Social Studies of Science最新文献_第10页

The multistability of predictive technology in nuclear disasters. 核灾害预测技术的多稳定性。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231161609

Shin-Etsu Sugawara

{"title":"The multistability of predictive technology in nuclear disasters.","authors":"Shin-Etsu Sugawara","doi":"10.1177/03063127231161609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127231161609","url":null,"abstract":"Postphenomenological studies have explored technological mediation between the human body and the world by analysing the bodily experience of the world. Applying this analytical perspective to predictive technology requires some expansions because humans cannot directly experience the future world. I conceptualize pre-spectival focus, which refers to how human attention is directed to the making-future-present process, and which features or aspects of its process are foregrounded or backgrounded. Through the concept of pre-spectival focus and actor-network theory (ANT), this article examines the case of System for the Prediction of Environmental Emergency Dose Information (SPEEDI), a Japanese technology used to simulate the atmospheric dispersion of radionuclides released from nuclear reactors. SPEEDI provides prediction maps representing radiological consequences and was expected to support evacuation decisions during nuclear emergencies. However, this was not the case with the Fukushima disaster, which led to a socio-technical controversy regarding SPEEDI's usage. Based on bibliographic surveys and several interviews, I encapsulate four multistable uses of SPEEDI: prediction as supporting advice, prediction as a tool for evacuation drills, prediction as self-protection, and prediction as a source of misunderstanding. Relevant actors perceive the predictions of a nuclear disaster in each stability depending on the diversity of their pre-spectival foci, which is also related to the forms of life nourished through their professional and daily lives. A distinct rivalry can be observed between the two actor-networks around nuclear emergency management in which SPEEDI is differently enrolled: the social control network and self-determination network. In the former, the residents are constituted as passive selves who obediently follow governmental instructions; in the latter, residents are included as autonomous subjects who can actively decide protective actions. Moreover, I discuss future postphenomenology-ANT studies on predictive technologies based on these analyses.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"53 4","pages":"495-521"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10089267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Scientific conferences, socialization, and the Covid-19 pandemic: A conceptual and empirical enquiry. 科学会议、社会化和Covid-19大流行:概念和实证调查。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/03063127221138521

Harry Collins, Willow Leonard-Clarke, Will Mason-Wilkes

引用次数: 3

Mistrust: Community engagement in global health research in coastal Kenya. 不信任：肯尼亚沿海社区参与全球健康研究。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231162082

Salla Sariola

引用次数: 0

Let's agree to agree: The situational academic quality of the UK REF as consensual public knowledge. 让我们达成一致：作为公众共识的英国 REF 的学术质量。

IF 2.9 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-06 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231152915

Sveta Milyaeva, Daniel Neyland

{"title":"Let's agree to agree: The situational academic quality of the UK REF as consensual public knowledge.","authors":"Sveta Milyaeva, Daniel Neyland","doi":"10.1177/03063127231152915","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231152915","url":null,"abstract":"The Research Excellence Framework (REF) is a UK policy tool for distributing government funding and an important indicator of the academic status of a UK university. The legitimacy of the policy comes from peers' consensus on what academic quality is. We are interested in how the REF enables this funding distribution by determining the academic quality of a broad array of different forms of research through a single peer-review process. As they search for academic quality that is contingent to a specific epistemology and requires more time than the REF allows, how do academics agree to agree, and within constraints of a given timeframe? Interviews with REF panellists and their accounts of the process lead us to suggest that the consensus is enacted by setting up a situation: the mechanics of the REF with its practices of benchmarking, scoring, calibrating, and normalizing. This situation sets the boundaries of reviewing and, in doing so, propels peers to shift from assessment contingent on epistemic commitments to evaluation on a single scale. We argue that this shift renders academic quality distinct from scientific or epistemic quality.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"53 3","pages":"427-448"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f1/b5/10.1177_03063127231152915.PMC10240617.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9656703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mobile researchers, immobile data: Managing data (producers). 移动研究人员，固定数据:管理数据(生产者)。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231156862

Stefan Reichmann

{"title":"Mobile researchers, immobile data: Managing data (producers).","authors":"Stefan Reichmann","doi":"10.1177/03063127231156862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127231156862","url":null,"abstract":"Scientific institutions have increasingly embraced formalized research data management strategies, which involve complex social practices of codifying the tacit dimensions of data practices. Several guidelines to facilitate these practices have been introduced in recent years, for example, the FAIR guiding principles. The aim of these practices is to foster transparency and reproducibility through 'data sharing,' the public release of data for unbounded reuse. However, a closer look suggests that many scientists' practices of data release might be better described as what I call data handovers. These practices are not rooted in the lofty ideals of good scientific practice and global data reuse but in the more mundane necessities of research continuity, which have become more urgent in light of increasing academic mobility. The Austrian scientists interviewed for this study reinterpreted defining features of research data management - such as ensuring findability - as techniques for managing the effects of researcher mobility. This suggests that the adoption of Open Science practices might be dissociated from its stated epistemic goals, and explains why many Open Science initiatives at present are administratively strong but normatively weak.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"53 3","pages":"341-357"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10034333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Training scenes: Taking science studies to the classroom. 训练场景:将科学研究带入课堂。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231164583

Kris Decker, Christoph Hoffmann

引用次数: 0

Ethics governance development: The case of the Menlo Report. 道德治理发展:以门洛报告为例。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231151708

Megan Finn, Katie Shilton

{"title":"Ethics governance development: The case of the Menlo Report.","authors":"Megan Finn, Katie Shilton","doi":"10.1177/03063127231151708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127231151708","url":null,"abstract":"The 2012 Menlo Report was an effort in which a group of computer scientists, US government funders, and lawyers produced ethics guidelines for research in information and communications technology (ICT). Here we study Menlo as a case of what we call ethics governance in the making, finding that this process examines past controversies and enrols existing networks to connect the everyday practice of ethics with ethics as a form of governance. To create the Menlo Report, authors and funders relied on bricolage work with existing, available resources, which significantly shaped both the report's contents and impacts. Report authors were motivated by both forward- and backward-looking goals: enabling new data-sharing as well as addressing past controversies and their implications for the field's body of research. Authors also grappled with uncertainty about which ethical frameworks were appropriate and made the decision to classify much network data as human subjects data. Finally, the Menlo Report authors attempted to enrol multiple existing networks in governance through appeals to local research communities as well as taking steps towards federal rulemaking. The Menlo Report serves as a case study in how to study ethics governance in the making: with attention to resources, adaptation, and bricolage, and with a focus on both the uncertainties the process tries to repair, as well as the new uncertainties the process uncovers, which will become the site of future ethics work.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"53 3","pages":"315-340"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e2/b4/10.1177_03063127231151708.PMC10240629.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9662669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reflexive standardization and the resolution of uncertainty in the genomics clinic. 反身标准化和解决基因组学临床中的不确定性。

IF 2.9 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231154863

Adam Hedgecoe, Kathleen Job, Angus Clarke

{"title":"Reflexive standardization and the resolution of uncertainty in the genomics clinic.","authors":"Adam Hedgecoe, Kathleen Job, Angus Clarke","doi":"10.1177/03063127231154863","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231154863","url":null,"abstract":"In genomics, the clinical application of Next Generation Sequencing technologies (such as Whole Genome or Exome Sequencing) has attracted considerable attention from UK policymakers, interested in the benefits such technologies could bring the National Health Service. However, this boosterism plays little attention to the challenges raised by a kind of result known as a Variant of Uncertain Significance, or VUS, which require clinical geneticists and related colleagues to classify ambiguous genomic variants as 'benign' or 'pathogenic'. With a rigorous analysis based on data gathered at 290 clinical meetings over a two-year period, this paper presents the first ethnographic account of decision-making around NGS technology in a NHS clinical genomics service, broadening our understanding of the role formal criteria play in the classification of VUS. Drawing on Stefan Timmermans' concept of 'reflexive standardisation' to explore the way in which clinical genetics staff classify such variants this paper explores the application of a set of criteria drafted by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, highlighting the flexible way in which various resources - variant databases, computer programmes, the research literature - are drawn on to reach a decision. A crucial insight is how professionals' perception of, and trust in, the clinical practice at other genomics centres in the NHS, shapes their own application of criteria and the classification of a VUS as either benign or pathogenic.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"53 3","pages":"358-378"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7614615/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9713232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On first reading Bruno Latour. 第一次读布鲁诺·拉图尔。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231158086

Nicole C Nelson, Stefan Timmermans, Andrew Warwick, Zdeněk Konopásek, Russell E Vance, Wen-Hua Kuo

引用次数: 1

Biopolitics and speculative objects in Chilean health projects. 智利卫生项目中的生物政治和投机对象。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/03063127221136804

Jorge Castillo-Sepúlveda, Francisco Tirado, Ana Gálvez

引用次数: 0