Nanoscale Research Letters最新文献

{"title":"Advances in methotrexate nano-formulations to enhance therapeutic efficacy against drug-resistant breast cancer","authors":"Satyajit Tripathy,&nbsp;Barsha Dassarma,&nbsp;Bhavna Jha,&nbsp;Mohd Ashif Azad,&nbsp;Ishita Saha,&nbsp;Pragati Gupta,&nbsp;Devlina Das Pramanik,&nbsp;Kunzang Chosdol,&nbsp;Arindam Pramanik","doi":"10.1186/s11671-026-04520-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-026-04520-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Methotrexate (MTX), a widely used chemotherapeutic agent and folate antagonist, is commonly employed in the treatment of various cancers and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. However, conventional MTX therapy is associated with several limitations, including intestinal mucositis, high systemic toxicity, low bioavailability, poor pharmacokinetics, and a short half-life. To overcome these drawbacks, recent advances have focused on encapsulating MTX within nanoparticles (NPs) or polymer-based systems, which enhance sustained drug release, reduce toxicity and improve therapeutic efficacy. This review highlights various MTX-based nano-delivery systems developed for breast cancer treatment, including gold NPs, mesoporous silica NPs, lipid–polymer hybrid NPs, chitosan NPs, magnetic alginate NPs, iron oxide magnetic NPs, and carbon nanotubes. Preclinical studies on targeted delivery approach utilizing these nanocarriers has demonstrated reduced systemic toxicity and improved treatment outcomes in breast cancer models. This highlights the need for more research focused on clinical trials and combination therapies to further enhance therapeutic benefits.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-026-04520-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147596478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of a TiO2 nanofluid spectral beam-splitting photovoltaic-thermal system under outdoor conditions","authors":"Pushparaj Jiwanapurkar,&nbsp;Hitesh Bhargav,&nbsp;Chandrakant Sonawane,&nbsp;Choon Kit Chan,&nbsp;Deekshant Varsheny,&nbsp;Saurav Dixit","doi":"10.1186/s11671-026-04507-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-026-04507-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents the design, fabrication, and experimental validation of a fluid-based spectral beam-splitting photovoltaic–thermal (BSPVT) system using a TiO₂ nanofluid filter. A modular setup was developed comprising a hinged mild steel frame to accommodate the PV panel and fluid filter, a circulation system for controlled fluid flow, and integrated instrumentation for monitoring thermal and electrical performance under outdoor solar conditions. The TiO₂ nanofluid (0.04% w/w) was selected as the filter medium for its c-Si responsive range transparency and near-infrared absorption, enabling spectral separation and dual energy harvesting. Experimental trials conducted at Daman, India (20.41° N, 72.86° E), during April 2025, demonstrated that the nanofluid filter reduced PV surface temperature by 12–15 °C compared to baseline, stabilized electrical efficiency at 7.4–9.4% during midday, and achieved thermal efficiencies of 45–67%, resulting in overall efficiencies exceeding 70% during peak hours. While a marginal reduction in early-hour electrical output was observed, this was offset by significant thermal energy gains. The results confirm the suitability of TiO₂ nanofluids as spectral filters and establish the developed rig as a reliable platform for long-term experimental studies on BSPVT systems. The developed experimental platform provides a scalable and flexible foundation for long-term outdoor studies, enabling future investigations on alternative nanofluids, flow rates, filter path lengths, and year-round performance assessment of BSPVT systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-026-04507-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147596463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of carbon dots for antimicrobial therapy: from design mechanisms to theranostic applications","authors":"Qian He,&nbsp;Liyun Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s11671-026-04481-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-026-04481-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As an emerging carbon-based nanomaterial, carbon dots (CDs) exhibit broad prospects in antimicrobial therapy owing to their unique physicochemical properties, excellent biocompatibility, and tunable multifunctional characteristics. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the research on CDs in the antimicrobial field, including innovative construction strategies, mechanisms of action, theranostic applications, and safety evaluation. Regarding construction strategies, it highlights the design principles and antimicrobial properties of bio-derived CDs, drug molecule-directed CDs, charge-engineered CDs, metal-synergistic catalytic CDs, and amino acid-functionalized CDs. For mechanisms of action, it elaborates on the multi-target antimicrobial modes of CDs, such as physical disruption, oxidative stress induction, and metabolic interference. In terms of theranostic applications, it summarizes the innovative uses of CDs in photodynamic therapy, photothermal-photodynamic synergistic therapy, and tissue repair. Finally, it delves into safety concerns including the impacts of CDs on intestinal health, risks of metal doping, and environmental degradation behaviors. This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the development of highly effective and safe antimicrobial CDs, while prospecting the challenges and opportunities in their clinical translation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-026-04481-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147596419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of biofilm disruption on root dentin following conventional and nanoparticle-enhanced photodynamic therapies using scanning electron microscopy and FIJI-based image analysis","authors":"Rizwan Jouhar,&nbsp;Mohamad Syahrizal Halim,&nbsp;Sayed A. Quadri,&nbsp;Muhammad Adeel Ahmed","doi":"10.1186/s11671-026-04542-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-026-04542-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p><i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> biofilm is a major contributor to persistent root canal infections due to its high resistance to conventional irrigants. This study aimed to evaluate and compare different disinfection protocols, including sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), photodynamic therapy (PDT) with methylene blue (MB), and MB functionalized with reduced graphene oxide (MB-rGO) nanoparticles with or without sonic activation, in disrupting <i>E. faecalis</i> biofilm on root canal dentin using SEM and quantitative FIJI-based image analysis.</p><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>Eighty root dentin specimens were obtained from forty extracted single-rooted human teeth. Following canal preparation and instrumentation, thirty-five teeth were inoculated with <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> and incubated for 21 days to develop mature biofilms, while five teeth served as negative controls. Each tooth was longitudinally sectioned to yield two standardized dentin specimens, which were randomly allocated to six experimental groups (n = 10 specimens per group) according to the disinfection protocol. Groups 1–2 received 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), Groups 3–4 underwent photodynamic therapy (PDT) using methylene blue (MB), and Groups 5–6 received PDT with methylene blue functionalized with reduced graphene oxide (MB-rGO). Sonic activation was applied in Groups 2, 4, and 6. Biofilm removal was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantified with FIJI software employing the Trainable Weka Segmentation plugin. A 6-point visual scoring scale was additionally applied. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05).</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The positive control showed extensive biofilm coverage (73.36 ± 6.36%). NaOCl-treated groups showed moderate reduction (Group 1: 35.57 ± 3.11%; Group 2: 31.67 ± 2.09%). PDT with MB exhibited greater reduction (Group 3: 21.68 ± 2.65%; Group 4: 19.11 ± 1.78%). The MB-rGO groups presented the highest efficacy (Group 5: 17.71 ± 2.66%; Group 6: 10.46 ± 1.92%), with Group 6 significantly outperforming all others (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Semi-quantitative scores reflected similar trends, with Group 6 showing the lowest score (1.20 ± 0.63, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001).</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>MB-rGO combined with sonic and laser activation demonstrated the highest efficacy against <i>E. faecalis</i> biofilm, indicating a promising approach for enhanced endodontic disinfection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-026-04542-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147596489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanistic evaluation of antibacterial and photocatalytic properties of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles against pathogenic bacteria and synthetic dyes","authors":"Irshad Ahamad,&nbsp;Tasneem Fatma","doi":"10.1186/s11671-026-04518-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-026-04518-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hazardous materials and bacteria are known to cause life-threatening issues to people with compromised immune systems. Another global threat of manufacturing industries; synthetic dyes are one of the key factors of water pollution; it is difficult to treat this wastewater in an efficient and economical way. Thus, there is an urgent need for developing new antibacterial and photocatalytic agents to combat harmful microorganisms and biohazardous compounds (dyes). Therefore, in present research work, biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were evaluated as a novel antibacterial and photocatalytic agent. The cyanobacterium (<i>Anabaena variabilis</i>) cell-free extract was used to synthesis AgNPs by following the optimized conditions, which included a 1:9 cell extract to 1 mM AgNO₂ ratio, pH 7.4, 30 °C, and characterize by UV-visible spectroscopy. Pathogenic bacteria like Gram-positive <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, Gram-negative including <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> were used to evaluate the antibacterial properties of AgNPs. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were found 25 ± 2.7 µg/mL for <i>S. aureus</i>, 12.5 ± 1.7 µg/mL for <i>K. pneumoniae</i>, 12.5 ± 1.7 µg/mL for <i>E. coli</i>, and 6.25 ± 1.3 µg/mL for <i>P. aeruginosa.</i> Transmission electron microscopic study confirms the physical disruption of AgNPs treated bacteria, while propidium iodide staining based fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometric study confirm the qualitative and quantitative antibacterial activity of AgNPs. Additionally, biosynthesized AgNPs were evaluated for photocatalytic degradation in methylene blue (MB) and acridine orange (AO). After 120 min of AgNPs treatment, MB degradation efficiency was observed 83.78 ± 1.21 with a degradation rate constant 0.0035 min^− 1, while AO, percentage degradation efficiency was observed 92.24 ± 1.32 with a degradation rate constant 0.0164 min^− 1.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-026-04518-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147583100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles by Aloe vera leaf extract and its biomedical applications","authors":"Aya M. El-Ebidy,&nbsp;Amr M. Mowafy,&nbsp;Heba M. Abdel-Aziz","doi":"10.1186/s11671-026-04489-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-026-04489-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p><i>Aloe vera</i> has been cultivated mainly for medicinal purposes, with over 75 biologically active compounds in its gel. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are novel selenium sources characterized by great biocompatibility, low toxicity, stability, selectivity, and extensive uses. This study emphasizes the significant role of phytofabricated SeNPs in several biomedical applications.</p><h3>Methods &amp; results</h3><p>SeNPs were synthesized utilizing Aloe vera leaf extract. The biosynthesized SeNPs were characterized using UV–Vis, EDX, XRD, zeta potential, FTIR, and TEM analyses. The antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects, along with the impact on antioxidant enzymes of biosynthesized SeNPs, were evaluated. The biomedical functions of SeNPs were concentration-dependent, showing antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive bacteria (<i>Bacillus cereus</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>) and Gram-negative (<i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>, and <i>Klebsiella pneumonia</i>). Additionally, SeNPs exhibited antioxidant activity, with DPPH scavenging from 77.39 ± 0.895% at 120 µg mL^–1 to 20.75 ± 0.952% at 5 µg mL^–1. SeNPs showed anti-inflammatory activity at 31.25 µg mL^–1, inhibiting of bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation by 79.87 ± 1.21%, compared to 82.23 ± 1.127% for diclofenac sodium. SeNPs exhibited anticancer efficiency against MCF7 and Caco2 cells with IC50 values of 312.02 ± 3.25 and 120.96 ± 1.87 µg mL^{− 1}, respectively, and were biocompatible with the normal WI38 cells. Moreover, there was a notable decline in the enzyme activities CAT activity decreased by 48.32% and 59.39% and SOD by 43.26% and 54.52% in the Caco2 and MCF-7 cell lines, respectively.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The Bio-fabricated SeNPs exhibited nontoxicity and eco-friendliness, demonstrating notable antimicrobial efficacy, particularly against <i>S. aureus</i>, <i>K. pneumonia</i>, and <i>B. subtilis</i>. They also possess high DPPH scavenging capabilities, anti-inflammatory properties, and exhibit superior anticancer activity on the Caco2 cancerous cell line compared to the MCF7 cell line, while retaining WI38 normal cells, underscoring their potential in medical applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13036000/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147576706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineered exosomes for targeted glioma therapy: overcoming the blood-brain barrier with nature-inspired nanocarriers","authors":"Parham Rahmani,&nbsp;Mojdeh Fakhri,&nbsp;Ali Aghajani,&nbsp;Shakiba Nikeghbal,&nbsp;Fatemeh Rostamian Motlagh,&nbsp;Setareh Sadat Rafiei,&nbsp;Bahareh Hassanzadeh,&nbsp;Pouria Salajegheh,&nbsp;Melina Shadi,&nbsp;Reza Akhavan-Sigari","doi":"10.1186/s11671-026-04533-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-026-04533-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Gliomas mainly glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the greatest lethal primary brain tumors, marked by rapid progression, high heterogeneity, and poor therapeutic outcomes. A main challenge in treating gliomas lies in the limited permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which restricts drug access to the tumor site. Conventional treatment protocols, including surgery, radiotherapy, and the Stupp regimen, offer only modest survival aids due to drug resistance and inefficient delivery. Recently, nanotechnology-based approaches have gained attention for enhancing drug transport across the BBB. Among them, exosomes endogenous extracellular vesicles have emerged as promising nanocarriers due to their innate biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and natural ability to cross the BBB. These vesicles can be planned to deliver therapeutic agents selectively to tumor cells and modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME), influencing processes as well as angiogenesis, immune evasion, and intercellular signaling. This review articulates the innovative contributions of exosome-based drug delivery systems in glioma management, highlighting recent advancements in bioengineering approaches and their dual role in treatment and diagnostics (theranostics). By speaking the biological barriers to drug delivery and enhancing targeted therapeutic effects, exosomes represent a significant leap forward in precision medicine for glioma therapy. Additional clinical and translational research is crucial to fully realize the potential of exosomes as effective delivery systems in glioma treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13033009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147576701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lu2CrMnO6–Pm-g-C3N4 supported dendritic nanosilica as a recyclable green catalyst for eco-friendly synthesis of N-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)carbonyl] glycine from carbon dioxide","authors":"Shijun Chen,&nbsp;Yixin Pan,&nbsp;Weiyu Bi,&nbsp;Xiaobing Lu,&nbsp;Seyed Mohsen Sadeghzadeh","doi":"10.1186/s11671-026-04517-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-026-04517-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The rational design of heterogeneous catalysts with hierarchical nanostructures and large surface areas is crucial for enhancing active site accessibility and improving catalytic efficiency. In this context, we report the synthesis of a novel, recyclable nanocatalyst composed of Lu₂CrMnO₆ nanoparticles anchored onto pyrimidine grafted graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (Pm-g-C₃N₄), which are uniformly immobilized on dendritic fibrous nanosilica (DFNS). The integration of DFNS provides a highly porous, open channel framework rich in surface hydroxyl groups, facilitating strong chemical bonding with Pm-g-C₃N₄ and ensuring stable immobilization of the Lu based perovskite phase. This hierarchical DFNS/Pm-g-C₃N₄@Lu₂CrMnO₆ nanocomposite was synthesized through a straightforward, environmentally friendly route and exhibits excellent structural integrity, high dispersion of active Lu₂CrMnO₆ sites, and efficient charge transfer characteristics. Under solvent-free conditions, the catalyst effectively promotes the three component coupling of CO₂, α-amino acids, and ethylene oxide, yielding <i>N</i>-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)carbonyl]glycine with remarkable selectivity and yield under mild reaction parameters. The system demonstrates outstanding recyclability over multiple cycles with negligible activity loss, making it an attractive candidate for sustainable CO₂ conversion. The synergistic effects of the Lu₂CrMnO₆ perovskite, nitrogen rich g-C₃N₄ functionality, and the high surface area DFNS support contribute to the superior catalytic behavior. Overall, the DFNS/Pm-g-C₃N₄@Lu₂CrMnO₆ platform offers promising prospects for green CO₂ fixation technologies relevant to materials science.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13033469/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147576121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles enhance piracetam’s neuroprotective action in streptozotocin-induced cognitive dysfunction","authors":"Abhishek Mishra,&nbsp;Bhabani Sankar Satapathy,&nbsp;Pratap Kumar Sahu","doi":"10.1186/s11671-026-04528-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-026-04528-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Diabetes-induced cognitive dysfunction remains an unaddressed medical concern across the globe with limited options left with conventional drug therapy. Piracetam, the first identified nootropic agent has been repurposed in the current study via solid-lipid nanoparticle against streptozotocin-induced cognitive dysfunction in rats. Experimental piracetam loaded solid-lipid nanoparticles (PSLNs) were developed by conventional nanoprecipitation method and characterized in terms of SEM, AFM, DLS, zeta potential, drug loading efficiency etc. <i>In vivo</i> efficacy of the selected PSLNs was analysed. Various biochemical parameters were analysed along with histopathology and brain pharmacokinetic studies. Experimental PSLNs were spherical, nanosized, homogenous (PDI: 0.21 ± 0.5) with − 38.2 ± 0.3 mV surface charge. Following administration, selected PSLNs brought significant improvement in behavioural and memory function as compared to plain piracetam and control rat groups. Modulation in key enzyme/ protein expression in terms of SOD, CAT, GSH was observed <i>in vivo</i> in PSLNs treated rats. Histopathology of brain tissue in AD rats indicated revival of normal tissue architecture in PSLNs treated group as compared to piracetam/control groups. Key brain pharmacokinetic parameters like AUC, AUMC, MRT etc. were substantially improved for PSLNs than plain piracetam, signifying higher accumulation and retention of the drug following nanoencapsulation. However, futuristic studies are necessary to establish PSLNs as a potent modality against diabetes-induced cognitive dysfunction in clinical settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13033468/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147576415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theoretical analysis for heat and mass transfer in bioconvective ternary hybrid nanofluid flow with entropy optimization","authors":"Fazal Haq,&nbsp;Naglaa AbdelAll,&nbsp;Ghada A. Khouqeer,&nbsp;Jihad Younis,&nbsp;Mohammed Sallah","doi":"10.1186/s11671-026-04522-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-026-04522-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ternary hybrid nanofluids(THNFs) are a revolutionary advancement in thermal management, offering remarkable thermal conductivity that significantly boosts heat transfer efficiency. THNFs are ideal for cooling systems, solar energy applications, and electronic device regulation, where effective heat management is crucial. By fine tuning their composition, researchers can tailor these nanofluids to meet specific industrial needs, leading to improved efficiency and energy savings. The goal of current study is twofold: first, to examine the improvement of heat, mass, and motile density of THNF, and secondly, to investigate the irreversibilities in bioconvective dihybrid and trihybrid nanofluids. The THNF is formulated by suspension of nanoparticles of cobalt ferrite <span>(left( {{text{CoFe}}_{{2}} {text{O}}_{{4}} } right))</span>, disulfide (dithioxo) molybdenum <span>(left( {{text{MoS}}_{{4}} } right))</span>, and copper (Cu) into pure engine oil <span>(left( {{text{C}}_{{8}} {text{H}}_{{{18}}} } right))</span>. For dihybrid nanofluid the volume fraction of copper is taken as zero. Maxwell fluid model is utilized to analyze the performance of THNF and dihybrid nanofluid(DHNF). The flow in THNF and DHNF is induced due to an impermeable stretched sheet. Flow governing equations for DHNF and THNF are obtained considering diverse assumptions like electro-magnetohydrodynamic(EMHD), Dufour, Soret, chemical reaction, thermal radiation, and activation energy. Irreversibilities are modeled with the help of thermodynamics second law. The model equations are altered into ordinary system via transformation procedure. Numerical simulations are carried out through built-in function(NDSolve) of Mathematica. Impact of generated variables on DHNF and THNF velocity, thermal field, motile density profile and mass concentration are examined. Comparative analysis for THNF and DHNF is performed. Furthermore, local heat, mass, density, and skin friction coefficient for THNF and DHNF are numerically investigated. Numerical results show that the skin friction coefficient for THNF is 3.2% more than that of DHNF, and the heat transfer rate of THNF is up to 16% higher than that of DHNF. The density number of DHNF is about 1.08% less than that of THNF.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13033470/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147576436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}