DESIGN ISSUES最新文献

{"title":"Industrial Craft in Australia: Oral Histories of Creativity and Survival","authors":"D Wood","doi":"10.1162/desi_r_00699","DOIUrl":"10.1162/desi_r_00699","url":null,"abstract":"The US Bureau of Labor Statistics (2020)1 records 190 “Patternmakers (Wood)” and 2,400 “Patternmakers (Plastics and Metal)” in the whole country. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (2016)2 documents 270 engineering patternmakers, and according to Jesse Adams Stein’s observations, this number may diminish to 180 by the time the 2021 census is published (15). Should the design profession care about one of the smallest occupational groups in manufacturing countries around the world? Indeed, it should. Industrial Craft in Australia joins the growing critical discourse that questions—and illuminates the negative consequences of—the designer’s hegemonic place in design. Stein’s book is based on research and recorded interviews. Topics include class and gender, the demise of patternmaking as a result of advancing technology, and the consequences for individual makers. In line with the argument that patternmaking is a craft, Stein documents the creative practices that existed alongside or subsequent to a career in patternmaking. Photographs assist the narrative, and the writing style is eminently accessible. Stein defines industrial craft as “the confluence of refined manual skill and specialist production knowledge in manufacturing processes,” including “manual processes undertaken in the pre-production stage of manufacturing, and in the hand-finishing stages, after machine production” (2). These skills are normally learned over four years of indentured apprenticeship in an industrial manufacturing facility that specializes in trades, such as fitting and turning, toolmaking, or patternmaking. In addition, the apprentice attends classes in technical education. In the heyday of twentieth-century manufacturing in the West, industrial patternmakers were dedicated to hand-making forms for gears, wheels, bearings, and so on that were molded or cast, in sizes that ranged from railway and mining equipment parts to buckles and bobbins. Traditionally the forms were made from timber, requiring patternmakers to develop woodworking skills that enabled precise depiction of minute detail. It was necessary to have knowledge of timber species along with technical drawing, metallurgy and metal contraction, toolmaking, problem solving, visualization, and production planning. Timber forms were used during the burgeoning of plastic products, some of which were small and finicky, for example, pasta or confectionary molds. As the twentieth century progressed, new materials, like epoxy resin, silicone, fiberglass, polystyrene, and aluminum were added to the patternmaker’s resources. This brief description of patternmaking, elucidated in the book’s initial chapters, is merely didactic, because Stein points out that her book is about pattern makers: “their training, the role of class and gender as a structuring force in their working lives, their creative practices and their evolving relationship to technology and the labour market” (3). Her methodology (biographical oral histo","PeriodicalId":51560,"journal":{"name":"DESIGN ISSUES","volume":"38 4","pages":"76-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47745380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issue Mapping Strategy: Process of Discovery, Places of Invention and Design Process Fallacies","authors":"Kaja Tooming Buchanan","doi":"10.1162/desi_a_00694","DOIUrl":"10.1162/desi_a_00694","url":null,"abstract":"In this article I explore the challenges faced in design practice, where the approach to inquiry depends on understanding the context as a whole with all of its interconnected parts, and its successful transformation from one developmental phase to another. The specific goal of this article is to reflect on the meaning behind and the significance of the Issue Mapping Strategy in the exploratory research process of problem finding and discuss challenges encountered in the process of discovery that might lead to invalid topics and thus to design process fallacies. Therefore, this article explores three major areas of concern—places of invention, process of invention and product of invention—where the risk for design process fallacies is greatest. The significance of discovering commonplaces of arguments and the process of reasoning that help to identify issues in problematic situations is discussed and examples are given. The Issue Mapping strategy is useful in all of the cases that focus on problem finding in complex environments and situations of uncertainty in human experience.","PeriodicalId":51560,"journal":{"name":"DESIGN ISSUES","volume":"38 4","pages":"3-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49663373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Kolam Drawing: A Point Lattice System","authors":"Anika Sarin","doi":"10.1162/desi_a_00690","DOIUrl":"10.1162/desi_a_00690","url":null,"abstract":"Kolam is the 5,000-year-old art of making geometric floor drawings with rice flour, practiced by the Dravidian women of South India. This article introduces a point lattice-based method of visual organization that is derived from Kolam drawings. In it, a point lattice formed by a regularly spaced array of points is used to structure visual compositions, as an alternative to a network of orthogonal lines (also known as the grid). First, I show how the point lattice system is used to structure Kolam drawing compositions, including the lattice's construction, types, and uses. Second, through a formal analysis of such a points system in structuring forms, patterns, letters, and layouts in graphic design, I show that this system offers a whole alternate universe of compositional possibilities that are not apparent when graphic designers see a grid not as points, but as a series of constraining straight lines. Through this research, I look inward into the design ethos and tools present in Indian arts and crafts and present its application in contemporary design practice.","PeriodicalId":51560,"journal":{"name":"DESIGN ISSUES","volume":"38 3","pages":"34-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44132160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Setting the Stage: Disgust as an Aesthetic Food Experience","authors":"Mailin Lemke;Bas de Boer","doi":"10.1162/desi_a_00689","DOIUrl":"10.1162/desi_a_00689","url":null,"abstract":"Disgust is commonly understood as an emotion of aversion. However, people seem to eat certain food items not despite containing disgust eliciting features but because of them. In this paper, we introduce the term aesthetic disgust to capture this phenomenon. We outline in our manuscript how designers use different techniques to stage the food experience and facilitate aesthetic disgust, which can be understood as more than just a pleasurable experience. We outline twelve staging techniques used in the context of food design to facilitate a distancing or embracing effect regarding the disgust eliciting features. Three food examples illustrate how these different techniques can be combined and applied in design practice.","PeriodicalId":51560,"journal":{"name":"DESIGN ISSUES","volume":"38 3","pages":"20-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42155739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pandemic Design: Art, Space, and Embodiment","authors":"Manol Gueorguiev;Adrian Anagnost","doi":"10.1162/desi_a_00688","DOIUrl":"10.1162/desi_a_00688","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally altered experiences of space and engendered new spatial design tactics. This article discusses DIY pandemic design tactics used by U.S. microbusinesses to reshape embodied experiences of interior retail spaces, in relation to contemporary artworks. Over the course of the pandemic, large corporations developed standardized, mass-produced designs for pandemic wayfinding and interior demarcation. In contrast, many microbusinesses used DIY pandemic design tactics having formal qualities and phenomenological implications that resemble precedents in contemporary art. Although pandemic safety protocols could be seen as a form of social control, this article depicts their visualization in graphics and barriers as acts for reshaping collective space and as endangered forms of local, non-homogenized design.","PeriodicalId":51560,"journal":{"name":"DESIGN ISSUES","volume":"38 3","pages":"5-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6720221/9931005/09931060.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42444331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paper Soldiers on the March: Colonial Toys for Imperial Play","authors":"Diana Garvin","doi":"10.1162/desi_a_00691","DOIUrl":"10.1162/desi_a_00691","url":null,"abstract":"Under the Fascist regime, young Italians amused themselves by practicing the war games of adulthood. Paper soldiers marched across board games set in the newly established empire of Italian East Africa. To reveal how these vicious lessons worked, this article examines three types of toys. It starts with the design and deployment of paper soldiers: Italian Alpinisti, Eritrean Ascari, and Somali Dubat. Next, a playbook for The Conquest of Abyssinia boardgame provides a guide to military conquest. Finally, I examine where these toys come from, revealing the financial structures that underpinned colonial propaganda for Fascist government projects. Ultimately, toys wrote scripts for adult violence in the colonies.","PeriodicalId":51560,"journal":{"name":"DESIGN ISSUES","volume":"38 3","pages":"55-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45552768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Politics of Design Framing Practices","authors":"Sharon Prendeville;Pandora Syperek;Laura Santamaria","doi":"10.1162/desi_a_00692","DOIUrl":"10.1162/desi_a_00692","url":null,"abstract":"In this conceptual article, our aim is to deconstruct the conceptualization of design framing and establish its essentially political nature. It demonstrates the positionality inherent within frames insofar as frames articulate subordinated or dominant status, or express normative understandings until challenged. In doing so, we build a conceptualization of the political foundations of design framing practices and their implications for those contexts within which design operates. Consequently, we argue for dissensual counter-framing design practices that unsettle institutionalized norms and ideologies played out within frames, and through which a form of political agency is sociomaterially enacted.","PeriodicalId":51560,"journal":{"name":"DESIGN ISSUES","volume":"38 3","pages":"71-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6720221/9931005/09931091.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47248327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contributors","authors":"","doi":"10.1162/desi_x_00701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/desi_x_00701","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51560,"journal":{"name":"DESIGN ISSUES","volume":"38 3","pages":"85-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68008868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Characterization of KRAS Wild-type Tumors in Patients with Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma.","authors":"Philip A Philip, Ibrahim Azar, Joanne Xiu, Michael J Hall, Andrew Eugene Hendifar, Emil Lou, Jimmy J Hwang, Jun Gong, Rebecca Feldman, Michelle Ellis, Phil Stafford, David Spetzler, Moh'd M Khushman, Davendra Sohal, A Craig Lockhart, Benjamin A Weinberg, Wafik S El-Deiry, John Marshall, Anthony F Shields, W Michael Korn","doi":"10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-21-3581","DOIUrl":"10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-21-3581","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>KRAS mutation (MT) is a major oncogenic driver in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). A small subset of PDACs harbor KRAS wild-type (WT). We aim to characterize the molecular profiles of KRAS WT PDAC to uncover new pathogenic drivers and offer targeted treatments.</p><p><strong>Experimental design: </strong>Tumor tissue obtained from surgical or biopsy material was subjected to next-generation DNA/RNA sequencing, microsatellite instability (MSI) and mismatch repair status determination.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 2,483 patients (male 53.7%, median age 66 years) studied, 266 tumors (10.7%) were KRAS WT. The most frequently mutated gene in KRAS WT PDAC was TP53 (44.5%), followed by BRAF (13.0%). Multiple mutations within the DNA-damage repair (BRCA2, ATM, BAP1, RAD50, FANCE, PALB2), chromatin remodeling (ARID1A, PBRM1, ARID2, KMT2D, KMT2C, SMARCA4, SETD2), and cell-cycle control pathways (CDKN2A, CCND1, CCNE1) were detected frequently. There was no statistically significant difference in PD-L1 expression between KRAS WT (15.8%) and MT (17%) tumors. However, KRAS WT PDAC were more likely to be MSI-high (4.7% vs. 0.7%; P < 0.05), tumor mutational burden-high (4.5% vs. 1%; P < 0.05), and exhibit increased infiltration of CD8+ T cells, natural killer cells, and myeloid dendritic cells. KRAS WT PDACs exhibited gene fusions of BRAF (6.6%), FGFR2 (5.2%), ALK (2.6%), RET (1.3%), and NRG1 (1.3%), as well as amplification of FGF3 (3%), ERBB2 (2.2%), FGFR3 (1.8%), NTRK (1.8%), and MET (1.3%). Real-world evidence reveals a survival advantage of KRAS WT patients in overall cohorts as well as in patients treated with gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel or 5-FU/oxaliplatin.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>KRAS WT PDAC represents 10.7% of PDAC and is enriched with targetable alterations, including immuno-oncologic markers. Identification of KRAS WT patients in clinical practice may expand therapeutic options in a clinically meaningful manner.</p>","PeriodicalId":51560,"journal":{"name":"DESIGN ISSUES","volume":"24 1","pages":"2704-2714"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9541577/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86586567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different intra-articular injection substances following temporomandibular joint arthroscopy and their effect on early postoperative period: A randomized clinical trial.","authors":"Marijus Leketas, Dominykas Dvylys, Dovydas Sakalys, Regimantas Simuntis","doi":"10.1080/08869634.2022.2081445","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08869634.2022.2081445","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare the effect of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF), hyaluronic acid (HA), and saline intra-articular injections following temporomandibular joint arthroscopy on decreasing pain and increasing maximal mouth opening.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Included patients were randomized into three groups: PRGF group, hyaluronic acid group, and control group. Intra-articular injections were done at the end of the arthroscopy. Pain was measured using the VAS scale preoperatively, 7 days, 1 month, and 6 months postoperatively. Maximal mouth opening was measured preoperatively and 7 days postoperatively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a statistically significant decrease in pain in all groups, although, the decrease was significantly greater in the HA group following surgery.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A hyaluronic acid injection following temporomandibular joint arthroscopy can decrease pain better than saline and platelet-rich plasma during the first postoperative week. However, the results do not differ in later postoperative periods.</p>","PeriodicalId":51560,"journal":{"name":"DESIGN ISSUES","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90899608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}