Social Studies of Science最新文献_第7页

How scientists become experts-or don't: Social organization of research and engagement in scientific advice in a toxicology laboratory. 科学家如何成为专家：毒理学实验室研究和科学咨询的社会组织。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-28 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231204578

David Demortain

{"title":"How scientists become experts-or don't: Social organization of research and engagement in scientific advice in a toxicology laboratory.","authors":"David Demortain","doi":"10.1177/03063127231204578","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231204578","url":null,"abstract":"Certain fields of research are deeply shaped by their proximity with policy-makers and administrations. The so-called 'regulatory sciences' and their corresponding expert communities emerge from this intermediary space between science and policy. Social studies of expertise and scientific experts show, however, that modes of engagement with policy-making vary greatly from one scientist to another. Two scientists that are part of the same research group or laboratory may engage the policy realm differently. How then does the social organization of research influence scientists' participation in scientific advice and the production of regulatory sciences? The paper looks at toxicology, a field in which knowledge production is centrally motivated by risk assessment, but one that has also seen the emergence of different knowledge-making motives, including advancement of fundamental knowledge and frontier research. A toxicology laboratory may thus harbor a diversity of moral economies of scientific advice. The paper argues that scientists' engagements with policy, through scientific advice and regulatory risk assessment, create organizational tensions and force changes to the standard, team-based social organization of research work.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"405-428"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66784584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Maintaining innovation: How to make sewer robots and innovation policy work in Barcelona. 保持创新:如何让下水道机器人和创新政策在巴塞罗那发挥作用。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-25 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231207082

Carlos Cuevas-Garcia, Federica Pepponi, Sebastian M Pfotenhauer

{"title":"Maintaining innovation: How to make sewer robots and innovation policy work in Barcelona.","authors":"Carlos Cuevas-Garcia, Federica Pepponi, Sebastian M Pfotenhauer","doi":"10.1177/03063127231207082","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231207082","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores how innovation logics infiltrate problem and value definitions in maintenance and repair, and how innovation itself depends on considerable, often invisible care work beyond the seemingly smooth entrepreneurial narratives. We build on a growing body of work in STS that investigates the relationship between innovation and maintenance and repair. This literature argues that the obsession with innovation crowds out attention to maintenance, that innovation creates future obligations of maintenance that are often not factored into technological promises, and that ordinary maintenance and repair practices are often innovative in their own right. Empirically, we explore a case where maintenance and repair become the explicit target of high-level, high-tech innovation initiatives and how, as a result, innovation logics colonize maintenance practices. Conceptually, we explore how repair and maintenance sensitivities can be applied to innovation practices to reveal the invisible work needed to align innovation instruments with socio-material and institutional configurations. Drawing on an in-depth case study of sewer inspection robots in Barcelona, we find that attempts to innovate maintenance require a symmetric effort to maintain innovation. In our case study, innovation processes as deployed by the European Commission, research consortia, and companies required substantial repair work to function reliably in specific settings. Our study shows how divergent understandings of the public good in innovation and maintenance contexts may lead to significant tensions, and that much can be gained analytically from not treating innovation and maintenance as opposites.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"352-376"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11119103/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138441703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Listening for the Ivory-billed Woodpecker: Sonic geography and the making of extinction knowledge. 倾听象牙嘴啄木鸟的声音：声波地理学与濒临灭绝知识的形成。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231214501

Hannah Hunter

{"title":"Listening for the Ivory-billed Woodpecker: Sonic geography and the making of extinction knowledge.","authors":"Hannah Hunter","doi":"10.1177/03063127231214501","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231214501","url":null,"abstract":"If an apparently extinct bird calls in a forest, and there are people there to hear it-to record it, even-is it still extinct? The Ivory-billed Woodpecker was last 'officially' seen in the United States in 1944, but its extinction continues to be a subject of intense debate between conservation authorities, scientists, and grassroots activists. Tensions peaked around 2005, when scientists from the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology announced their rediscovery of the species. However, their evidence received significant challenge from other ornithologists, and this apparent rediscovery has since been generally dismissed. In 2021, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service recommended the ivorybill be declared officially extinct. Still, many people continue to trawl the Southeastern forests in search of ivorybills. In this article, I investigate the methods, debates, and results of efforts to locate this species, with a focus on sound. In doing so, I explore the interconnected roles of sound and space in the making of extinction knowledge. Sonic search methods of listening, sounding, and translating are core ways that searchers attempt to attune to, communicate with, and establish evidence of ivorybills. Additionally, sonic search practices are critical spaces of negotiation and contestation between different searchers, between searchers and ivorybills, and between searchers and skeptics. Ultimately, this article argues that sonic geographies affect the production of extinction knowledge, and vice versa-extinction knowledge making practices produce distinct sonic geographies.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"325-351"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11118777/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138805871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Governing beyond the project: Refocusing innovation governance in emerging science and technology funding. 项目之外的治理:重新聚焦新兴科技资助的创新治理。

IF 2.9 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-16 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231205043

Robert Dj Smith, Stefan Schäfer, Michael J Bernstein

引用次数: 0

Health policy counterpublics: Enacting collective resistances to US molecular HIV surveillance and cluster detection and response programs. 卫生政策反公众：对美国 HIV 分子监测和集群检测与响应计划的集体抵制。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231211933

Stephen Molldrem, Anthony K J Smith

{"title":"Health policy counterpublics: Enacting collective resistances to US molecular HIV surveillance and cluster detection and response programs.","authors":"Stephen Molldrem, Anthony K J Smith","doi":"10.1177/03063127231211933","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231211933","url":null,"abstract":"Health policies and the problems they constitute are deeply shaped by multiple publics. In this article we conceptualize health policy counterpublics: temporally bounded socio-political forms that aim to cultivate particular modes of conduct, generally to resist trajectories set by arms of the state. These counterpublics often emerge from existing social movements and involve varied forms of activism and advocacy. We examine a health policy counterpublic that has arisen in response to new forms of HIV public health surveillance by drawing on public documents and interview data from 2021 with 26 stakeholders who were critical of key policy developments. Since 2018, the national rollout of molecular HIV surveillance (MHS) and cluster detection and response (CDR) programs in the United States has produced sustained controversies among HIV stakeholders, including among organized networks of people living with HIV. This article focuses on how a health policy counterpublic formed around MHS/CDR and how constituents problematized the policy agenda set in motion by federal health agencies, including in relation to data ethics, the meaningful involvement of affected communities, informed consent, the digitization of health systems, and HIV criminalization. Although familiar problems in HIV policymaking, concerns about these issues have been reconfigured in response to the new sociotechnical milieu proffered by MHS/CDR, generating new critical positions aiming to remake public health. Critical attention to the scenes within which health policy controversies play out ought to consider how (counter)publics are made, how problems are constituted, and the broader social movement dynamics and activist resources drawn upon to contest and reimagine policymaking in public life.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"451-477"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11118791/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138489046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Equivocal diagnostics: Making a ‘good’ point-of-care test for elimination in global health 诊断不明确：制作 "好 "的护理点检验，以消除全球卫生中的弊端

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1177/03063127241246727

Alice Street, Emma Michelle Taylor

{"title":"Equivocal diagnostics: Making a ‘good’ point-of-care test for elimination in global health","authors":"Alice Street, Emma Michelle Taylor","doi":"10.1177/03063127241246727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127241246727","url":null,"abstract":"What is a diagnostic test for? We might assume the answer to this question is straightforward. A good test would help identify what disease someone suffers from, assist health providers to determine the correct course of treatment and/or enable public health authorities to know and intervene in health at the level of the population. In this article, we show that what a specific diagnostic test is for, the value it holds for different actors, and what makes it good, or not, is often far from settled. We tell the story of the development and design of a rapid antibody test for onchocerciasis, or river blindness, tracking multiple iterations of the device through three configurational moments in the framing of onchocerciasis disease and reshaping of the global health innovation ecosystem. Efforts to build that ecosystem for diagnostics are often premised on the notion that public health needs for diagnostics are pre-given and stable; the challenge is seen to be how to incentivize investment and find a customer base for diagnostics in under-resourced settings. By contrast, we show that for any disease, diagnostic needs are both multiple and constantly in flux, and are unlikely to be met by a single, stand-alone product. In the case of the onchocerciasis Ov-16 rapid test, the failure to recognize and address the multiplicity and instability of diagnostic needs in the innovation process resulted in the development of a rapid point of care test that might be manufactured, procured and used, but is unloved by public health experts and commercial manufacturers alike. The equivocal value of the onchocerciasis rapid test, we suggest, reveals the inadequacy of the current global health innovation ecosystem for developing diagnostic ‘goods’.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140643229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Therapeutic value in the time of digital brainwaves 数字脑电波时代的治疗价值

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1177/03063127241241032

Megh Marathe

{"title":"Therapeutic value in the time of digital brainwaves","authors":"Megh Marathe","doi":"10.1177/03063127241241032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127241241032","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the value of medical technology through the case of electroencephalograms (EEGs), devices used to visualize brain activity and diagnose seizures. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, the article shows that EEGs are valued differently by patients and medical practitioners. While practitioners value EEGs for their clinical utility, i.e., ability to inform clinical decisions, patients value EEGs even in the absence of clinical utility. Indeed, patients derive long-lasting therapeutic effects from this diagnostic technology. These findings intervene in the utilitarian calculus of therapeutic value—a mode of reasoning that equates value with clinical utility—commonly deployed in biomedicine and engineering and call for a recognition of alternative notions such as the therapeutic value of being witnessed and cared for by medical experts via EEGs and other technologies that require time to work. Expansive notions of therapeutic value are imperative for including marginalized patients—especially low-income, disabled, and women patients—in debates on automation and the future of healthcare. Studying how multiple stakeholders value a medical technology provides insight into valuation, objectification, expertise, and other concerns central to science and technology studies.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140539025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Unclearing the air: Data's unexpected limitations for environmental advocacy. 不污染空气：数据对环境倡导的意外限制。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-14 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231201169

Dawn Nafus

引用次数: 0

Inside regular lab meetings: The social construction of a research team and ideas in optical physics. 走进实验室例会：研究团队的社会建设与光学物理学中的思想。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-22 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231188132

Axel Philipps, Laura Paruschke

{"title":"Inside regular lab meetings: The social construction of a research team and ideas in optical physics.","authors":"Axel Philipps, Laura Paruschke","doi":"10.1177/03063127231188132","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231188132","url":null,"abstract":"Scheduled meetings are associated with standardization and understood as a bureaucratic form of coordination, control, and rule observation. In attending assemblies of a research team in optical physics for over a year, we found regular lab meetings are compulsory for all their members and are an avenue to announce and give information about new and changed institutional regulations, to supervise members' activities and their output. But more importantly, they offer an environment for continuous thinking through talk that goes beyond announcements. Meetings are a protected space to comment on conducted research, to amend experimental set-ups, to test argumentation, and to outline potentially new directions of research. By participating in these practices, researchers, become members of the team as they get acquainted with the ongoing research; its scope, problems, and limits; the solutions at hand; and the know-how within the team. In functional terms, observed internal meetings seem to (a) ensure that the research team focuses on a specific research agenda by talking about and discussing ongoing research in the lab, (b) be used to discuss and assure the quality of the team's research output, and (c) generate and inspire new research within the team. Our findings suggest regular internal meetings, like shop talk, are constitutive of doing science by talking about ongoing research.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"257-280"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10981201/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10039715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Total life insurance: Logics of anticipatory control and actuarial governance in insurance technology. 全面人寿保险：保险技术中的预期控制和精算管理逻辑。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-10 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231186437

Jathan Sadowski

{"title":"Total life insurance: Logics of anticipatory control and actuarial governance in insurance technology.","authors":"Jathan Sadowski","doi":"10.1177/03063127231186437","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231186437","url":null,"abstract":"Calling attention to the growing intersection between the insurance and technology sectors-or 'insurtech'-this article is intended as a bat signal for the interdisciplinary fields that have spent recent decades studying the explosion of digitization, datafication, smartification, automation, and so on. Many of the dynamics that attract people to researching technology are exemplified, often in exaggerated ways, by emerging applications in insurance, an industry that has broad material effects. Based on in-depth mixed-methods research into insurance technology, I have identified a set of interlocking logics that underly this regime of actuarial governance in society: ubiquitous intermediation, continuous interaction, total integration, hyper-personalization, actuarial discrimination, and dynamic reaction. Together these logics describe how enduring ambitions and existing capabilities are motivating the future of how insurers engage with customers, data, time, and value. This article surveys each logic, laying out a techno-political framework for how to orient critical analysis of developments in insurtech and where to direct future research on this growing industry. Ultimately, my goal is to advance our understanding how insurance-a powerful institution that is fundamental to the operations of modern society-continues to change, and what dynamics and imperatives, whose desires and interests are steering that change. The stuff of insurance is far too important to be left to the insurance industry.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"231-256"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10981172/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10141044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0