Social Studies of Science最新文献_第7页

The face as folded object: Race and the problems with 'progress' in forensic DNA phenotyping. 作为折叠物体的脸:种族和法医DNA表型“进展”的问题。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2021-08-02 DOI: 10.1177/03063127211035562

Roos Hopman

{"title":"The face as folded object: Race and the problems with 'progress' in forensic DNA phenotyping.","authors":"Roos Hopman","doi":"10.1177/03063127211035562","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127211035562","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP) encompasses a set of technologies aimed at predicting phenotypic characteristics from genotypes. Advocates of FDP present it as the future of forensics, with an ultimate goal of producing complete, individualised facial composites based on DNA. With a focus on individuals and promised advances in technology comes the assumption that modern methods are steadily moving away from racial science. Yet in the quantification of physical differences, FDP builds upon some nineteenth- and twentieth-century scientific practices that measured and categorised human variation in terms of race. In this article I complicate the linear temporal approach to scientific progress by building on the notion of the folded object. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in various genetic laboratories, I show how nineteenth- and early twentieth-century anthropological measuring and data-collection practices and statistical averaging techniques are folded into the ordering of measurements of skin color data taken with a spectrophotometer, the analysis of facial shape based on computational landmarks and the collection of iris photographs. Attending to the historicity of FDP facial renderings, I bring into focus how race comes about as a consequence of temporal folds.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"869-890"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10696901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39275354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Curious about race: Generous methods and modes of knowing in practice. 对种族的好奇：在实践中了解的丰富方法和模式。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231201178

Amade M'charek

引用次数: 0

Groundwork for AI: Enforcing a benchmark for neoantigen prediction in personalized cancer immunotherapy. 人工智能的基础工作：在个性化癌症免疫疗法中实施新抗原预测基准。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231192857

Florian Jaton

{"title":"Groundwork for AI: Enforcing a benchmark for neoantigen prediction in personalized cancer immunotherapy.","authors":"Florian Jaton","doi":"10.1177/03063127231192857","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231192857","url":null,"abstract":"This article expands on recent studies of machine learning or artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms that crucially depend on benchmark datasets, often called 'ground truths.' These ground-truth datasets gather input-data and output-targets, thereby establishing what can be retrieved computationally and evaluated statistically. I explore the case of the Tumor nEoantigen SeLection Alliance (TESLA), a consortium-based ground-truthing project in personalized cancer immunotherapy, where the 'truth' of the targets-immunogenic neoantigens-to be retrieved by the would-be AI algorithms depended on a broad technoscientific network whose setting up implied important organizational and material infrastructures. The study shows that instead of grounding an undisputable 'truth', the TESLA endeavor ended up establishing a contestable reference, the biology of neoantigens and how to measure their immunogenicity having slightly evolved alongside this four-year project. However, even if this controversy played down the scope of the TESLA ground truth, it did not discredit the whole undertaking. The magnitude of the technoscientific efforts that the TESLA project set into motion and the needs it ultimately succeeded in filling for the scientific and industrial community counterbalanced its metrological uncertainties, effectively instituting its contestable representation of 'true' neoantigens within the field of personalized cancer immunotherapy (at least temporarily). More generally, this case study indicates that the enforcement of ground truths, and what it leaves out, is a necessary condition to enable AI technologies in personalized medicine.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"787-810"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1f/46/10.1177_03063127231192857.PMC10543129.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10495658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Interfacing AlphaGo: Embodied play, object agency, and algorithmic drama. 接口AlphaGo：体现游戏、对象代理和算法戏剧。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231191284

Philippe Sormani

{"title":"Interfacing AlphaGo: Embodied play, object agency, and algorithmic drama.","authors":"Philippe Sormani","doi":"10.1177/03063127231191284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127231191284","url":null,"abstract":"For decades, playing Go at a professional level has counted among those things that, in Dreyfus's words, 'computers still can't do'. This changed dramatically in early March 2016, at the Four Seasons Hotel in Seoul, South Korea, when AlphaGo, the most sophisticated Go program at the time, beat Lee Sedol, an internationally top-ranked Go professional, by four games to one. A documentary movie has captured and crafted the unfolding drama and, since AlphaGo's momentous win, the drama has been retold in myriad variations. Yet the exhibition match as a technology demonstration-in short, the 'AlphaGo show'-has not received much scrutiny in STS, notwithstanding or precisely because of all the media frenzy, game commentary, and 'AI' expertise in its wake. This article therefore revisits the second game's 'move 37', its surprise delivery by AlphaGo on stage, and the subsequent line of commentary by the attending experts, initiated by the news-receipt token 'ooh'. Drawing upon a reflexive video analysis, the article explicates the Go move's scenic intelligibility-its embodied delivery as part of the technology demonstration-as the contingent result of intricate 'human/machine interfacing'. For mainstream media to report on AlphaGo's 'superhuman intelligence', it both relied upon and effaced such interfacing work. In turn, the article describes and discusses how 'object agency' and 'algorithmic drama' both trade on skillfully embodied play as a pivotal interfacing practice, informing the exhibition match from within its livestream broadcast.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"53 5","pages":"686-711"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41146375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Eye for an AI: More-than-seeing, fauxtomation, and the enactment of uncertain data in digital pathology. 人工智能之眼：在数字病理学中，不仅仅是看到、模仿和不确定数据的产生。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-08 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231167589

Chiara Carboni, Rik Wehrens, Romke van der Veen, Antoinette de Bont

{"title":"Eye for an AI: More-than-seeing, fauxtomation, and the enactment of uncertain data in digital pathology.","authors":"Chiara Carboni, Rik Wehrens, Romke van der Veen, Antoinette de Bont","doi":"10.1177/03063127231167589","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231167589","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools are being developed to assist with increasingly complex diagnostic tasks in medicine. This produces epistemic disruption in diagnostic processes, even in the absence of AI itself, through the datafication and digitalization encouraged by the promissory discourses around AI. In this study of the digitization of an academic pathology department, we mobilize Barad's agential realist framework to examine these epistemic disruptions. Narratives and expectations around AI-assisted diagnostics-which are inextricable from material changes-enact specific types of organizational change, and produce epistemic objects that facilitate to the emergence of some epistemic practices and subjects, but hinder others. Agential realism allows us to simultaneously study epistemic, ethical, and ontological changes enacted through digitization efforts, while keeping a close eye on the attendant organizational changes. Based on ethnographic analysis of pathologists' changing work processes, we identify three different types of uncertainty produced by digitization: sensorial, intra-active, and fauxtomated uncertainty. Sensorial and intra-active uncertainty stem from the ontological otherness of digital objects, materialized in their affordances, and result in digital slides' partial illegibility. Fauxtomated uncertainty stems from the quasi-automated digital slide-making, which complicates the question of responsibility for epistemic objects and related knowledge by marginalizing the human.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"712-737"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/59/c5/10.1177_03063127231167589.PMC10543128.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9784661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Enabling 'AI'? The situated production of commensurabilities. 启用“AI”？可公度的情境生成。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-13 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231194591

Florian Jaton, Philippe Sormani

引用次数: 0

Caring for robots: How care comes to matter in human-machine interfacing. 关心机器人：在人机界面中，关心是如何变得重要的。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2022-04-07 DOI: 10.1177/03063127221081446

Benjamin Lipp

{"title":"Caring for robots: How care comes to matter in human-machine interfacing.","authors":"Benjamin Lipp","doi":"10.1177/03063127221081446","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127221081446","url":null,"abstract":"Care robots promise to assist older people in an ageing society. This article investigates the socio-material conditions of care with robots by focusing on the usually invisible practices of human-machine interfacing. I define human-machine interfacing as the activities by roboticists and others to render interaction between robots and people possible in the first place. This includes, efforts to render prototypical arrangements of care 'robot-friendly'. In my video-assisted ethnography of human-robot interaction (HRI) experiments. I identify four types of interfacing practices, where care comes to matter: integrating the ephemeral entity that is 'a robot', helping it by way of mundane courtesies, making users 'fit' for interacting with it, and establishing corridors of interaction between the robot and people's bodies. I show that robots do not so much care for (older) people but rather, the other way around - people need to care for robots. Hence, care robots are not simply agents of care but also objects of care, rendering necessary a symmetrical analysis of human-machine interfacing. Furthermore, these practices do not merely reflect the prototypical state of the art in robotics. Rather, they indicate a more general mode of how robots and people interface. I argue that care with robots requires us to re-consider the exclusive focus on the human and at least complement it with care for the non-human and, incidentally, the robotic, too.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"53 5","pages":"660-685"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41138745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

Executive-centered AI? Designing predictive systems for the public sector. 以高管为中心的人工智能？为公共部门设计预测系统。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-08 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231163756

Anne Henriksen, Lasse Blond

{"title":"Executive-centered AI? Designing predictive systems for the public sector.","authors":"Anne Henriksen, Lasse Blond","doi":"10.1177/03063127231163756","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231163756","url":null,"abstract":"Recent policies and research articles call for turning AI into a form of IA ('intelligence augmentation'), by envisioning systems that center on and enhance humans. Based on a field study at an AI company, this article studies how AI is performed as developers enact two predictive systems along with stakeholders in public sector accounting and public sector healthcare. Inspired by STS theories about values in design, we analyze our empirical data focusing especially on how objectives, structured performances, and divisions of labor are built into the two systems and at whose expense. Our findings reveal that the development of the two AI systems is informed by politically motivated managerial interests in cost-efficiency. This results in AI systems that are (1) designed as managerial tools meant to enable efficiency improvements and cost reductions, and (2) enforced on professionals on the 'shop floor' in a top-down manner. Based on our findings and a discussion drawing on literature on the original visions of human-centered systems design from the 1960s, we argue that turning AI into IA seems dubious, and ask what human-centered AI really means and whether it remains an ideal not easily realizable in practice. More work should be done to rethink human-machine relationships in the age of big data and AI, in this way making the call for ethical and responsible AI more genuine and trustworthy.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"738-760"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9424623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

After biosovereignty: The material transfer agreement as technology of relations. 生物主权后:物质转让协议作为技术的关系。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231177455

Sonja van Wichelen

{"title":"After biosovereignty: The material transfer agreement as technology of relations.","authors":"Sonja van Wichelen","doi":"10.1177/03063127231177455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127231177455","url":null,"abstract":"Increasingly, countries in the Global South-notably South Africa, Brazil, and Indonesia-are introducing material transfer agreements (MTAs) into their domestic laws for the exchange of scientific material. The MTA is a contract securing the legal transfer of tangible research material between organizations such as laboratories, pharmaceutical companies, or universities. Critical commentators argue that these agreements in the Global North have come to fulfill an important role in the expansion of dominant intellectual property regimes. Taking Indonesia as a case, this article examines how MTAs are enacted and implemented differently in the context of research involving the Global South. Against the conventionally understood forms of contract that commodify and commercialize materials and knowledge, the MTA in the South can be understood as a legal technology appropriated to translate a formerly relational economy of the scientific gift to a market system of science. As a way of gaining leverage in the uneven space of the global bioeconomy, the MTA functions as a technology for 'reverse appropriation', a reworking of its usage and meaning as a way of countering some of the global power inequalities experienced by Global South countries. The operation of this reverse appropriation, however, is hybrid, and reveals a complex reconfiguration of scientific exchange amidst a growing push for 'open science'.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"53 4","pages":"599-621"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10097720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Data as symptom: Doctors' responses to patient-provided data in general practice. 数据作为症状:医生对病人提供的数据的反应。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231164345

Christoffer Bjerre Haase, Rola Ajjawi, Margaret Bearman, John Brandt Brodersen, Torsten Risor, Klaus Hoeyer

{"title":"Data as symptom: Doctors' responses to patient-provided data in general practice.","authors":"Christoffer Bjerre Haase, Rola Ajjawi, Margaret Bearman, John Brandt Brodersen, Torsten Risor, Klaus Hoeyer","doi":"10.1177/03063127231164345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127231164345","url":null,"abstract":"People are increasingly able to generate their own health data through new technologies such as wearables and online symptom checkers. However, generating data is one thing, interpreting them another. General practitioners (GPs) are likely to be the first to help with interpretations. Policymakers in the European Union are investing heavily in infrastructures to provide GPs access to patient measurements. But there may be a disconnect between policy ambitions and the everyday practices of GPs. To investigate this, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 23 Danish GPs. According to the GPs, patients relatively rarely bring data to them. GPs mostly remember three types of patient-generated data that patients bring to them for interpretation: heart and sleep measurements from wearables and results from online symptom checkers. However, they also spoke extensively about data work with patient queries concerning measurements from the GPs' own online Patient Reported Outcome system and online access to laboratory results. We juxtapose GP reflections on these five data types and between policy ambitions and everyday practices. These data require substantial recontextualization work before the GPs ascribe them evidential value and act on them. Even when they perceived as actionable, patient-provided data are not approached as measurements, as suggested by policy frameworks. Rather, GPs treat them as analogous to symptoms-that is to say, GPs treat patient-provided data as subjective evidence rather than authoritative measures. Drawing on Science and Technology Studies (STS) literature,we suggest that GPs must be part of the conversation with policy makers and digital entrepreneurs around when and how to integrate patient-generated data into healthcare infrastructures.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"53 4","pages":"522-544"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/21/84/10.1177_03063127231164345.PMC10363926.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10472425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0