Applied Neuropsychology-Adult最新文献

{"title":"Unsophisticated AI coaching does not improve performance on symptom and performance validity tests in a Romanian sample of experimental feigners.","authors":"Samira Voin, Iulia Crișan, Florin Alin Sava","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2025.2512786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2025.2512786","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study aimed to investigate the ability of symptom and performance validity indicators to detect experimental feigning with symptom-coaching vs. AI assistance. Fifty-nine undergraduates and community members (45 females, M_Age=22.6, SD_Age=2.1; M_Education=14.5, SD_Education=1.4) were randomized into three experimental groups: controls (n = 20), symptom-coached feigners (n = 20), and AI-coached feigners (n = 19). The two feigning groups were instructed to feign a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) for evading work responsibilities. All participants were assessed online with the Inventory of Problems-29 and its memory module (IOP-29-M) and the Memory of Objects and Digits and Examination of Memory Malingering Test (MODEMM). Results indicated that AI-coached participants exaggerated symptomatology and underperformed significantly more compared to the symptom-coached group. All validity indicators of the IOP-29-M and MODEMM discriminated between experimental feigners and control participants at previously reported cutoffs with high sensitivities (.69-1.00) and excellent specificities (.95-1.00). Our findings contribute to nascent research on feigning with AI assistance, also providing proof of concept for the accuracy of the IOP-29-M and MODEMM in detecting symptom-coached and AI-coached feigning.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144192519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Symbol Digit Modalities Test incidental learning: Concurrent validity and clinical utility.","authors":"Shaline Escarfulleri, Alicia J Spiegel, Hinza B Malik, Lauren M D Faulkner, Brian D Gradwohl, Kathryn A Tolle, Carrington R Wendell, Danielle Shaked, Shari R Waldstein, Leslie I Katzel, Stephen L Seliger, Robert J Spencer","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2025.2509088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2025.2509088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This project examined the Incidental Learning (IL) procedure from the Symbol-Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) as both a screening tool and as a measure of memory. Participants included undergraduate college students and stroke- and dementia-free older adult volunteers with and without hypertension or chronic kidney disease. In each sample, IL scores were correlated with performances from a variety of cognitive tasks. Results indicated that IL scores were more strongly associated with tests of memory than other cognitive abilities. As a screening instrument for older adults, scores of four or more recalled symbol-digit pairings strongly indicated a lack of difficulties on other tests of memory, whereas scores of three or fewer suggested a need for further assessment, though not necessarily impairment. A novel recognition (IL-r) procedure was introduced to older participants without kidney disease, and results indicated that IL-r uniquely predicted both delayed verbal and visual memory beyond standard IL. Our findings suggest that IL can be regarded as an efficient supplemental or screening test of memory that offers a complementary methodology to a comprehensive assessment of memory.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144152800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of physiological and neuropsychological function on quality of life in traumatic brain injury patients.","authors":"Yu-Hsuan Chang, Hsin-Fan Wang, Chun-Pai Yang, Yu-Hui Lin, Bei-Yi Su, Yu-Chi Liao","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2025.2509293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2025.2509293","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) leads to neuropsychological and social impairments, affecting quality of life (QoL). This study examines how heart rate variability (HRV) and neuropsychological functions under different cognitive task conditions influence TBI patients' QoL. The study adopted 20 healthy and 11 TBI participants. Measurements included the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Community Mental Status Examination (CMSE), Continuous Performance Test (CPT-3), Tower of London, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Rey Complex Figure Test, WAIS-4, Fatigue Severity Scale, the WHO QoL Taiwan Brief Version (WHOQOL) and Well-Being Index (WHO-5), Hierarchy of Care Required, Daily Executive Behavior Scale, Perceived Family Relationship Scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD). The HRV indexes were measured by biofeedback device. Statistical analyses include independent <i>t</i>-test, Chi-square, repeated measure ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and mediation analysis. TBI group showed lower scores in memory, attention, executive function, and psychosocial measures. HRV results revealed lower baseline LF and task-related interaction effects in LF, LF/HF, and RMSSD. Mediation analysis further showed that CPT-3 performance and LF mediated the group's impact on self-reported quality of life. TBI patients exhibit physiological, neuropsychological, and psychosocial impairments, which are closely related to their QoL. In particular, the preservation response in the CPT-3 and LF showed significant predictive effects on QoL.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144136498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examination of the correlation between functionality, cognition and swallowing skills in patients with acute stroke.","authors":"Hilal Berber Çiftci, Seyhun Topbaş","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2025.2506530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2025.2506530","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to identify factors linked to swallowing abilities in acute stroke patients, including lesion location, cognitive level, clinical features, stroke risk factors, and functionality. A total of 97 patients who were hospitalized in the neurology clinic and diagnosed with stroke and whose duration of after stroke did not exceed 7 days were included. Acute stroke patients aged between 45 and 90 years, 58 males and 39 females, were grouped according to lesion type, affected side, and stroke risk factors. Turkish MMASA (TR-MMASA) was used to evaluate the swallowing ability of the patients. Additionally, Standardized Mini Mental Test (SMMT) and Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) were applied to evaluate cognition level and functionality, respectively. No significant relationship was found between TR-MMASA results and time spent after stroke (0-7 days), lesion type, affected side, and risk factors for stroke (p > 0.05). A moderately significant correlation was found between MRS and TR-MMASA (r=-0.312, p < 0.05) while a highly significant correlation was found between SMMT and TR-MMASA (r=-0.352, p < 0.05). Decreases in functionality and cognitive level are considered to be strong predictors of detecting dysphagia. To detect complications at the earliest stage, rapid dysphagia screening tests that screen for pre-swallowing skills should be included in routine assessments in stroke patients with low cognitive level and functionality. Further referrals can be provided by evaluating the patient's level of cognition, functionality, and pre-swallowing skills together at the first presentation to the hospital.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144112653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Failing more freestanding performance validity tests results in progressive artificial lowering of invalid neuropsychological test scores.","authors":"Tyler J Kukla, John-Christopher A Finley, G Whitman Kent, Bailey O Newkirk, Allison D Payne, Ollie Fegter, Steven A Abalos, Luke G Petry, Matthew S Phillips, Brian M Cerny, Jason R Soble","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2025.2507204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2025.2507204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Administering multiple performance validity tests (PVTs) is essential throughout neuropsychological evaluations to objectively determine test performance validity, with ≥2 PVT failures generally indicating invalid performance. However, the impact of exceeding this standard invalidity threshold remains unclear. This study explored whether neuropsychological test scores are artificially lowered in a \"dose-dependent\" manner as the number of freestanding PVT failures increases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 358 clinical referrals from an academic medical center who underwent neuropsychological evaluations. All patients were administered 5 freestanding PVTs and a battery of 12 neuropsychological tests, which were also used to compute a neuropsychological test composite score calculated from averaging all 12 individual test scores. Analyses of variance examined differences in mean test scores across PVT failure groups (0,1,2,3, and 4-5 failures).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>As the number of PVT failures increased, patients showed significantly more artificial lowering of neuropsychological test scores. The composite T-score had the largest effect size (<i>ηp²</i>=.348), with those failing 4-5 PVTs scoring over 2 standard deviations below the population mean. Higher PVT failure groups (3-5) had elevated rates of external incentives, primary psychiatric diagnoses/attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and lower rates of primary medical/neurologic conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Results support a dose-dependent relationship between freestanding PVT failures and neuropsychological test scores such that additional PVT failures resulted in progressively more pronounced artificial lowering of scores. Findings highlight the importance of considering the number of PVT failures along with binary valid/invalid classification in diagnostic contexts, especially in psychiatric populations, where higher rates of PVT failure are observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144112655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A case of claimed complete blindness: Forced-choice testing in forensic neuropsychological examinations.","authors":"Thomas Merten","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2025.2506114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2025.2506114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tailor-made forced-choice validity testing was introduced in the 1970s and 1980s as a method to investigate cases of suspected malingering, but with the widespread use of standardized performance validity tests it seems to have lost much of its attraction. This is the case report of claimed complete visual loss in a constellation where ophthalmologists had excluded an underlying ocular disease for years, with the exception of scars after unilateral retinal detachment. The 50-year-old claimant had undergone a court-ordered psychiatric evaluation that confirmed the presence of a dissociative blindness and recommended to legally treat the claimant like a case of genuine blindness. The judge of a state court-of-appeal finally ordered a neuropsychological evaluation to clarify the true nature of the claimed blindness. Four different tailor-made forced-choice tests were constructed. On all of them, the claimant scored significantly below chance and demonstrated that, in fact, he was able to recognize the visual stimuli used on the tests. Taylor-made forced-choice procedures attract little attention in the current neuropsychological literature, but they offer a powerful approach to differential diagnosis in specific symptom constellations for which standardized testing is not available. Unclear symptom constellations like in this case can be resolved by tailor-made testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Working memory: Development, test-retest reliability, and sensitivity of the Digit Span computerized task during physical exercise.","authors":"Thais Frois, Ligia Linhares, Andressa Eliza, Iasmin Oliveira, Tércio Apolinário-Souza, Maicon R Albuquerque","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2025.2504565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2025.2504565","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility are the core components of executive functions, which play a crucial role in sports and physical exercise by influencing problem-solving, logical reasoning, and decision-making. Physical activity also triggers neurobiological changes in the brain, such as increased oxygenation, neurotransmitter release, and elevated body temperature. Therefore, developing tests that assess specific executive function components during exercise is essential for understanding brain behavior in this context.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and sensitivity of the computerized Digit Span task in assessing working memory during physical exercise.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Eleven healthy men participated on three days with a one-week interval between visits. Participants completed questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test during the first visit. On the second and third visits, they familiarized themselves with the computerized digit span before engaging in a 30 minute moderate exercise protocol. The task was then performed during exercise for an average of 10 minutes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results demonstrated good reliability for minimum heart rate (HR) and excellent reliability for maximum and average HR. However, the reliability of the computerized digit span measures was moderate. Sensitivity analysis showed that typical error of measurement values were lower than the smallest worthwhile change thresholds of 0.2, 0.6, and 1.2 for the variables correct trials × span, correct trials, and Span, respectively.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This study focused on adapting the traditional digit span for use during physical exercise, evaluating its reliability and sensitivity. HR measures remained consistent, but task reliability was moderate, particularly in the backward condition. These findings highlight the need for methodological improvements to enhance the task's reliability in sports contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144081859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How do aging, socioeconomic status, and gender affect verbal fluency, cognitive skills, depression, and daily living activities in older people?","authors":"Melda Sultan Topsakal, Özlem Oğuz","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2025.2502579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2025.2502579","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Old age is a period associated with health risks, leading to losses in various skills. Aim: This study aims to examine the verbal fluency and cognitive skills of older individuals, their levels of depression, and daily living activities as well as to identify the correlations between these and some other variables. <b>Method:</b> 77 participants (48 F; 29 M) aged 65 and over who had not received a diagnosis were administered a \"<i>ParticipantInformation Form</i>\", <i>\"Verbal Fluency Test\"</i>, <i>\"Montreal Cognitive Assessment Turkish Version (MOBID)\"</i>, <i>\"Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)\"</i>, and <i>\"Barthel Index of Basic Activities of Daily Living (ADL)\"</i>. Statistical analysis of the research data was performed using IBM SPSS 24.0 software. <b>Results:</b> There was a moderate, significant positive correlation between verbal fluency scores and both MOBID (r = 0.542, r = 0.604, r = 0.343) and ADL scores (r = 0.365, r = 0.323, r = 0.254), whereas a moderate, significant negative correlation was found between verbal fluency scores and GDS scores (r = -0.551, r = -0.422, r = -0.493). s (Verbal fluency and MOBID scores showed significant differences across age groups, whereas ADL and depression scores did not; additionally, verbal fluency, MOBID, and GDS varied significantly by education and income levels while ADL scores remained unaffected; notably, only verbal fluency scores differed by gender, with female participants demonstrating higher performance. <b>Conclusion:</b> Significant correlations were observed between verbal fluency, cognition, depression, and daily living activity skills. As the cognitive and daily living activity skills of participants increase or their levels of depression decrease, their verbal fluency skills improve. The findings underscore the importance of supporting all variables and highlight the significance of interdisciplinary collaboration.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144081853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurologic music therapy for inhibitory control in parkinson's disease: Intervention protocol for a feasibility study.","authors":"Leonardo Francisco Citon, Amer Cavalheiro Hamdan","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2025.2499856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2025.2499856","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Introduction</i>: Impairments in inhibitory control are common and directly impact the quality of life in individuals with Parkinson's Disease (PD). Non-pharmacological interventions for this population primarily focus on motor outcomes, with cognitive aspects often overlooked. Neurologic Music Therapy (NMT), a model integrating neuroscience and music therapy techniques, may have significant potential for cognitive rehabilitation. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of a home-based NMT intervention, focusing on primary outcomes related to the intervention's feasibility and secondary outcomes concerning cognition and quality of life in individuals with PD. <i>Method</i>: Five (n = 5) individuals diagnosed with PD will be recruited. Participants will receive three 30-minute NMT sessions per week over four weeks. Pre- and post-intervention assessments will be conducted. The assessment protocol will include protocol questionnaires (sociodemographic/clinical and music therapy); tests for inclusion criteria; feasibility assessment through recruitment rate, retention rate, dropout rate, protocol acceptability, and researcher report; and evaluation of clinical outcomes with the Stroop Color-Word Test, Hayling Test, Go/No-Go Task, Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39), and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS/UPDRS). Discussion: This study will provide essential insights for planning and conducting a larger clinical trial, offering important data on recruitment, acceptability, evaluation, intervention design, and musical techniques for inhibitory control.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144081856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persistent neuropsychological deficits in recovered COVID-19 patients: Correlations with disease biomarkers.","authors":"Evgenia Panagea, Lambros Messinis, Panayiotis Patrikelis, Sonia Malefaki, Maria Christina Petri, Grigorios Nasios, Angelos Liontos, Dimitris Biros, Mary H Kosmidis, Haralampos Milionis","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2025.2502871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2025.2502871","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Cognitive impairment, including deficits in attention, memory, executive function, and processing speed, is common in post-COVID-19 conditions, though language performance remains less studied. The present study examined the long-term effects of COVID-19 condition on cognition and language - communication, and its associations with disease severity, Body Mass Index (BMI), inflammatory markers, and quality of life.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Nighty eight Greek participants under 65 years of age were recruited for this study. Forty-seven participants were allocated in the COVID-19 group and 51 served as cognitively healthy controls. The COVID-19 group was categorized by disease severity and long COVID status. Assessments occurred 12 weeks post-infection, with 12 patients reevaluated after another 12 weeks. Neurocognitive tests included ABCD-II, verbal fluency, CCT, SDMT, and Euro QoL EQ-5D. Blood samples were analyzed for inflammatory markers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Covid-19 survivors experienced significant cognitive deficits compared to healthy controls, particularly in processing speed, memory, and verbal fluency. Long COVID patients showed notably lower scores in processing speed and QoL, compared to those without Long COVID. However, no significant differences were observed between groups on episodic memory and executive functions tasks. Cognitive deficits were associated with biomarkers such as d-dimers and C-Reactive protein, with elevated d-dimers linked to poorer performance on generative drawing and cognitive flexibility. Higher education served as a protective factor, and was associated with higher scores in tasks such as story retelling, confrontation naming, generative drawing and reading comprehension. Older age and higher Body Mass Index were associated with poorer cognitive performance, especially on processing speed. Sex appears to influence language comprehension outcomes, with males exhibiting enhanced performance on the reading comprehension-sentence task. Disease severity negatively affected performance on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test and generative naming, indicating that greater severity was linked to poorer outcomes in these domains. Follow-up evaluations of recovered COVID-19 patients revealed significant improvements in processing speed and recall, suggesting partial recovery in these areas, although some deficits persisted over time.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study supports findings that the prolonged effects of COVID-19 markedly impaired neurocognitive functions in recovering patients, especially those with severe or long COVID syndrome. Moreover, while several cognitive domains may improve over time, many other domains remain impaired and vulnerable.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144038563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}