens when the free radicals production exceeds the capacity of the antioxidant system in the body's cells.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The current review clarifies the prospective role of antioxidants in the inhibition and healing of diseases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Information on oxidative stress, free radicals, reactive oxidant species, and natural and synthetic antioxidants was obtained by searching electronic databases like PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct, with articles published between 1987 and 2023 being included in this review.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Free radicals exhibit a dual role in living systems. They are toxic byproducts of aerobic metabolism that lead to oxidative injury and tissue disorders and act as signals to activate appropriate stress responses. Endogenous and exogenous sources of reactive oxygen species are discussed in this review. Oxidative stress is a component of numerous diseases, including diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cancer. Although various small molecules assessed as antioxidants have shown therapeutic prospects in preclinical studies, clinical trial outcomes have been inadequate. Understanding the mechanisms through which antioxidants act, where, and when they are active may reveal a rational approach that leads to more tremendous pharmacological success. This review studies the associations between oxidative stress, redox signaling, and disease, the mechanisms through which oxidative stress can donate to pathology, the antioxidant defenses, the limits of their effectiveness, and antioxidant defenses that can be increased through physiological signaling, dietary constituents, and probable pharmaceutical interference. Prospective clinical applications of enzyme mimics and current progress in metal- and non-metal-based materials with enzyme-like activities and protection against chronic diseases have been discussed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review discussed oxidative stress as one of the main causes of illnesses, as well as antioxidant systems and their defense mechanisms that can be useful in inhibiting these diseases. Thus, the positive and deleterious effects of antioxidant molecules used to lessen oxidative stress in numerous human diseases are discussed. The optimal level of vitamins and minerals is the amount that achieves the best feed benefit, best growth rate, and health, including immune efficiency, and provides sufficient amounts to the body.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":"151-167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141731647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increase in the specificity of immunoassay methods by direct targeting different epitopes; sequential chain reactions.","authors":"Yasin Ahmadi, Hamid Ahmadi, Leili Aghebati-Maleki","doi":"10.3233/HAB-240019","DOIUrl":"10.3233/HAB-240019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Immunoassay methods typically involve the use of antibodies, which are either labeled with an enzyme to generate a detectable product or directly tagged with a radioactive or fluorescent substrate.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One approach to enhance the specificity of immuno-detection methods is by employing a combination of different antibodies, such as primary and secondary.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>However, relying solely on one antibody targeting another may not offer the highest level of precision for improving immunoassay specificity; A novel strategy for enhancing the specificity of immunoassay techniques involves directly targeting different epitopes of an antigen.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This approach entails utilizing sequential chain reactions facilitated by distinct enzymes bound to various antibodies, each directed at specific epitopes on the antigen. Such an innovative method holds promise for advancing the specificity of immunoassay methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":"181-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142141755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of serum biomarkers level transforming growth factor-β and tumor necrosis factor-α with diabetic neuropathy.","authors":"Dhifaf Abdulrhaman, Hayfaa Fahad, Nawar Khalil","doi":"10.3233/HAB-240031","DOIUrl":"10.3233/HAB-240031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Many studies have examined the role of inflammation in the development of diabetic neuropathy (DPN).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Evaluate the relation of the serum level of Transforming Growth Factor-β and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy DPN.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a case-control study, randomly selected 140 diabetic patients were included, the randomly selected patients were divided equally and matched into a case group who have diabetic peripheral neuropathy and diabetic neuropathy-free patients as a control group. For both groups whole blood sample was examined to compare for (TGF-β), and (TNF-α) levels determination by ELISA technique.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The age of the study samples ranged from 25 to 80 years with a male ratio of 1.45:1 although the sex differences between both groups were not significant. The mean levels of (TNF-α) and (TGF-β) was significantly higher among cases group than that of controls group (254.86 ± 75.9 vs158.01 ± 50.600) for TNF-α and for TGF- β (312.85 ± 62.27 vs. 217.82 ± 52.95) respectively. Both TNF-α and TGF-β have high sensitivity and specificity in detection of DPN. The sensitivity of TNF-α was 95.7% and specificity of 61.4% area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.870 ± 0.029, while the sensitivity of TGF-β was 91.4%, and specificity of 67.1 with good area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.891 ± 0.026 (P=0.000).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>TNF-α and TGF -β are significantly elevated levels in patients with DPN, these cytokines could be used as indicators for the development of DPN.</p>","PeriodicalId":53564,"journal":{"name":"Human Antibodies","volume":" ","pages":"193-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141876713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}