Social Studies of Science最新文献_第6页

The routinization of lay expertise: A diachronic account of the invention and stabilization of an open-source artificial pancreas. 非专业知识的常规化：开放源码人工胰腺的发明与稳定的异时空叙述。

IF 2.9 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-28 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231214237

Clay Davis

{"title":"The routinization of lay expertise: A diachronic account of the invention and stabilization of an open-source artificial pancreas.","authors":"Clay Davis","doi":"10.1177/03063127231214237","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231214237","url":null,"abstract":"Embodied health movements (EHMs) advance their agendas by mediating the production, circulation, and revision of biomedical knowledge. To do this, their constituents become lay experts by blending their embodied experience of illness with self-taught technical knowledge. However, it is unclear how lay expertise is routinized within EHMs, and consequently, to what extent it can be made durable in long-term partnerships with credentialed experts. I follow the OpenAPS community-a group of people with type one diabetes who engineered an open-source 'artificial pancreas'-from their inception in the transient #WeAreNotWaiting movement to their research collaborations with endocrinologists and detente with the FDA. I argue that OpenAPS user-contributors formalized their expertise in three steps: First, they broke the OpenAPS algorithm into modules so that prospective users must become experts to assemble it. Second, they lowered this barrier to entry by facilitating the socialization of new user-contributors with a training ritual. And third, they intervened in the strained endocrinologist-patient relationship. These tactics-restricting membership, reproducing expertise, and realigning interests-won the respect of credentialled experts who saw themselves in the OpenAPS community's image. While not all EHMs follow this trajectory, this case demonstrates that lay expertise can mature and assume new institutional forms without relying on commercialization or patronage.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"626-652"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139049738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numbers and emotions in the governance of the Covid-19 datademic. Covid-19 数据学术治理中的数字与情感。

IF 2.9 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1177/03063127241262457

Emmanuel Didier

引用次数: 0

Virtual diversity: Resolving the tension between the wider culture and the institution of science. 虚拟多样性：解决更广泛的文化与科学机构之间的矛盾。

IF 2.9 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1177/03063127241263609

Harry Collins, Robert Evans, Luis Reyes-Galindo

{"title":"Virtual diversity: Resolving the tension between the wider culture and the institution of science.","authors":"Harry Collins, Robert Evans, Luis Reyes-Galindo","doi":"10.1177/03063127241263609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127241263609","url":null,"abstract":"There are widespread calls for increased demographic diversity in science, often linked to the epistemic claim that including more perspectives will improve the quality of the knowledge produced. By distinguishing between demographic and epistemic diversity, we show that this is only true some of the time. There are cases where increasing demographic diversity will not bring about the necessary epistemic diversity and cases where failing to exclude some voices reduces the quality of the scientific debate. We seek to resolve these tensions with an analysis that turns on the way the experience-based expertise of non-scientists can be absorbed into mainstream science. Mostly it has to be done via what we call 'virtual diversity', in which scientists take responsibility for acquiring interactional expertise in the non-scientific expertise-based domains which they consider provide knowledge valuable to the science. We argue that virtual diversity represents the only feasible option in most scenarios, with cases where demographic diversity or full cultural mergers provide the solution being the exception rather than the rule. This analysis is an exercise in the sociology of knowledge, which is considered as being continuous with philosophy. The paper is prescriptive as well as descriptive, and the moral, cultural, political, and educational implications of the argument are drawn out. A main conclusion is that the acquisition of virtual diversity should be a new norm for science, allowing the voices of experienced non-scientist citizens to be heard but without eroding the institution of science, which continues to be a vital foundation of truth in democracy.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"3063127241263609"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141793989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Domesticating data: Traveling and value-making in the data economy. 数据归化:数据经济中的旅行与价值创造。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-25 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231212506

Clémence Pinel, Mette N Svendsen

{"title":"Domesticating data: Traveling and value-making in the data economy.","authors":"Clémence Pinel, Mette N Svendsen","doi":"10.1177/03063127231212506","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231212506","url":null,"abstract":"Data are versatile objects that can travel across contexts. While data's travels have been widely discussed, little attention has been paid to the sites from where and to which data flow. Drawing upon ethnographic fieldwork in two connected data-intensive laboratories and the concept of domestication, we explore what it takes to bring data 'home' into the laboratory. As data come and dwell in the home, they are made to follow rituals, and as a result, data are reshaped and form ties with the laboratory and its practitioners. We identify four main ways of domesticating data. First, through storytelling about the data's origins, data practitioners draw the boundaries of their laboratory. Second, through standardization, staff transform samples into digital data that can travel well while ruling what data can be let into the home. Third, through formatting, data practitioners become familiar with their data and at the same time imprint the data, thus making them belong to their home. Finally, through cultivation, staff turn data into a resource for knowledge production. Through the lens of domestication, we see the data economy as a collection of homes connected by flows, and it is because data are tamed and attached to homes that they become valuable knowledge tools. Such domestication practices also have broad implications for staff, who in the process of 'homing' data, come to belong to the laboratory. To conclude, we reflect on what these domestication processes-which silence unusual behaviours in the data-mean for the knowledge produced in data-intensive research.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"429-450"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11119098/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138441670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How scientists become experts-or don't: Social organization of research and engagement in scientific advice in a toxicology laboratory. 科学家如何成为专家：毒理学实验室研究和科学咨询的社会组织。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-28 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231204578

David Demortain

{"title":"How scientists become experts-or don't: Social organization of research and engagement in scientific advice in a toxicology laboratory.","authors":"David Demortain","doi":"10.1177/03063127231204578","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231204578","url":null,"abstract":"Certain fields of research are deeply shaped by their proximity with policy-makers and administrations. The so-called 'regulatory sciences' and their corresponding expert communities emerge from this intermediary space between science and policy. Social studies of expertise and scientific experts show, however, that modes of engagement with policy-making vary greatly from one scientist to another. Two scientists that are part of the same research group or laboratory may engage the policy realm differently. How then does the social organization of research influence scientists' participation in scientific advice and the production of regulatory sciences? The paper looks at toxicology, a field in which knowledge production is centrally motivated by risk assessment, but one that has also seen the emergence of different knowledge-making motives, including advancement of fundamental knowledge and frontier research. A toxicology laboratory may thus harbor a diversity of moral economies of scientific advice. The paper argues that scientists' engagements with policy, through scientific advice and regulatory risk assessment, create organizational tensions and force changes to the standard, team-based social organization of research work.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"405-428"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66784584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Maintaining innovation: How to make sewer robots and innovation policy work in Barcelona. 保持创新:如何让下水道机器人和创新政策在巴塞罗那发挥作用。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-25 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231207082

Carlos Cuevas-Garcia, Federica Pepponi, Sebastian M Pfotenhauer

{"title":"Maintaining innovation: How to make sewer robots and innovation policy work in Barcelona.","authors":"Carlos Cuevas-Garcia, Federica Pepponi, Sebastian M Pfotenhauer","doi":"10.1177/03063127231207082","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231207082","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores how innovation logics infiltrate problem and value definitions in maintenance and repair, and how innovation itself depends on considerable, often invisible care work beyond the seemingly smooth entrepreneurial narratives. We build on a growing body of work in STS that investigates the relationship between innovation and maintenance and repair. This literature argues that the obsession with innovation crowds out attention to maintenance, that innovation creates future obligations of maintenance that are often not factored into technological promises, and that ordinary maintenance and repair practices are often innovative in their own right. Empirically, we explore a case where maintenance and repair become the explicit target of high-level, high-tech innovation initiatives and how, as a result, innovation logics colonize maintenance practices. Conceptually, we explore how repair and maintenance sensitivities can be applied to innovation practices to reveal the invisible work needed to align innovation instruments with socio-material and institutional configurations. Drawing on an in-depth case study of sewer inspection robots in Barcelona, we find that attempts to innovate maintenance require a symmetric effort to maintain innovation. In our case study, innovation processes as deployed by the European Commission, research consortia, and companies required substantial repair work to function reliably in specific settings. Our study shows how divergent understandings of the public good in innovation and maintenance contexts may lead to significant tensions, and that much can be gained analytically from not treating innovation and maintenance as opposites.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"352-376"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11119103/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138441703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Listening for the Ivory-billed Woodpecker: Sonic geography and the making of extinction knowledge. 倾听象牙嘴啄木鸟的声音：声波地理学与濒临灭绝知识的形成。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231214501

Hannah Hunter

{"title":"Listening for the Ivory-billed Woodpecker: Sonic geography and the making of extinction knowledge.","authors":"Hannah Hunter","doi":"10.1177/03063127231214501","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231214501","url":null,"abstract":"If an apparently extinct bird calls in a forest, and there are people there to hear it-to record it, even-is it still extinct? The Ivory-billed Woodpecker was last 'officially' seen in the United States in 1944, but its extinction continues to be a subject of intense debate between conservation authorities, scientists, and grassroots activists. Tensions peaked around 2005, when scientists from the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology announced their rediscovery of the species. However, their evidence received significant challenge from other ornithologists, and this apparent rediscovery has since been generally dismissed. In 2021, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service recommended the ivorybill be declared officially extinct. Still, many people continue to trawl the Southeastern forests in search of ivorybills. In this article, I investigate the methods, debates, and results of efforts to locate this species, with a focus on sound. In doing so, I explore the interconnected roles of sound and space in the making of extinction knowledge. Sonic search methods of listening, sounding, and translating are core ways that searchers attempt to attune to, communicate with, and establish evidence of ivorybills. Additionally, sonic search practices are critical spaces of negotiation and contestation between different searchers, between searchers and ivorybills, and between searchers and skeptics. Ultimately, this article argues that sonic geographies affect the production of extinction knowledge, and vice versa-extinction knowledge making practices produce distinct sonic geographies.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"325-351"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11118777/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138805871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Governing beyond the project: Refocusing innovation governance in emerging science and technology funding. 项目之外的治理:重新聚焦新兴科技资助的创新治理。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-16 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231205043

Robert Dj Smith, Stefan Schäfer, Michael J Bernstein

引用次数: 0

Health policy counterpublics: Enacting collective resistances to US molecular HIV surveillance and cluster detection and response programs. 卫生政策反公众：对美国 HIV 分子监测和集群检测与响应计划的集体抵制。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231211933

Stephen Molldrem, Anthony K J Smith

{"title":"Health policy counterpublics: Enacting collective resistances to US molecular HIV surveillance and cluster detection and response programs.","authors":"Stephen Molldrem, Anthony K J Smith","doi":"10.1177/03063127231211933","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231211933","url":null,"abstract":"Health policies and the problems they constitute are deeply shaped by multiple publics. In this article we conceptualize health policy counterpublics: temporally bounded socio-political forms that aim to cultivate particular modes of conduct, generally to resist trajectories set by arms of the state. These counterpublics often emerge from existing social movements and involve varied forms of activism and advocacy. We examine a health policy counterpublic that has arisen in response to new forms of HIV public health surveillance by drawing on public documents and interview data from 2021 with 26 stakeholders who were critical of key policy developments. Since 2018, the national rollout of molecular HIV surveillance (MHS) and cluster detection and response (CDR) programs in the United States has produced sustained controversies among HIV stakeholders, including among organized networks of people living with HIV. This article focuses on how a health policy counterpublic formed around MHS/CDR and how constituents problematized the policy agenda set in motion by federal health agencies, including in relation to data ethics, the meaningful involvement of affected communities, informed consent, the digitization of health systems, and HIV criminalization. Although familiar problems in HIV policymaking, concerns about these issues have been reconfigured in response to the new sociotechnical milieu proffered by MHS/CDR, generating new critical positions aiming to remake public health. Critical attention to the scenes within which health policy controversies play out ought to consider how (counter)publics are made, how problems are constituted, and the broader social movement dynamics and activist resources drawn upon to contest and reimagine policymaking in public life.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"451-477"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11118791/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138489046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Equivocal diagnostics: Making a ‘good’ point-of-care test for elimination in global health 诊断不明确：制作 "好 "的护理点检验，以消除全球卫生中的弊端

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1177/03063127241246727

Alice Street, Emma Michelle Taylor

{"title":"Equivocal diagnostics: Making a ‘good’ point-of-care test for elimination in global health","authors":"Alice Street, Emma Michelle Taylor","doi":"10.1177/03063127241246727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127241246727","url":null,"abstract":"What is a diagnostic test for? We might assume the answer to this question is straightforward. A good test would help identify what disease someone suffers from, assist health providers to determine the correct course of treatment and/or enable public health authorities to know and intervene in health at the level of the population. In this article, we show that what a specific diagnostic test is for, the value it holds for different actors, and what makes it good, or not, is often far from settled. We tell the story of the development and design of a rapid antibody test for onchocerciasis, or river blindness, tracking multiple iterations of the device through three configurational moments in the framing of onchocerciasis disease and reshaping of the global health innovation ecosystem. Efforts to build that ecosystem for diagnostics are often premised on the notion that public health needs for diagnostics are pre-given and stable; the challenge is seen to be how to incentivize investment and find a customer base for diagnostics in under-resourced settings. By contrast, we show that for any disease, diagnostic needs are both multiple and constantly in flux, and are unlikely to be met by a single, stand-alone product. In the case of the onchocerciasis Ov-16 rapid test, the failure to recognize and address the multiplicity and instability of diagnostic needs in the innovation process resulted in the development of a rapid point of care test that might be manufactured, procured and used, but is unloved by public health experts and commercial manufacturers alike. The equivocal value of the onchocerciasis rapid test, we suggest, reveals the inadequacy of the current global health innovation ecosystem for developing diagnostic ‘goods’.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140643229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0