Social Studies of Science最新文献_第8页

InterFaces: On the relationality of vision, face and race in practices of identification. A multimodal intervention. 界面:识别实践中视觉、面孔和种族的关系。多模式干预。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-14 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231151237

Ildikó Zonga Plájás

{"title":"InterFaces: On the relationality of vision, face and race in practices of identification. A multimodal intervention.","authors":"Ildikó Zonga Plájás","doi":"10.1177/03063127231151237","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231151237","url":null,"abstract":"This article problematizes vision in practices of identification. It draws on the metaphor of the 'interface' to emphasize that vision emerges 'in between' eyes, faces, bodies, objects and ideas of belonging and otherness. As such, vision can be a material and political technology that enacts certain people as racial others. To attend to the materiality and politics of vision and its messy relationship with race, I bring together three European stories in which faces are drawn, seen or identified, while race hides or surfaces in intriguing ways. Through these stories we learn that race is saturated with affect and is recalled in objects and bodies. In addition, this article offers a novel methodological approach. It employs the eyes of the reader not only to read but also to watch. Vision itself becomes a technology, this time not to produce or reinforce, but to disturb and perhaps even undo ideas of racial otherness. Through the use of experimental montage, I attend to the complexities and incongruities of seeing faces and race without settling on a single narrative. I actively engage the eyes of the viewer to argue that vision is always relational and partial and therefore, it can also be harnessed to undo racial otherness by fragmenting, multiplying and affecting.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"938-953"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10696900/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10767560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The politics of face and the trouble with race: Exploring relations at the interface between the individual and the collective in forensic practice. 面子政治与种族问题:在司法实践中探索个人与集体之间的关系。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-17 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231211817

Amade M'charek, Irene van Oorschot

引用次数: 0

Forensic DNA phenotyping and its politics of legitimation and contestation: Views of forensic geneticists in Europe. 法医DNA表型及其合法性和争议的政治:欧洲法医遗传学家的观点。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-07-30 DOI: 10.1177/0306312720945033

Rafaela Granja, Helena Machado

{"title":"Forensic DNA phenotyping and its politics of legitimation and contestation: Views of forensic geneticists in Europe.","authors":"Rafaela Granja, Helena Machado","doi":"10.1177/0306312720945033","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0306312720945033","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic DNA Phenotyping (FDP) is a set of techniques that aim to infer externally visible characteristics in humans - such as eye, hair and skin color - and biogeographical ancestry of an unknown person, based on biological material. FDP has been applied in various jurisdictions in a limited number of high-profile cases to provide intelligence for criminal investigations. There are on-going controversies about the reliability and validity of FDP, which come together with debates about the ethical challenges emerging from the use of this technology in the criminal justice system. Our study explores how, in the context of complex politics of legitimation of and contestation over the use of FDP, forensic geneticists in Europe perceive this technology's potential applications, utility and risks. Forensic geneticists perform several forms of discursive boundary work, making distinctions between science and the criminal justice system, experts and non-experts, and good and bad science. Such forms of boundary work reconstruct the complex positioning vis-à-vis legal and scientific realities. In particular, while mobilizing interest in FDP, forensic geneticists simultaneously carve out notions of risk, accountability and scientific conduct that perform distance from FDP' implications in the criminal justice system.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"850-868"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10696903/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38216538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The face as folded object: Race and the problems with 'progress' in forensic DNA phenotyping. 作为折叠物体的脸:种族和法医DNA表型“进展”的问题。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2021-08-02 DOI: 10.1177/03063127211035562

Roos Hopman

{"title":"The face as folded object: Race and the problems with 'progress' in forensic DNA phenotyping.","authors":"Roos Hopman","doi":"10.1177/03063127211035562","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127211035562","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP) encompasses a set of technologies aimed at predicting phenotypic characteristics from genotypes. Advocates of FDP present it as the future of forensics, with an ultimate goal of producing complete, individualised facial composites based on DNA. With a focus on individuals and promised advances in technology comes the assumption that modern methods are steadily moving away from racial science. Yet in the quantification of physical differences, FDP builds upon some nineteenth- and twentieth-century scientific practices that measured and categorised human variation in terms of race. In this article I complicate the linear temporal approach to scientific progress by building on the notion of the folded object. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in various genetic laboratories, I show how nineteenth- and early twentieth-century anthropological measuring and data-collection practices and statistical averaging techniques are folded into the ordering of measurements of skin color data taken with a spectrophotometer, the analysis of facial shape based on computational landmarks and the collection of iris photographs. Attending to the historicity of FDP facial renderings, I bring into focus how race comes about as a consequence of temporal folds.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"869-890"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10696901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39275354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Curious about race: Generous methods and modes of knowing in practice. 对种族的好奇：在实践中了解的丰富方法和模式。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231201178

Amade M'charek

引用次数: 0

Groundwork for AI: Enforcing a benchmark for neoantigen prediction in personalized cancer immunotherapy. 人工智能的基础工作：在个性化癌症免疫疗法中实施新抗原预测基准。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231192857

Florian Jaton

{"title":"Groundwork for AI: Enforcing a benchmark for neoantigen prediction in personalized cancer immunotherapy.","authors":"Florian Jaton","doi":"10.1177/03063127231192857","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231192857","url":null,"abstract":"This article expands on recent studies of machine learning or artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms that crucially depend on benchmark datasets, often called 'ground truths.' These ground-truth datasets gather input-data and output-targets, thereby establishing what can be retrieved computationally and evaluated statistically. I explore the case of the Tumor nEoantigen SeLection Alliance (TESLA), a consortium-based ground-truthing project in personalized cancer immunotherapy, where the 'truth' of the targets-immunogenic neoantigens-to be retrieved by the would-be AI algorithms depended on a broad technoscientific network whose setting up implied important organizational and material infrastructures. The study shows that instead of grounding an undisputable 'truth', the TESLA endeavor ended up establishing a contestable reference, the biology of neoantigens and how to measure their immunogenicity having slightly evolved alongside this four-year project. However, even if this controversy played down the scope of the TESLA ground truth, it did not discredit the whole undertaking. The magnitude of the technoscientific efforts that the TESLA project set into motion and the needs it ultimately succeeded in filling for the scientific and industrial community counterbalanced its metrological uncertainties, effectively instituting its contestable representation of 'true' neoantigens within the field of personalized cancer immunotherapy (at least temporarily). More generally, this case study indicates that the enforcement of ground truths, and what it leaves out, is a necessary condition to enable AI technologies in personalized medicine.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"787-810"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1f/46/10.1177_03063127231192857.PMC10543129.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10495658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Interfacing AlphaGo: Embodied play, object agency, and algorithmic drama. 接口AlphaGo：体现游戏、对象代理和算法戏剧。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231191284

Philippe Sormani

{"title":"Interfacing AlphaGo: Embodied play, object agency, and algorithmic drama.","authors":"Philippe Sormani","doi":"10.1177/03063127231191284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127231191284","url":null,"abstract":"For decades, playing Go at a professional level has counted among those things that, in Dreyfus's words, 'computers still can't do'. This changed dramatically in early March 2016, at the Four Seasons Hotel in Seoul, South Korea, when AlphaGo, the most sophisticated Go program at the time, beat Lee Sedol, an internationally top-ranked Go professional, by four games to one. A documentary movie has captured and crafted the unfolding drama and, since AlphaGo's momentous win, the drama has been retold in myriad variations. Yet the exhibition match as a technology demonstration-in short, the 'AlphaGo show'-has not received much scrutiny in STS, notwithstanding or precisely because of all the media frenzy, game commentary, and 'AI' expertise in its wake. This article therefore revisits the second game's 'move 37', its surprise delivery by AlphaGo on stage, and the subsequent line of commentary by the attending experts, initiated by the news-receipt token 'ooh'. Drawing upon a reflexive video analysis, the article explicates the Go move's scenic intelligibility-its embodied delivery as part of the technology demonstration-as the contingent result of intricate 'human/machine interfacing'. For mainstream media to report on AlphaGo's 'superhuman intelligence', it both relied upon and effaced such interfacing work. In turn, the article describes and discusses how 'object agency' and 'algorithmic drama' both trade on skillfully embodied play as a pivotal interfacing practice, informing the exhibition match from within its livestream broadcast.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"53 5","pages":"686-711"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41146375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Eye for an AI: More-than-seeing, fauxtomation, and the enactment of uncertain data in digital pathology. 人工智能之眼：在数字病理学中，不仅仅是看到、模仿和不确定数据的产生。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-08 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231167589

Chiara Carboni, Rik Wehrens, Romke van der Veen, Antoinette de Bont

{"title":"Eye for an AI: More-than-seeing, fauxtomation, and the enactment of uncertain data in digital pathology.","authors":"Chiara Carboni, Rik Wehrens, Romke van der Veen, Antoinette de Bont","doi":"10.1177/03063127231167589","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231167589","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools are being developed to assist with increasingly complex diagnostic tasks in medicine. This produces epistemic disruption in diagnostic processes, even in the absence of AI itself, through the datafication and digitalization encouraged by the promissory discourses around AI. In this study of the digitization of an academic pathology department, we mobilize Barad's agential realist framework to examine these epistemic disruptions. Narratives and expectations around AI-assisted diagnostics-which are inextricable from material changes-enact specific types of organizational change, and produce epistemic objects that facilitate to the emergence of some epistemic practices and subjects, but hinder others. Agential realism allows us to simultaneously study epistemic, ethical, and ontological changes enacted through digitization efforts, while keeping a close eye on the attendant organizational changes. Based on ethnographic analysis of pathologists' changing work processes, we identify three different types of uncertainty produced by digitization: sensorial, intra-active, and fauxtomated uncertainty. Sensorial and intra-active uncertainty stem from the ontological otherness of digital objects, materialized in their affordances, and result in digital slides' partial illegibility. Fauxtomated uncertainty stems from the quasi-automated digital slide-making, which complicates the question of responsibility for epistemic objects and related knowledge by marginalizing the human.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"712-737"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/59/c5/10.1177_03063127231167589.PMC10543128.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9784661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Enabling 'AI'? The situated production of commensurabilities. 启用“AI”？可公度的情境生成。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-13 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231194591

Florian Jaton, Philippe Sormani

引用次数: 0

Caring for robots: How care comes to matter in human-machine interfacing. 关心机器人：在人机界面中，关心是如何变得重要的。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2022-04-07 DOI: 10.1177/03063127221081446

Benjamin Lipp

{"title":"Caring for robots: How care comes to matter in human-machine interfacing.","authors":"Benjamin Lipp","doi":"10.1177/03063127221081446","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127221081446","url":null,"abstract":"Care robots promise to assist older people in an ageing society. This article investigates the socio-material conditions of care with robots by focusing on the usually invisible practices of human-machine interfacing. I define human-machine interfacing as the activities by roboticists and others to render interaction between robots and people possible in the first place. This includes, efforts to render prototypical arrangements of care 'robot-friendly'. In my video-assisted ethnography of human-robot interaction (HRI) experiments. I identify four types of interfacing practices, where care comes to matter: integrating the ephemeral entity that is 'a robot', helping it by way of mundane courtesies, making users 'fit' for interacting with it, and establishing corridors of interaction between the robot and people's bodies. I show that robots do not so much care for (older) people but rather, the other way around - people need to care for robots. Hence, care robots are not simply agents of care but also objects of care, rendering necessary a symmetrical analysis of human-machine interfacing. Furthermore, these practices do not merely reflect the prototypical state of the art in robotics. Rather, they indicate a more general mode of how robots and people interface. I argue that care with robots requires us to re-consider the exclusive focus on the human and at least complement it with care for the non-human and, incidentally, the robotic, too.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"53 5","pages":"660-685"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41138745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11