Social Studies of Science最新文献_第9页

Executive-centered AI? Designing predictive systems for the public sector. 以高管为中心的人工智能？为公共部门设计预测系统。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-08 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231163756

Anne Henriksen, Lasse Blond

{"title":"Executive-centered AI? Designing predictive systems for the public sector.","authors":"Anne Henriksen, Lasse Blond","doi":"10.1177/03063127231163756","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231163756","url":null,"abstract":"Recent policies and research articles call for turning AI into a form of IA ('intelligence augmentation'), by envisioning systems that center on and enhance humans. Based on a field study at an AI company, this article studies how AI is performed as developers enact two predictive systems along with stakeholders in public sector accounting and public sector healthcare. Inspired by STS theories about values in design, we analyze our empirical data focusing especially on how objectives, structured performances, and divisions of labor are built into the two systems and at whose expense. Our findings reveal that the development of the two AI systems is informed by politically motivated managerial interests in cost-efficiency. This results in AI systems that are (1) designed as managerial tools meant to enable efficiency improvements and cost reductions, and (2) enforced on professionals on the 'shop floor' in a top-down manner. Based on our findings and a discussion drawing on literature on the original visions of human-centered systems design from the 1960s, we argue that turning AI into IA seems dubious, and ask what human-centered AI really means and whether it remains an ideal not easily realizable in practice. More work should be done to rethink human-machine relationships in the age of big data and AI, in this way making the call for ethical and responsible AI more genuine and trustworthy.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"738-760"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9424623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

After biosovereignty: The material transfer agreement as technology of relations. 生物主权后:物质转让协议作为技术的关系。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231177455

Sonja van Wichelen

{"title":"After biosovereignty: The material transfer agreement as technology of relations.","authors":"Sonja van Wichelen","doi":"10.1177/03063127231177455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127231177455","url":null,"abstract":"Increasingly, countries in the Global South-notably South Africa, Brazil, and Indonesia-are introducing material transfer agreements (MTAs) into their domestic laws for the exchange of scientific material. The MTA is a contract securing the legal transfer of tangible research material between organizations such as laboratories, pharmaceutical companies, or universities. Critical commentators argue that these agreements in the Global North have come to fulfill an important role in the expansion of dominant intellectual property regimes. Taking Indonesia as a case, this article examines how MTAs are enacted and implemented differently in the context of research involving the Global South. Against the conventionally understood forms of contract that commodify and commercialize materials and knowledge, the MTA in the South can be understood as a legal technology appropriated to translate a formerly relational economy of the scientific gift to a market system of science. As a way of gaining leverage in the uneven space of the global bioeconomy, the MTA functions as a technology for 'reverse appropriation', a reworking of its usage and meaning as a way of countering some of the global power inequalities experienced by Global South countries. The operation of this reverse appropriation, however, is hybrid, and reveals a complex reconfiguration of scientific exchange amidst a growing push for 'open science'.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"53 4","pages":"599-621"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10097720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Data as symptom: Doctors' responses to patient-provided data in general practice. 数据作为症状:医生对病人提供的数据的反应。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231164345

Christoffer Bjerre Haase, Rola Ajjawi, Margaret Bearman, John Brandt Brodersen, Torsten Risor, Klaus Hoeyer

{"title":"Data as symptom: Doctors' responses to patient-provided data in general practice.","authors":"Christoffer Bjerre Haase, Rola Ajjawi, Margaret Bearman, John Brandt Brodersen, Torsten Risor, Klaus Hoeyer","doi":"10.1177/03063127231164345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127231164345","url":null,"abstract":"People are increasingly able to generate their own health data through new technologies such as wearables and online symptom checkers. However, generating data is one thing, interpreting them another. General practitioners (GPs) are likely to be the first to help with interpretations. Policymakers in the European Union are investing heavily in infrastructures to provide GPs access to patient measurements. But there may be a disconnect between policy ambitions and the everyday practices of GPs. To investigate this, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 23 Danish GPs. According to the GPs, patients relatively rarely bring data to them. GPs mostly remember three types of patient-generated data that patients bring to them for interpretation: heart and sleep measurements from wearables and results from online symptom checkers. However, they also spoke extensively about data work with patient queries concerning measurements from the GPs' own online Patient Reported Outcome system and online access to laboratory results. We juxtapose GP reflections on these five data types and between policy ambitions and everyday practices. These data require substantial recontextualization work before the GPs ascribe them evidential value and act on them. Even when they perceived as actionable, patient-provided data are not approached as measurements, as suggested by policy frameworks. Rather, GPs treat them as analogous to symptoms-that is to say, GPs treat patient-provided data as subjective evidence rather than authoritative measures. Drawing on Science and Technology Studies (STS) literature,we suggest that GPs must be part of the conversation with policy makers and digital entrepreneurs around when and how to integrate patient-generated data into healthcare infrastructures.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"53 4","pages":"522-544"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/21/84/10.1177_03063127231164345.PMC10363926.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10472425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Infrastructuring European scientific integration: Heterogeneous meanings of the European biobanking infrastructure BBMRI-ERIC. 基础设施欧洲科学一体化:欧洲生物银行基础设施BBMRI-ERIC的异质含义。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231162629

Erik Aarden

{"title":"Infrastructuring European scientific integration: Heterogeneous meanings of the European biobanking infrastructure BBMRI-ERIC.","authors":"Erik Aarden","doi":"10.1177/03063127231162629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127231162629","url":null,"abstract":"While transnational research infrastructure projects long preceded the formal integration process that created the European Union, their advancement is an increasingly central part of EU research policy and of European integration in general. This paper analyses the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure-European Research Infrastructure Consortium (BBMRI-ERIC) as a recent example of institutionalized scientific collaboration in Europe that has formally been established as part of EU science policy. BBMRI-ERIC, a network of European biobanks, is expected to contribute to both European science and European integration. Yet its achievements in these domains are interpreted differently by various actors involved. This paper draws on STS conceptualizations of infrastructures as relational, experimental, and promissory assemblages. These support the formulation of a working definition of research infrastructures that in turn helps to explore the heterogeneous meanings attributed to BBMRI-ERIC. The paper describes the creation of this distributed European research infrastructure, and divergent understandings of what it means for BBMRI-ERIC to be distributed, to be European and to be a research infrastructure. This analysis demonstrates how building a research infrastructure is also an effort to define what it means to be European-a process in which what is European about science and what science can do for Europe is continuously (re-)imagined, contested and negotiated.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"53 4","pages":"572-598"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10363945/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10154336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

'Consent' as epistemic recognition: Indigenous knowledges, Canadian impact assessment, and the colonial liberal democratic order. 作为认识论认可的'同意'：土著知识、加拿大影响评估和殖民地自由民主秩序。

IF 2.9 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231177311

Alana Lajoie-O'Malley, Kelly Bronson, Gwendolyn Blue

{"title":"'Consent' as epistemic recognition: Indigenous knowledges, Canadian impact assessment, and the colonial liberal democratic order.","authors":"Alana Lajoie-O'Malley, Kelly Bronson, Gwendolyn Blue","doi":"10.1177/03063127231177311","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231177311","url":null,"abstract":"This article unpacks the logic of the equivalence invoked by the Government of Canada between Indigenous consent and the inclusion of Indigenous peoples and knowledges in impact assessment. We situate the logic within the politics of recognition in Canada-a politics that aims to shore up national unity in the face of regular challenges to it. We use the Canadian results from a recent scoping review on conceptions of environmental justice in impact assessment to highlight the challenges of invoking recognition, and we provide a theoretical analysis of these challenges. To do this, we highlight the ways in which 'we-making' is 'knowledge-making' and 'knowledge-making' is 'we-making'. In this sense, recognizing Indigenous knowledges is part of Canada's answer to the challenge of constructing and stabilizing a political 'we': a community of political subjects with shared connection to a nation state via the institutional, social, and cultural apparatuses that generate the kind of publicly visible legal and technical knowledge upon which the state's authority depends. We show how this project relies on actively obscuring the relationship between 'we-making' and 'knowledge-making' by treating 'knowledge-making' as neutral and un-situated, putting into practice a universalist logic. This logic shores up power because obscuring the situatedness of dominant knowledges also obscures the situatedness of the dominant political orders with which they are intertwined. We ultimately argue that Canada's approach to recognizing Indigenous knowledges helps consolidate power by sidestepping ongoing jurisdictional struggles with Indigenous peoples.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"53 4","pages":"545-571"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/72/5a/10.1177_03063127231177311.PMC10363936.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10473407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Making a 'sex-difference fact': Ambien dosing at the interface of policy, regulation, women's health, and biology. 制造一个“性别差异事实”:安必恩剂量在政策、法规、妇女健康和生物学的界面。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231168371

Helen Zhao, Marina DiMarco, Kelsey Ichikawa, Marion Boulicault, Meg Perret, Kai Jillson, Alexandra Fair, Kai DeJesus, Sarah S Richardson

引用次数: 1

The multistability of predictive technology in nuclear disasters. 核灾害预测技术的多稳定性。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231161609

Shin-Etsu Sugawara

{"title":"The multistability of predictive technology in nuclear disasters.","authors":"Shin-Etsu Sugawara","doi":"10.1177/03063127231161609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127231161609","url":null,"abstract":"Postphenomenological studies have explored technological mediation between the human body and the world by analysing the bodily experience of the world. Applying this analytical perspective to predictive technology requires some expansions because humans cannot directly experience the future world. I conceptualize pre-spectival focus, which refers to how human attention is directed to the making-future-present process, and which features or aspects of its process are foregrounded or backgrounded. Through the concept of pre-spectival focus and actor-network theory (ANT), this article examines the case of System for the Prediction of Environmental Emergency Dose Information (SPEEDI), a Japanese technology used to simulate the atmospheric dispersion of radionuclides released from nuclear reactors. SPEEDI provides prediction maps representing radiological consequences and was expected to support evacuation decisions during nuclear emergencies. However, this was not the case with the Fukushima disaster, which led to a socio-technical controversy regarding SPEEDI's usage. Based on bibliographic surveys and several interviews, I encapsulate four multistable uses of SPEEDI: prediction as supporting advice, prediction as a tool for evacuation drills, prediction as self-protection, and prediction as a source of misunderstanding. Relevant actors perceive the predictions of a nuclear disaster in each stability depending on the diversity of their pre-spectival foci, which is also related to the forms of life nourished through their professional and daily lives. A distinct rivalry can be observed between the two actor-networks around nuclear emergency management in which SPEEDI is differently enrolled: the social control network and self-determination network. In the former, the residents are constituted as passive selves who obediently follow governmental instructions; in the latter, residents are included as autonomous subjects who can actively decide protective actions. Moreover, I discuss future postphenomenology-ANT studies on predictive technologies based on these analyses.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"53 4","pages":"495-521"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10089267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Scientific conferences, socialization, and the Covid-19 pandemic: A conceptual and empirical enquiry. 科学会议、社会化和Covid-19大流行:概念和实证调查。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/03063127221138521

Harry Collins, Willow Leonard-Clarke, Will Mason-Wilkes

引用次数: 3

Mistrust: Community engagement in global health research in coastal Kenya. 不信任：肯尼亚沿海社区参与全球健康研究。

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231162082

Salla Sariola

引用次数: 0

Let's agree to agree: The situational academic quality of the UK REF as consensual public knowledge. 让我们达成一致：作为公众共识的英国 REF 的学术质量。

IF 2.9 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-06 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231152915

Sveta Milyaeva, Daniel Neyland

{"title":"Let's agree to agree: The situational academic quality of the UK REF as consensual public knowledge.","authors":"Sveta Milyaeva, Daniel Neyland","doi":"10.1177/03063127231152915","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127231152915","url":null,"abstract":"The Research Excellence Framework (REF) is a UK policy tool for distributing government funding and an important indicator of the academic status of a UK university. The legitimacy of the policy comes from peers' consensus on what academic quality is. We are interested in how the REF enables this funding distribution by determining the academic quality of a broad array of different forms of research through a single peer-review process. As they search for academic quality that is contingent to a specific epistemology and requires more time than the REF allows, how do academics agree to agree, and within constraints of a given timeframe? Interviews with REF panellists and their accounts of the process lead us to suggest that the consensus is enacted by setting up a situation: the mechanics of the REF with its practices of benchmarking, scoring, calibrating, and normalizing. This situation sets the boundaries of reviewing and, in doing so, propels peers to shift from assessment contingent on epistemic commitments to evaluation on a single scale. We argue that this shift renders academic quality distinct from scientific or epistemic quality.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"53 3","pages":"427-448"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f1/b5/10.1177_03063127231152915.PMC10240617.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9656703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0