Colloid and Polymer Science最新文献

{"title":"Nano-structural modification of mass transfer channels in alginate membrane by dispersed oligoethylene glycol for nanofiltration applications","authors":"Kaito Yoshida,&nbsp;Keita Kashima","doi":"10.1007/s00396-025-05408-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00396-025-05408-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A biocompatible membrane with superior nanofiltration ability was prepared from calcium alginate. To improve the filtration selectivity for small molecules (≤ 1200 Da), the membrane structure was modified using oligoethylene glycol (OEG) with an average molecular mass of 200 Da, similar to the target molecules for nanofiltration. The membrane structure involving with mass transfer was designed selectively for water permeation depended on the mass ratio of OEG as a void-forming agent to alginate as the base material of the membrane (<i>Φ</i>_OEG [ −]). OEG was added into the aqueous solution of sodium alginate before casting and removed after membrane crosslinking. The OEG-modified membrane showed high water permeation flux beyond the tradeoff relation between solution flux and solute rejection. The diameter of mass transfer channels estimated from the rejection of glucose, which is typical non-charged substance, was kept at nanofiltration region while decreasing the tortuosity of mass transfer channels. The effective diffusion coefficient of model solutes (180 Da ≤ molecular mass ≤ 1373 Da) increased as more voids were formed by OEG; however, the dependency of the effective diffusion coefficient on the molecular mass of model solutes was almost constant. Thus, biocompatible calcium alginate membrane with void-forming modification by OEG showed promising nanofiltration ability for small molecules.</p>","PeriodicalId":520,"journal":{"name":"Colloid and Polymer Science","volume":"303 7","pages":"1261 - 1271"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145142480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A quantitative method for assessing floc strength based on laminar shear force","authors":"Qing Yang,&nbsp;Cheng Wang,&nbsp;Yun Ding,&nbsp;Junguang Zhao,&nbsp;Le Ma,&nbsp;Lifei Shang","doi":"10.1007/s00396-025-05409-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00396-025-05409-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper establishes a quantitative calculation method for the strength of flocs under laminar shear force, where the key factors involved are the binding force and breaking force of flocs. The binding force of flocs is regarded as the floc strength, and the critical breaking force of flocs in laminar flow is considered a function of the shear rate (<i>γ</i>) and the area of flocs (<i>A</i>). The beaker experiments respectively explored the strength of flocs formed under different PAC dosages at a fixed stirring speed and different stirring speeds at a fixed dosage. It was discovered that the floc strength was the highest at a PAC dosage of 20 mg/L, reaching 11.89 nN; when the stirring speed was 80 r/min, the floc strength was the highest, attaining 13.33 nN. Furthermore, correlation analysis between the fractal dimension of flocs and their strength revealed a strong positive correlation with a correlation coefficient above 0.90 (<i>p</i> = 0.01). Finally, an integrated analysis of floc size, fractal dimension, and strength demonstrated that the turbidity removal rate is mainly determined by the floc size and floc strength, with the floc strength playing a dominant role in most cases. These findings provide theoretical guidance for improving the settling performance of flocs and developing efficient coagulation processes.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":520,"journal":{"name":"Colloid and Polymer Science","volume":"303 7","pages":"1247 - 1260"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145142479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new modification strategy for polyurethane: introduction and property analysis of maleic anhydride","authors":"Huibin Zhou,&nbsp;Hairui Wang,&nbsp;Hongyu Zhang,&nbsp;Liheng Chen,&nbsp;Qingzhen Han,&nbsp;Chengzhong Zong","doi":"10.1007/s00396-025-05415-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00396-025-05415-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polyurethanes are widely used in many fields, and with the expansion of market demand, the improvement of their comprehensive performance through modification techniques has become a research priority. In this paper, modified polyurethane (MPU) was synthesized by reacting terminal hydroxyl polyurethane prepolymer (Pre-PU) with maleic anhydride (MA), and the effects of the introduction of MA as well as the different additions on the properties of MPU were investigated. The structure of MPU was determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the water contact angle and water absorption tests showed that the hydrophilicity of MPU was significantly enhanced, and from the solvent resistance test, it was known that MPU was easy to decompose in acetone, and from the results of the differential scanning calorimeter and the heat loss analyzer, it was known that modified polyurethanes were tunable in terms of their thermal properties by adjusting the amount of MA added. The results of the study offer the possibility of expanding the application areas of polyurethane and its application in special environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":520,"journal":{"name":"Colloid and Polymer Science","volume":"303 7","pages":"1235 - 1245"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145141902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into the assembling parameters of colloidal crystal fabricated by floatage self-assembly method","authors":"Yanan Fu","doi":"10.1007/s00396-025-05416-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00396-025-05416-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>For the fabrication of colloidal crystal by floatage self-assembly, the influence of parameters was investigated. The three-dimensional structure of the colloidal crystal was characterized by synchrotron radiation x-ray phase-contrast computed tomography, and the quantitative analysis was conducted. We found that the transferring speed of the spheres in the assembling process is significant and can be influenced by the sphere size, ratio of mixed solvents, and assembling temperature, which actually introduce the effect of density and viscosity of the solvent. The decreasing sphere size and solvent viscosity both help reduce the porosity of the array. The concentration of the suspension should be enough to supply sufficient spheres up to the growing front under the action of floatage for ordered arrangement. The floatage self-assembly method with capillary force and floatage could promote an arrangement with strong attraction among the spheres, especially for the first template layer; thus, it enables a broad concentration range for preparation with steady porosity, and the final drying process has little impact on the structure. For the elevated assembling temperature, it has many positive impacts on the orderliness, including decreasing the transferring speed for a steady assembly process, strengthening the lateral capillary force for nucleation, raising the kinetic energy of spheres for assembling, and restraining the disturbance of hcp structure in thermodynamics. However, the temperature should also be restricted in a certain range to repress the excessive solvent evaporation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":520,"journal":{"name":"Colloid and Polymer Science","volume":"303 7","pages":"1205 - 1212"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145142106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of gold nanoparticles using deep eutectic solvents and their incorporation into polyvinyl alcohol–based eutectogels: structural, chemical, and functional analysis","authors":"Victoria Vorobyova,&nbsp;Margarita Skiba,&nbsp;Kateryna Vinnichuk,&nbsp;Georgii Vasyliev","doi":"10.1007/s00396-025-05403-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00396-025-05403-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The research in the article aims to address the problem of limited functionality and chemical stability of composite hydrophilic materials when using traditional solvents and reaction media, fillers and synthesis methods. For the first time, deep eutectic solvents (DES) are simultaneously used as a green medium for AuNP (DES–AuNPs) synthesis and integrated into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based eutectogels and also DES, creating a stable hybrid material with improved stability and functional properties. A series of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on choline chloride, proline, xylitol and betaine were synthesized. The success of the DES synthesis was confirmed using the nuclear magnetic resonance method (¹H NMR). The main physical and chemical properties of solvents (viscosity, thermal stability and surface tension) were studied. The impact of the chemical’s properties of the DES (viscosity, surface tension, pH) on the effectiveness of synthesis and parameters of the obtained gold nanoparticles was investigated. These DES-synthesized AuNPs were subsequently incorporated into a PVA-DES-based eutectogel, forming a hybrid nanocomposite hydrogel system. The DES-assisted synthesis yielded stable, uniformly dispersed gold nanoparticles with controlled size. Incorporation of AuNPs into the PVA eutectogel resulted in a hybrid material with enhanced mechanical strength, thermal stability and potential conductive and optical functionalities. The eutectogel matrix facilitated uniform nanoparticle distribution without requiring additional stabilizers. The size of nanoparticles, depending on the type of DES used, varies in the range from 10 to 50 nm. The results show that the formation of DES-AuNPs significantly pronounced with the moderate acidic DES and with moderate viscosity. It has been shown that DES ensures the stability of the obtained DES-AuNPs. The second part of the work was devoted to the synthesis of eutectogel based on PVA and DES-3 (betaine–xylitol) as well as the production of a composite based on it by incorporation of DES-AuNPs. The amphiphilic nature, thermal stability and high viscosity of DES provide a unique opportunity for their introduction into polymeric materials. Thus, the current study was aimed to prepare a novel PVA-based eutectogel from PVA, DES (betaine–xylitol) and with DES-AuNPs obtained with DES (betaine–xylitol). Casting method was used to prepare eutectogel composite material PVA/DES (betaine–xylitol)/DES (betaine–xylitol)-AuNPs. The eutectogel and composite eutectogel also exhibited good functional properties such as stability in various pH and absorptivity capacity. Every sample showed maximal swelling at acidic pH and reduced swelling at neutral pH; eutectogel and composite began to swell once again at pH 9.18.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":520,"journal":{"name":"Colloid and Polymer Science","volume":"303 7","pages":"1213 - 1234"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145142113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of eco-friendly sodium alginate-based hydrogel for the effective removal of copper(II) and cobalt(II) from contaminated water","authors":"Suyash Pandey,&nbsp;Poorn Prakash Pande,&nbsp;Arbind Chaurasiya,&nbsp;Kopal Kashaudhan,&nbsp;Aradhana Chaudhary","doi":"10.1007/s00396-025-05413-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00396-025-05413-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The current study shows the synthesis of a novel sodium alginate-derived hydrogel (SMNA hydrogel) from acrylamide (AAm) and maleic acid (MA) monomers and of N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) crosslinker through free-radical graft copolymerization. Three grades of SMNA hydrogel were synthesized in all, viz., SMNA G-1, SMNA G-2, and SMNA G-3 hydrogels. The hydrogel has been characterized using analytical techniques such as FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) spectroscopy, GPC (gel permeation chromatography), TGA (thermogravimetric analysis), point of zero charge (ΔpH_PZC) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). The synthesized hydrogel has been used to remove Cu²⁺ and Co²⁺ ions from synthetic wastewater. The swelling ratios and water retention properties have been studied for the hydrogel, and among the three grades, SMNA G-2 hydrogel demonstrated maximum swelling ratios of 225.86, 247.55, and 268.54 g/g in gray wastewater, tap water, and distilled water, respectively. The removal efficiencies of 96.38% for Cu²⁺ and 94% for Co²⁺ ions were achieved with maximum adsorption capacities of 568.54 mg/g for Cu²⁺ and 342.42 mg/g for Co²⁺ ions by SMNA G-2 hydrogel. Further experiments were performed by varying adsorbent dosage, pH, time of contact, temperature, and concentration. Adsorption data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm model and kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption process follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic analysis showed negative <i>ΔG</i> values, indicating a spontaneous adsorption process. The SMNA G-2 hydrogel also exhibited excellent desorption efficiency, with 97.51% for Cu²⁺ and 94.92% for Co²⁺ ions, and maintained its reusability for five consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles. SMNA hydrogel demonstrates high efficiency, cost-effectiveness, ease of use, low energy requirements, and significant potential for treating wastewater containing heavy metal ions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":520,"journal":{"name":"Colloid and Polymer Science","volume":"303 7","pages":"1171 - 1187"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145145415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aloe vera-capped ZnO nanoparticles loaded in polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan as biodegradable, UV-blocking, and antibacterial film for fruit packaging","authors":"Nhung Thi Tran,&nbsp;Khanh Linh Nguyen,&nbsp;Giang Tien Nguyen,&nbsp;Anh Tuan Nguyen Huynh,&nbsp;Tam Minh Le","doi":"10.1007/s00396-025-05410-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00396-025-05410-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The fabrication of active food packaging materials from biodegradable polymers combined with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles has received significant research attention. Among them, ZnO nanoparticles have been widely used in food and pharmaceutical fields due to their low cost and broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy. Herein, uniform ZnO nanoparticles (~ 53 nm in diameter) with single-phase crystallinity were green synthesized at moderate temperature (80 ℃) by using <i>Aloe vera</i> extract as capping agents and sodium hydroxide for pH adjustment. These <i>Aloe vera</i>-capped ZnO nanoparticles were incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan (PVA/CS) films at varying contents for fruit packaging. The effects of the amounts of ZnO nanoparticles (0, 1, 3, 5, 10%) and glycerol (0, 5, 10, 20, 30%) relative to the weight of PVA on the film’s properties were investigated. The results show that the film containing 3% ZnO and 10% glycerol exhibits significant improvements in mechanical properties, water resistance, contact angle, water vapor transmission rate, thermal stability, and antibacterial efficiency compared to pristine PVA/CS films. Additionally, the loading amount of glycerol plays critical role in modulating the film’s mechanical properties. Furthermore, the antibacterial activities of the ZnO-loaded PVA/CS films against <i>E. coli</i> increase with the ZnO content, achieving bacterial growth reduction from 4 to 10 Log cfu/mL as the loaded amount of ZnO nanoparticles increases from 3% to 10%. The ZnO-loaded PVA/CS films also offer an excellent UV-blocking effect, effectively protecting green apples from UV radiation. Remarkably, green cherry tomatoes packed by these composite films retain freshness after 15 days of storage. These results highlight the great potential of the ZnO-loaded PVA/CS film as multifunctional active food packaging materials.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":520,"journal":{"name":"Colloid and Polymer Science","volume":"303 7","pages":"1189 - 1204"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145145416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rheological evaluation of natural polysaccharide-based biopolymers through porous media","authors":"Jeffrey Randy Gbonhinbor,&nbsp;Zekieni Robert Yelebe,&nbsp;Digieneni Yousuo,&nbsp;Augustine Agi","doi":"10.1007/s00396-025-05412-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00396-025-05412-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Natural polysaccharide-based biopolymers have been utilized as practicable injectants in chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) processes. Their subjective attributes and eco-friendly gains encourage preferential adaptation to hydrocarbon exploitation in contrast to synthetic polymers. Potential practicability of some biopolymers is devoid of mini-scale field assessment due to disregarded technicalities in CEOR operations. This study considers some highly tortuous formation samples subjected to single-phase flow of natural polysaccharide-based biopolymers. Two biopolymers were molecularly assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, zeta potential (ZP), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Different solutions of individual biopolymers were prepared with varied concentration levels in different saline water configured at set temperatures. Rheological profiling for each formulation was scrutinized using known techniques in bulk and pore-scale rheological evaluations. This facilitated a multi-way analysis of variance (MANOVA) on corresponding microfluidic apparent viscosities and shear rates. Molecular assessment showed biopolymers were reactively stable polysaccharides with differing crystallinity and particle size not greater than 10 µm. Bulk rheological profiles of aqueous biopolymer formulations attest to shear thinning tendencies. Pore-scale rheology reaffirmed cassava starch solutions displayed better microfluidic rheological behavior in comparison with aqueous okra formulations. Early shear thickening profiles were detected by some biopolymer formulations which generally substantiates their viscoelastic nature. Optimized extrapolations of experimentally derived rheology put first critical shear rates for all formulations greater than 20 s⁻¹. Statistical assessment identified injection rate as the most significant variable that influences computed microfluidic apparent viscosities and shear rates.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":520,"journal":{"name":"Colloid and Polymer Science","volume":"303 7","pages":"1155 - 1169"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145145211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of SEBS-g-MA on recycled PS/HDPE blend miscibility","authors":"Davidyants Nikita G.,&nbsp;Irina Yu. Gorbunova,&nbsp;Stepan V. Polunin,&nbsp;Tatyana P. Kravchenko,&nbsp;Alexey V. Khoroshilov","doi":"10.1007/s00396-025-05407-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00396-025-05407-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The article presents the results of thermal, rheological, and structural studies of a recycled polystyrene and recycled polyethylene blend by modifying it with maleinated styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene thermoplastic elastomer as a compatibilizer. Thermal analysis showed that the introduction of a compatibilizer did not significantly affect the value of the glass transition temperatures of the composites, which indicates their stability. Thermogravimetric analysis showed an increase in the temperature of the onset of thermal degradation with the introduction of 2.5 wt.% of maleinated thermoplastic elastomer from 307 to 321 °C. Scanning electron microscopy images confirmed an improvement in the uniformity of the resulting blend structure with the introduction of maleinated thermoplastic elastomer. Blends of the studied recycled polymers with the introduction of a compatibilizer have a 3.5-fold increased impact strength compared to non-compatibilized blend.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":520,"journal":{"name":"Colloid and Polymer Science","volume":"303 6","pages":"1139 - 1154"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mathematical modeling in the ZnO nanoparticle dispersing in the oil-in-water emulsions for potential Pickering formulation","authors":"Sameer Munir,&nbsp;Akhtar Ali,&nbsp;Zulfiqar Ali Raza,&nbsp;Naseer Ahmad","doi":"10.1007/s00396-025-05404-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00396-025-05404-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A Pickering emulsion is a system of two immiscible liquids like oil and water containing some solid particles like metal nanoparticles (NPs) that usually stay at the oil/water (O/W) interface, hence affecting their colloidal behavior. Due to their high surface energy, amphiphilic nature, and nanoscale dimensions, ZnO nanoparticles (ZNPs) can effectively function as Pickering stabilizers. The present study undertakes the stability of surfactant-reinforced O/W emulsions with ZNP-mediation under homogenization. The experiments were performed through Taguchi design, and the results were analyzed using the VIKOR approach. The responses included residual oil and ZNP contents, oil retention rate, droplet size/charge, emulsification index, and viscosity. UV–vis spectroscopy and DLS analyses demonstrated that introducing ZNPs facilitated the stability of O/W emulsions over time. The factor effect on the VIKOR index (<i>Q</i>_<i>j</i>) values revealed that temperature exerted the greatest influence (31%) on the response variable, closely followed by ZNP content (26%). CTAB content had a moderate impact (22%), while oil content had the least effect (13%). The optimal formulation was determined by selecting the levels that resulted in the lowest <i>Q</i>_<i>j</i> values, which were CTAB concentration at 450 mg/100 ml, oil content at 10,000 mg/100 ml, ZNP concentration at 50 mg/100 ml, and a processing temperature of 60 °C. The predicted recipe was assessed through a validation run and demonstrated well-fitting of experimental results. Such findings may be employed in optimizing the food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetic, and fine chemical formulations.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":520,"journal":{"name":"Colloid and Polymer Science","volume":"303 6","pages":"1123 - 1138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}