The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science最新文献

{"title":"Psychiatric disorders diagnosed in adolescence and subsequent long-term exclusion from education, employment or training: longitudinal national birth cohort study.","authors":"Ida Ringbom,&nbsp;Jaana Suvisaari,&nbsp;Antti Kääriälä,&nbsp;Andre Sourander,&nbsp;Mika Gissler,&nbsp;Tiina Ristikari,&nbsp;David Gyllenberg","doi":"10.1192/bjp.2021.146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2021.146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Long-term 'not in education, employment or training' (NEET) status is an important indicator of youth marginalisation.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To carry out a comprehensive overview of the associations between different psychiatric illnesses and long-term NEET status.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We used the register-based 1987 Finnish Birth Cohort study, which includes all live births in Finland during that year. The analyses comprised 55 273 individuals after exclusions for intellectual disability, death or emigration. We predicted that psychiatric disorders, diagnosed by specialist services between 1998 and 2007 when the cohort were 10-20 years of age, would be associated with subsequent long-term NEET (defined as NEET for at least 5 years between 2008 and 2015, when they were 20-28 years of age).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 1438 individuals (2.6%) were long-term NEET during follow-up and the associations between long-term NEET and the 11 diagnostic categories we studied were statistically significant (P < 0.001). In multivariate models we included sociodemographic characteristics and upper secondary education as covariates, and the highest effect sizes, measured by odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), were found for psychosis (OR = 12.0, 95% CI 9.5-15.2) and autism spectrum disorder (OR = 17.3, 95% CI 11.5-26.0). If individuals had not successfully completed this education, 70.6% of those with autism spectrum disorder and 48.4% of those with psychosis were later long-term NEET.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Adolescents who receive treatment for psychiatric disorders, particularly autism spectrum disorder or psychosis, need support to access education and employment. This could help to prevent marginalisation in early adulthood.</p>","PeriodicalId":520791,"journal":{"name":"The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science","volume":" ","pages":"148-153"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39835393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kaleidoscope.","authors":"Derek K Tracy,&nbsp;Dan W Joyce,&nbsp;Dawn N Albertson,&nbsp;Sukhwinder S Shergill","doi":"10.1192/bjp.2022.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2022.6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520791,"journal":{"name":"The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science","volume":" ","pages":"167-168"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39938436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Auschwitz: 1. Suicide - two doctors' accounts - Extra.","authors":"Greg Wilkinson","doi":"10.1192/bjp.2021.171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2021.171","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520791,"journal":{"name":"The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science","volume":" ","pages":"114"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39647496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The enduring psychiatric legacy of Frantz Fanon: 20 July 1925 to 6 December 1961 - Psychiatry in history.","authors":"Adedapo Sikuade","doi":"10.1192/bjp.2021.167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2021.167","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520791,"journal":{"name":"The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science","volume":" ","pages":"699"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39948880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting persistence of hallucinations from childhood to adolescence.","authors":"Lisa R Steenkamp,&nbsp;Henning Tiemeier,&nbsp;Laura M E Blanken,&nbsp;Manon H J Hillegers,&nbsp;Steven A Kushner,&nbsp;Koen Bolhuis","doi":"10.1192/bjp.2021.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2021.115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Psychotic experiences predict adverse health outcomes, particularly if they are persistent. However, it is unclear what distinguishes persistent from transient psychotic experiences.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>In a large population-based cohort, we aimed to (a) describe the course of hallucinatory experiences from childhood to adolescence, (b) compare characteristics of youth with persistent and remittent hallucinatory experiences, and (c) examine prediction models for persistence.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Youth were assessed longitudinally for hallucinatory experiences at mean ages of 10 and 14 years (n = 3473). Multi-informant-rated mental health problems, stressful life events, self-esteem, non-verbal IQ and parental psychopathology were examined in relation to absent, persistent, remittent and incident hallucinatory experiences. We evaluated two prediction models for persistence with logistic regression and assessed discrimination using the area under the curve (AUC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The persistence rate of hallucinatory experiences was 20.5%. Adolescents with persistent hallucinatory experiences had higher baseline levels of hallucinatory experiences, emotional and behavioural problems, as well as lower self-esteem and non-verbal IQ scores than youth with remittent hallucinatory experiences. Although the prediction model for persistence versus absence of hallucinatory experiences demonstrated excellent discriminatory power (AUC-corrected = 0.80), the prediction model for persistence versus remittance demonstrated poor accuracy (AUC-corrected = 0.61).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides support for the dynamic expression of childhood hallucinatory experiences and suggests increased neurodevelopmental vulnerability in youth with persistent hallucinatory experiences. Despite the inclusion of a wide array of psychosocial parameters, a prediction model discriminated poorly between youth with persistent versus remittent hallucinatory experiences, confirming that persistent hallucinatory experiences are a complex multifactorial trait.</p>","PeriodicalId":520791,"journal":{"name":"The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science","volume":" ","pages":"670-677"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8674728/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39835067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recommendations for monitoring and reporting harm in mindfulness for psychosis research.","authors":"Lyn Ellett,&nbsp;Paul Chadwick","doi":"10.1192/bjp.2021.98","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2021.98","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is increasing interest in potential harmful effects of mindfulness-based interventions. In relation to psychosis, inconsistency and shortcomings in how harm is monitored and reported are holding back our understanding. We offer eight recommendations to help build a firmer evidence base on potential harm in mindfulness for psychosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":520791,"journal":{"name":"The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science","volume":" ","pages":"629-631"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39948877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between air pollution exposure and mental health service use among individuals with first presentations of psychotic and mood disorders: retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Joanne B Newbury, Robert Stewart, Helen L Fisher, Sean Beevers, David Dajnak, Matthew Broadbent, Megan Pritchard, Narushige Shiode, Margaret Heslin, Ryan Hammoud, Matthew Hotopf, Stephani L Hatch, Ian S Mudway, Ioannis Bakolis","doi":"10.1192/bjp.2021.119","DOIUrl":"10.1192/bjp.2021.119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Growing evidence suggests that air pollution exposure may adversely affect the brain and increase risk for psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. However, little is known about the potential role of air pollution in severity and relapse following illness onset.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To examine the longitudinal association between residential air pollution exposure and mental health service use (an indicator of illness severity and relapse) among individuals with first presentations of psychotic and mood disorders.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We identified individuals aged ≥15 years who had first contact with the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust for psychotic and mood disorders in 2008-2012 (n = 13 887). High-resolution (20 × 20 m) estimates of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) levels in ambient air were linked to residential addresses. In-patient days and community mental health service (CMHS) events were recorded over 1-year and 7-year follow-up periods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following covariate adjustment, interquartile range increases in NO2, NOx and PM2.5 were associated with 18% (95% CI 5-34%), 18% (95% CI 5-34%) and 11% (95% CI 3-19%) increased risk for in-patient days after 1 year. Similarly, interquartile range increases in NO2, NOx, PM2.5 and PM10 were associated with 32% (95% CI 25-38%), 31% (95% CI 24-37%), 7% (95% CI 4-11%) and 9% (95% CI 5-14%) increased risk for CMHS events after 1 year. Associations persisted after 7 years.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Residential air pollution exposure is associated with increased mental health service use among people recently diagnosed with psychotic and mood disorders. Assuming causality, interventions to reduce air pollution exposure could improve mental health prognoses and reduce healthcare costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":520791,"journal":{"name":"The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science","volume":" ","pages":"678-685"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8636613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39835063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kaleidoscope.","authors":"Derek K Tracy,&nbsp;Dan W Joyce,&nbsp;Dawn N Albertson,&nbsp;Sukhwinder S Shergill","doi":"10.1192/bjp.2021.160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2021.160","url":null,"abstract":"The majority of people treated with antidepressants receive them in primary care, but there are limited data on medication maintenance or discontinuation in this setting. Nevertheless, much of the public discourse centres on primary care practices, with debate on ‘over-medicalisation of sadness in life’ and concern about the doubling of the prevalence of antidepressant prescriptions over the past couple of decades (in truth, much of the latter is due to longer treatment regimens, better aligning to national guidelines). Lewis et al undertook a pragmatic double-blinded randomised controlled trial across 150 UK general practices, recruiting 478 participants (the mean age was 54 years and three-quarters were women). All had a history of at least two depressive episodes and had taken antidepressants for at least 2 years but now felt well enough to consider stopping them. Only those on therapeutic doses of citalopram, sertraline, fluoxetine or mirtazapine were included, owing to the frequency of prescription of these antidepressants in primary care and their more limited discontinuation symptoms, to help mask blinding. Participants were either continued on treatment or put on a tapered discontinuation programme over several months via a pill placebo. Adherence to this across the following year was 70% and 52% in the respective groups. By the 52-week primary cut-off point, 39% of the maintenance group had relapsed, compared with 56% of the discontinuation cohort. By the end of the study, almost two-fifths of those in the discontinuation arm had been recommenced on medication. These data remind us that, unfortunately, relapse is common in depression whatever one does; clearly, they also show that many people can discontinue medication safely, but remaining on treatment enhances outcomes. The findings thus do not definitively guide the patient or clinician in ‘what to do’, but they help inform such discussions with best evidence on relative risks. It is particularly helpful to have such research in primary care, where the majority of such conversations will occur, and with non-specialised patient cohorts more reflective of ‘real world’ practice.","PeriodicalId":520791,"journal":{"name":"The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science","volume":" ","pages":"701-702"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39948878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ethnic density effect in psychosis: a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis.","authors":"Sophie J Baker,&nbsp;Mike Jackson,&nbsp;Hannah Jongsma,&nbsp;Christopher W N Saville","doi":"10.1192/bjp.2021.96","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2021.96","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>An 'ethnic' or 'group' density effect in psychosis has been observed, whereby the risk of psychosis in minority group individuals is inversely related to neighbourhood-level proportions of others belonging to the same group. However, there is conflicting evidence over whether this effect differs between minority groups and limited investigation into other moderators.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the group density effect in psychosis and examine moderators.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Four databases were systematically searched. A narrative review was conducted and a three-level meta-analysis was performed. The potential moderating effect of crudely and specifically defined minority groups was assessed. Country, time, area size and whether studies used clinical or non-clinical outcomes were also tested as moderators.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-two studies were included in the narrative review and ten in the meta-analysis. A 10 percentage-point decrease in own-group density was associated with a 20% increase in psychosis risk (OR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.09-1.32, P < 0.001). This was moderated by crudely defined minority groups (F6,68 = 6.86, P < 0.001), with the strongest associations observed in Black populations, followed by a White Other sample. Greater heterogeneity was observed when specific minority groups were assessed (F25,49 = 7.26, P < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is the first review to provide meta-analytic evidence that the risk of psychosis posed by lower own-group density varies across minority groups, with the strongest associations observed in Black individuals. Heterogeneity in effect sizes may reflect distinctive social experiences of specific minority groups. Potential mechanisms are discussed, along with the implications of findings and suggestions for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":520791,"journal":{"name":"The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science","volume":" ","pages":"632-643"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8636614/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39835066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Külliye of Sultan Bayezid II - Psychiatry in history.","authors":"Aykan Pulular,&nbsp;Raymond Levy","doi":"10.1192/bjp.2021.108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2021.108","url":null,"abstract":"(iii) if SAEs were not monitored, this should be listed as a study limitation. (c) Hospital admissions: (i) hospital admissions should always be reported as adverse events, even when admission is a study outcome (ii) if there were none, this should be clearly stated (iii) should be supplemented with data on usage of crisis services if possible (iv) if admissions were not monitored, this should be listed as a study limitation. (d) Adverse events: (i) list which instances of less serious adverse events were monitored (ii) list how they were monitored (e.g. case note review). (iii) provide detailed descriptions of any adverse events that occur. (e) Side-effects: (i) include standardised patient-reported measure of sideeffects. (f) Symptom deterioration: (i) all instances of clinically meaningful deterioration in symptoms or psychological functioning should be reported. (g) Drop out: (i) report study drop out, and reason for drop out (including direct or indirect link to harm), by treatment arm (ii) report separately drop out and non-completion of therapy. (h) Public and patient involvement (PPI): (i) ensure meaningful PPI in decision-making about how harm is operationalised and monitored.","PeriodicalId":520791,"journal":{"name":"The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science","volume":" ","pages":"631"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39835068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}