{"title":"Pupil dilation during recognition reflects the subjective recollection/familiarity experience at test rather than the level of processing at encoding.","authors":"Alexander Taikh, Glen E. Bodner","doi":"10.1037/cep0000283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000283","url":null,"abstract":"Pupil dilation provides a window into recognition memory processes. During a recognition test, the pupil dilates more in response to a recognized studied item than to a correctly rejected new item. Various explanations for this pupil old/new effect have been offered. By a retrieval effort account, the pupil's response on a recognition test reflects the cognitive effort needed to retrieve items from memory. By a memory strength account, pupil dilation reflects the strength of the subjective memory experience elicited by items at test. To compare these accounts, we varied levels of processing (LOP) at study, then measured pupil dilation on a delayed recognition test during which participants made recollection/familiarity judgements. Pupil dilation at test was similar whether test items had been studied in a deep or shallow LOP task, but was greater when deep, shallow, and new test items were experienced as recollected rather than as familiar. This pattern supports the memory strength account rather than the retrieval effort account of pupil dilation during a recognition test. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89539162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Judgments of alphabetical order and mechanisms of congruity effects.","authors":"Yang S. Liu, J. Caplan","doi":"10.1037/cep0000276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000276","url":null,"abstract":"The congruity effect is a highly replicated feature of comparative judgments, and has been recently found in memory judgments of relative temporal order. Specifically, asking \"Which came earlier?\" versus \"Which came later?\" facilitates response times and sometimes error rates on judgments toward the beginning or end of the list, respectively. This suggests memory judgments of relative temporal order may be part of a broader class of comparative judgments. If so, the same congruity effect should also be found with the English alphabet, despite the alphabet being a longer, semantic-memory list, with forward directional encoding. A large-sample study (N = 340) produced a clear congruity effect in response time and even error rate (when controlled for response time). The large number of serial positions afforded by the alphabet enabled us to test a repertoire of mathematical models instantiating four distinct mechanisms of the congruity effect, against the empirical serial-position effects. The best-performing model assumed a response bias toward a discrete set of letters conceived of as \"early\" versus \"late,\" respectively, an account that had previously been ruled out for typical comparative-judgment paradigms. In contrast, models implementing congruity effect mechanisms supported for conventional comparative judgment paradigms (based on reference-point theory or positional discriminability) produced quantitatively poorer fits, with more curvilinear serial-position effects that deviated from the data. The congruity effect thus extends to long, highly directional semantic-memory lists. However, qualitatively different serial-position effects across models suggest that, despite the superficial similarity, there are probably several quite different mechanisms that produce congruity effects, which may, in turn, depend on specific task characteristics. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76687316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A computational model of item-based directed forgetting.","authors":"J. Reid, Randall K. Jamieson","doi":"10.1037/cep0000281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000281","url":null,"abstract":"Montagliani and Hockley (2019) presented evidence that item-method directed forgetting not only leads to worse recognition of forget-cued targets than remember-cued targets but also better rejection of foils associated with forget-cued targets than remember-cued targets. Based on that result, they proposed that participants elaboratively encode more category-level information about R-cued targets. We present a retrieval-based explanation of the result within an instance-based memory model. The model imports word representations from two distributional semantic models, latent semantic analysis (LSA) and random permutation model (RPM), into an instance-based model of memory, MINERVA 2. The model reproduced Montagliani and Hockley's results without requiring assumptions about elaborated encoding of category-level information at study. The simulations demonstrate that whereas Montagliani and Hockley's findings are consistent with an account grounded in elaborated encoding of words at study, the results do not force that conclusion. Instead, better encoding of remember-cued targets at study establishes the conditions for retrieval-time effects at test to produce a corresponding influence on false recognition for category-related foils. Our model can be used as a formal tool to think about and study the incidental consequences of item directed forgetting in recognition memory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90908527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Differential effects of agency, animacy, and syntactic prominence on production and comprehension: Evidence from a verb-initial language.","authors":"I. Bondoc, A. Schafer","doi":"10.1037/cep0000280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000280","url":null,"abstract":"Effects of animacy and agent prominence in linguistic and cognitive processing are well-established in the literature. However, it is less clear how strongly an agent argument will influence production and comprehension when a sentence also contains another prominent argument. We examine this question with Tagalog, a verb-initial language, which designates a syntactically prominent, subject-like element (the pivot) without demoting the grammatical status of the core agent. We implemented two experiments that investigated the influences of agent and pivot prominence on syntactic linear word order patterns in production and on anticipatory gaze patterns in comprehension. Tagalog's grammar allowed us to separate the influence of agentivity from animacy by manipulating the animacy of the pivot (animate pivots: agent and benefactive voices; inanimate pivots: patient and instrument voices). The production results contrasted with the comprehension results: agent and pivot prominence both emerged strongly in a fragment-completion production task, but animacy dominated anticipatory gaze patterns in a visual-world comprehension task. The results of these experiments demonstrate variability in production and comprehension outcomes as well as an apparent mismatch between the constraints that shape these two systems, which we attribute to contrasting goals in production versus comprehension and to the organization of information in verb-initial languages. The investigation highlights the value of research on languages with typologically understudied structural properties in revealing mechanisms of the production and comprehension systems. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76397651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michelle A Dollois, Cole J Poore-Buchhaupt, Chris M. Fiacconi
{"title":"Another look at the contribution of motoric fluency to metacognitive monitoring.","authors":"Michelle A Dollois, Cole J Poore-Buchhaupt, Chris M. Fiacconi","doi":"10.1037/cep0000278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000278","url":null,"abstract":"Recent evidence indicates that fluent motor interactions with studied information can increase confidence in how well that information will be later remembered, as measured by judgements of learning (JOLs). However, it remains unclear whether such metacognitive assessments are based on experienced motoric fluency or on explicit, analytic beliefs regarding the mnemonic impact of the experimental manipulations used to enhance fluency. Here, we introduce a new approach to examine the extent to which experience-based processes alone underlie this effect by manipulating motoric fluency outside of participants' awareness. Across two experiments, we examined typing speed for both real-word and nonword verbal stimuli following a training phase in which participants typed items consisting of a restricted subset of letters. Despite faster typing times (i.e., greater motoric fluency) for new items comprised of the same subset of letters used during training, we found no evidence that these items were perceived as more memorable. For real words, linear mixed-effect model analyses at the item level relating typing speed and JOLs also revealed no evidence that motoric fluency increased perceived memorability. Similar analyses conducted for nonwords did, however, reveal a modest positive relation between these constructs. Together, these findings suggest that the contribution of motoric fluency to metacognitive monitoring in the absence of analytic beliefs is minimal. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81996136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A curved honulo improves your short-term and long-term memory.","authors":"J. Saint-Aubin, D. Guitard, M. Poirier","doi":"10.1037/cep0000279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000279","url":null,"abstract":"During his distinguished career, Bill Hockley contributed to memory research in many ways, with work characterized by rigorous and innovative experimental designs. One of the areas he has explored is that of memory for associative information. We echo this interest here and attempt to emulate his careful experimental attitude. We report four experiments which examined how previously established links can support the development of new episodic associations. More specifically, we tested the idea that sound-symbolism links can support learning of new associations. Sound-symbolism links are relationships between phonemes and object characteristics that participants find natural-even if they have never encountered the items before. For instance, the nonword \"honulo\" is more readily seen to refer to a shape with curved contours than to a shape that has sharp angles. In Experiment 1, 70 participants studied three pairs and their memory for the associations between the members of each pair was tested in a paired-recognition task. Results demonstrate that sound-symbolism associations support the learning of new associations. Experiment 2 confirmed that the effect is replicated in a between-participants design. In Experiment 3, we replicated the findings with a 30-s filled interval between presentation and test, and in Experiment 4, we extended the delay to 2 min, establishing that the pattern is also found with a paradigm more typical of episodic memory. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of associative memory, while referring to some of the ideas Bill Hockley championed in his own work. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86468497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Macmillan, Haylee R Field, I. Neath, A. Surprenant
{"title":"Valence does not affect recognition.","authors":"M. Macmillan, Haylee R Field, I. Neath, A. Surprenant","doi":"10.1037/cep0000275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000275","url":null,"abstract":"Valence refers to the extent to which a stimulus is viewed as negative or positive. One recent model of valence, the NEVER model (Bowen et al., 2018), predicts that in general negative words will be better remembered than positive or neutral words. However, this prediction is difficult to validate for recognition tests because the literature reports inconsistent findings. Three experiments reexamined whether valence affects recognition of words by taking advantage of the recent increase in the number of high-quality norms and databases, which allow for the construct ion of three sets of stimuli that differ in valence, but are equated on numerous other dimensions known to affect memory. Experiment 1 found no difference in recognition performance between positive and negative words; Experiment 2 found no difference between positive and neutral words; and Experiment 3 found no difference between neutral and negative words. The results disconfirm a prediction of the NEVER model and suggest that previous demonstrations of an effect of valence are due to confounding other dimensions with valence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":"136 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72370290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Kara-Yakoubian, A. C. Walker, Konstantyn Sharpinskyi, Garni Assadourian, Jonathan A. Fugelsang, R. Harris
{"title":"Beauty and truth, truth and beauty: Chiastic structure increases the subjective accuracy of statements.","authors":"M. Kara-Yakoubian, A. C. Walker, Konstantyn Sharpinskyi, Garni Assadourian, Jonathan A. Fugelsang, R. Harris","doi":"10.1037/cep0000277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000277","url":null,"abstract":"The Keats heuristic suggests that people find esthetically pleasing expressions more accurate than mundane expressions. We test this notion with chiastic statements. Chiasmus is a stylistic phenomenon in which at least two linguistic constituents are repeated in reverse order, conventionally represented by the formula A-B-B-A. Our study focuses on the specific form of chiasmus known as antimetabole, in which the reverse-repeated constituents are words (e.g., All for one and one for all; A = all, B = one). In three out of four experiments (N = 797), we find evidence that people judge antimetabolic statements (e.g., Success is getting what you want. Happiness is wanting what you get.) as more accurate than semantically equivalent nonantimetabolic statements (e.g., Success is getting what you wish. Happiness is wanting what you receive.). Furthermore, we evaluate fluency as a potential mechanism explaining the observed accuracy benefit afforded to antimetabolic statements, finding that the increased speed (i.e., fluency) with which antimetabolic statements were processed predicted judgments of accuracy. Overall, the present work is consistent with the growing literature on stylistic factors biasing assessments of truth, using the distinctive stylistic pattern of antimetabole. We find that information communicated using an antimetabolic structure is judged to be more accurate than nonantimetabolic paraphrases. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78358601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Individual differences in the allocation of visual attention during navigation.","authors":"Mikayla Keller, Jennifer E Sutton","doi":"10.1037/cep0000247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individual differences exist in the ability to create an accurate mental survey representation (i.e., a cognitive map) of a novel environment, yet the mechanisms underlying differences in cognitive map accuracy are still under investigation. To determine whether differences in overt attention allocation contribute to these individual differences, the current study examined whether looking times to landmarks and other objects while navigating in a dynamic virtual environment were related to cognitive map accuracy. Participants completed a battery of spatial tests; some tests assessed spatial skills prior to the navigation task (the Santa Barbara Sense of Direction Scale and the Spatial Orientation Test), and others tested memory of the virtual environment <i>Silcton</i> after an exploration period (a landmark recognition task, a direction estimation task, a map-building task, and a route construction task). Individuals with inaccurate cognitive maps of Silcton, as measured by the direction estimation and map-building tasks, showed equivalent eye fixations to buildings and objects when exploring Silcton as those with accurate maps. Despite similar looking times, the inaccurate mappers were significantly worse at judgments of relative direction between landmarks in Silcton and showed poorer memory for landmarks in Silcton than accurate mappers. These findings suggest that cognitive mechanisms, such as mental perspective-taking, occurring after attention allocation underlie differences in cognitive map accuracy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":"76 1","pages":"10-21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25514599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Memory without retrieval: Testing the direct-access account of the missing item task.","authors":"Ian Neath","doi":"10.1037/cep0000263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000263","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the missing item task, two short lists are presented. The test list contains all but one of the items from the study list in a new random order and the task is to report which item from the study list is missing. Murdock and Smith (2005) found that the time to correctly respond with the missing item was independent of the position of the missing item and was also independent of the list length. They argued that these data are difficult to accommodate by models that include a search process but are consistent with models that posit \"direct access\" such as the power set version of Theory of Distributed Associative Memory (TODAM). If direct access is occurring, redintegration cannot be occurring. Two experiments test the direct access account by determining whether two effects commonly ascribed to redintegration occur in the missing item task. Experiment 1 found a semantic relatedness effect and Experiment 2 found a word frequency effect. The presence of these effects is consistent with a redintegration account. Implications for TODAM and for an explanation based on the Feature Model are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":"76 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39209289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}