Social Studies of Science最新文献_第10页

Academic data science: Transdisciplinary and extradisciplinary visions. 学术数据科学：跨学科和学科外视野。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-07 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231184443

Anissa Tanweer, James Steinhoff

{"title":"Academic data science: Transdisciplinary and extradisciplinary visions.","authors":"Anissa Tanweer, James Steinhoff","doi":"10.1177/03063127231184443","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231184443","url":null,"abstract":"As a nascent field within the academy, the contours, attributes, and bounties of data science are still indeterminate and contested. We studied how participants in an initiative to establish data science at a large American research university defined data science and articulated their relationships to the field. We discuss two contrasting visions for data science among our research participants. One vision is a transdisciplinary view portraying data science as a phenomenon with transcendent, appropriative, and impositional qualities that sits apart from academic domains. Another view of data science-one that was far more prevalent among our research subjects-casts data science as grounded, relational, and adaptive, emerging from crosspollination of numerous academic domains. We argue that this latter formulation represents a more quotidian reality of data science and positions the field as an extradiscipline, defined as a field that exists to facilitate the exchange of knowledge, skills, tools, and methods from an indeterminate and fluctuating set of disciplinary perspectives while conserving the boundaries of those disciplines. We argue that the dueling transdisciplinary and extradisciplinary visions for data science have important implications for how the field will mature, and that the extradiscipline concept opens novel directions for studying academic knowledge production in STS, contributing additional precision to the literature on disciplinarity and its permutations.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"133-160"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10832338/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10117561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

And say the AI responded? Dancing around 'autonomy' in AI/human encounters. 说说人工智能的回应？在人工智能与人类的交锋中围绕 "自主性 "跳舞

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231193947

Emma Dahlin

{"title":"And say the AI responded? Dancing around 'autonomy' in AI/human encounters.","authors":"Emma Dahlin","doi":"10.1177/03063127231193947","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231193947","url":null,"abstract":"The article explores technology-human relations in a time of artificial intelligence (AI) and in the context of long-standing problems in social theory about agency, nonhumans, and autonomy. Most theorizations of AI are grounded in dualistic thinking and traditional views of technology, oversimplifying real-world settings. This article works to unfold modes of existence at play in AI/human relations. Materials from ethnographic fieldwork are used to highlight the significance of autonomy in AI/human relations. The analysis suggests that the idea of autonomy is a double-edged sword, showing that humans not only coordinate their perception of autonomy but also switch between registers by sometimes ascribing certain autonomous features to the AI system and in other situations denying the system such features. As a result, AI/human relations prove to be not so much determined by any ostensive delegation of tasks as by the way in which AI and humans engage with each other in practice. The article suggests a theory of relationality that redirects focus away from questions of agency towards questions of what it means to be in relations.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"59-77"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10832316/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10113066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Complex central venous catheter for dialysis: interventional radiology experience in insertion and management of their complications. 用于透析的复杂中心静脉导管：介入放射学在插入和处理并发症方面的经验。

2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-06-08 DOI: 10.1177/11297298221103209

Domenico Patanè, Walter Morale, Stefania Bonomo, Giovanni Failla, Serafino Santonocito, Francesco Camerano, Flavio Arcerito, Giovanni Coniglio, Giacomo Calcara, Pierantonio Malfa, Alessandro Stefano

{"title":"Complex central venous catheter for dialysis: interventional radiology experience in insertion and management of their complications.","authors":"Domenico Patanè, Walter Morale, Stefania Bonomo, Giovanni Failla, Serafino Santonocito, Francesco Camerano, Flavio Arcerito, Giovanni Coniglio, Giacomo Calcara, Pierantonio Malfa, Alessandro Stefano","doi":"10.1177/11297298221103209","DOIUrl":"10.1177/11297298221103209","url":null,"abstract":"Background: CVCs are defined 'complex' when they are inserted through non-conventional accesses or positioned in non-usual sites or substituted by IR endovascular procedures. We report our experience in using diagnostic and interventional radiology techniques for complex CVC insertion and management; we recommend some precautions and techniques that could lead to long-term availability of central venous access and to avoid non-conventional sites CVC insertion.Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 617 patients, between January 2010 and December 2019, (mean age 71 ± 13; male 448/617), treated in our department for insertion of tunnelled CVC for haemodialysis.Results: Among 617 patients, 241 cases (39%) are considered 'complex' because they required either a PTA with or without stenting to restore/maintain venous access or had an unusual positioning site or required unconventional access. A direct correlation between CT angiography and PTA (r = 0.95; p-value <0.001) and an inverse correlation between CT angiography and unconventional 'rescue' access (r = -0.92; p-value <0.001) were found.Conclusions: Precise pre-operative planning of treatment in a multidisciplinary setting and diagnostic and interventional radiology procedures knowledge allows reducing complex catheterisms in haemodialysis patient.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"36 1","pages":"149-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87235144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

InterFaces: On the relationality of vision, face and race in practices of identification. A multimodal intervention. 界面:识别实践中视觉、面孔和种族的关系。多模式干预。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-14 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231151237

Ildikó Zonga Plájás

{"title":"InterFaces: On the relationality of vision, face and race in practices of identification. A multimodal intervention.","authors":"Ildikó Zonga Plájás","doi":"10.1177/03063127231151237","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231151237","url":null,"abstract":"This article problematizes vision in practices of identification. It draws on the metaphor of the 'interface' to emphasize that vision emerges 'in between' eyes, faces, bodies, objects and ideas of belonging and otherness. As such, vision can be a material and political technology that enacts certain people as racial others. To attend to the materiality and politics of vision and its messy relationship with race, I bring together three European stories in which faces are drawn, seen or identified, while race hides or surfaces in intriguing ways. Through these stories we learn that race is saturated with affect and is recalled in objects and bodies. In addition, this article offers a novel methodological approach. It employs the eyes of the reader not only to read but also to watch. Vision itself becomes a technology, this time not to produce or reinforce, but to disturb and perhaps even undo ideas of racial otherness. Through the use of experimental montage, I attend to the complexities and incongruities of seeing faces and race without settling on a single narrative. I actively engage the eyes of the viewer to argue that vision is always relational and partial and therefore, it can also be harnessed to undo racial otherness by fragmenting, multiplying and affecting.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"938-953"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10696900/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10767560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The politics of face and the trouble with race: Exploring relations at the interface between the individual and the collective in forensic practice. 面子政治与种族问题:在司法实践中探索个人与集体之间的关系。

IF 2.9 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-17 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231211817

Amade M'charek, Irene van Oorschot

引用次数: 0

Forensic DNA phenotyping and its politics of legitimation and contestation: Views of forensic geneticists in Europe. 法医DNA表型及其合法性和争议的政治:欧洲法医遗传学家的观点。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-07-30 DOI: 10.1177/0306312720945033

Rafaela Granja, Helena Machado

{"title":"Forensic DNA phenotyping and its politics of legitimation and contestation: Views of forensic geneticists in Europe.","authors":"Rafaela Granja, Helena Machado","doi":"10.1177/0306312720945033","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0306312720945033","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic DNA Phenotyping (FDP) is a set of techniques that aim to infer externally visible characteristics in humans - such as eye, hair and skin color - and biogeographical ancestry of an unknown person, based on biological material. FDP has been applied in various jurisdictions in a limited number of high-profile cases to provide intelligence for criminal investigations. There are on-going controversies about the reliability and validity of FDP, which come together with debates about the ethical challenges emerging from the use of this technology in the criminal justice system. Our study explores how, in the context of complex politics of legitimation of and contestation over the use of FDP, forensic geneticists in Europe perceive this technology's potential applications, utility and risks. Forensic geneticists perform several forms of discursive boundary work, making distinctions between science and the criminal justice system, experts and non-experts, and good and bad science. Such forms of boundary work reconstruct the complex positioning vis-à-vis legal and scientific realities. In particular, while mobilizing interest in FDP, forensic geneticists simultaneously carve out notions of risk, accountability and scientific conduct that perform distance from FDP' implications in the criminal justice system.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"850-868"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10696903/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38216538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The face as folded object: Race and the problems with 'progress' in forensic DNA phenotyping. 作为折叠物体的脸:种族和法医DNA表型“进展”的问题。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2021-08-02 DOI: 10.1177/03063127211035562

Roos Hopman

{"title":"The face as folded object: Race and the problems with 'progress' in forensic DNA phenotyping.","authors":"Roos Hopman","doi":"10.1177/03063127211035562","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127211035562","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP) encompasses a set of technologies aimed at predicting phenotypic characteristics from genotypes. Advocates of FDP present it as the future of forensics, with an ultimate goal of producing complete, individualised facial composites based on DNA. With a focus on individuals and promised advances in technology comes the assumption that modern methods are steadily moving away from racial science. Yet in the quantification of physical differences, FDP builds upon some nineteenth- and twentieth-century scientific practices that measured and categorised human variation in terms of race. In this article I complicate the linear temporal approach to scientific progress by building on the notion of the folded object. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in various genetic laboratories, I show how nineteenth- and early twentieth-century anthropological measuring and data-collection practices and statistical averaging techniques are folded into the ordering of measurements of skin color data taken with a spectrophotometer, the analysis of facial shape based on computational landmarks and the collection of iris photographs. Attending to the historicity of FDP facial renderings, I bring into focus how race comes about as a consequence of temporal folds.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"869-890"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10696901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39275354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Curious about race: Generous methods and modes of knowing in practice. 对种族的好奇：在实践中了解的丰富方法和模式。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231201178

Amade M'charek

引用次数: 0

Groundwork for AI: Enforcing a benchmark for neoantigen prediction in personalized cancer immunotherapy. 人工智能的基础工作：在个性化癌症免疫疗法中实施新抗原预测基准。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231192857

Florian Jaton

{"title":"Groundwork for AI: Enforcing a benchmark for neoantigen prediction in personalized cancer immunotherapy.","authors":"Florian Jaton","doi":"10.1177/03063127231192857","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231192857","url":null,"abstract":"This article expands on recent studies of machine learning or artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms that crucially depend on benchmark datasets, often called 'ground truths.' These ground-truth datasets gather input-data and output-targets, thereby establishing what can be retrieved computationally and evaluated statistically. I explore the case of the Tumor nEoantigen SeLection Alliance (TESLA), a consortium-based ground-truthing project in personalized cancer immunotherapy, where the 'truth' of the targets-immunogenic neoantigens-to be retrieved by the would-be AI algorithms depended on a broad technoscientific network whose setting up implied important organizational and material infrastructures. The study shows that instead of grounding an undisputable 'truth', the TESLA endeavor ended up establishing a contestable reference, the biology of neoantigens and how to measure their immunogenicity having slightly evolved alongside this four-year project. However, even if this controversy played down the scope of the TESLA ground truth, it did not discredit the whole undertaking. The magnitude of the technoscientific efforts that the TESLA project set into motion and the needs it ultimately succeeded in filling for the scientific and industrial community counterbalanced its metrological uncertainties, effectively instituting its contestable representation of 'true' neoantigens within the field of personalized cancer immunotherapy (at least temporarily). More generally, this case study indicates that the enforcement of ground truths, and what it leaves out, is a necessary condition to enable AI technologies in personalized medicine.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"787-810"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1f/46/10.1177_03063127231192857.PMC10543129.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10495658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Eye for an AI: More-than-seeing, fauxtomation, and the enactment of uncertain data in digital pathology. 人工智能之眼：在数字病理学中，不仅仅是看到、模仿和不确定数据的产生。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-08 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231167589

Chiara Carboni, Rik Wehrens, Romke van der Veen, Antoinette de Bont

{"title":"Eye for an AI: More-than-seeing, fauxtomation, and the enactment of uncertain data in digital pathology.","authors":"Chiara Carboni, Rik Wehrens, Romke van der Veen, Antoinette de Bont","doi":"10.1177/03063127231167589","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231167589","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools are being developed to assist with increasingly complex diagnostic tasks in medicine. This produces epistemic disruption in diagnostic processes, even in the absence of AI itself, through the datafication and digitalization encouraged by the promissory discourses around AI. In this study of the digitization of an academic pathology department, we mobilize Barad's agential realist framework to examine these epistemic disruptions. Narratives and expectations around AI-assisted diagnostics-which are inextricable from material changes-enact specific types of organizational change, and produce epistemic objects that facilitate to the emergence of some epistemic practices and subjects, but hinder others. Agential realism allows us to simultaneously study epistemic, ethical, and ontological changes enacted through digitization efforts, while keeping a close eye on the attendant organizational changes. Based on ethnographic analysis of pathologists' changing work processes, we identify three different types of uncertainty produced by digitization: sensorial, intra-active, and fauxtomated uncertainty. Sensorial and intra-active uncertainty stem from the ontological otherness of digital objects, materialized in their affordances, and result in digital slides' partial illegibility. Fauxtomated uncertainty stems from the quasi-automated digital slide-making, which complicates the question of responsibility for epistemic objects and related knowledge by marginalizing the human.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"712-737"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/59/c5/10.1177_03063127231167589.PMC10543128.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9784661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3