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Mechanisms of cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyases. 半胱氨酸s缀合β -裂解酶的机制。
Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123188.ch6
A J Cooper
{"title":"Mechanisms of cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyases.","authors":"A J Cooper","doi":"10.1002/9780470123188.ch6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470123188.ch6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mercapturic acids are conjugates of S-(N-acetyl)-L-cysteine formed during the detoxification of xenobiotics and during the metabolism of such endogenous agents as estrogens and leukotrienes. Many mercaturates are formed from the corresponding glutathione S-conjugates. This chapter focuses on (a) the discovery of the cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyases; (b) the involvement of pyridoxal-5-phosphate; (c) the influence of the electron-withdrawing properties of the group attached to the sulfur atom; and (d) the potential of cysteine S-conjugates as pro-drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":50865,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects","volume":"72 ","pages":"199-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/9780470123188.ch6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20480433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 37
Collagen hydroxylases and the protein disulfide isomerase subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylases. 胶原羟化酶和蛋白质二硫异构酶亚基的脯氨酸4-羟化酶。
Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123188.ch9
K I Kivirikko, T Pihlajaniemi
{"title":"Collagen hydroxylases and the protein disulfide isomerase subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylases.","authors":"K I Kivirikko,&nbsp;T Pihlajaniemi","doi":"10.1002/9780470123188.ch9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470123188.ch9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prolyl 4-hydroxylases catalyze the formation of 4-hydroxyproline in collagens and other proteins with an appropriate collagen-like stretch of amino acid residues. The enzyme requires Fe(II), 2-oxoglutarate, molecular oxygen, and ascorbate. This review concentrates on recent progress toward understanding the detailed mechanism of 4-hydroxylase action, including: (a) occurrence and function of the enzyme in animals; (b) general molecular properties; (c) intracellular sites of hydroxylation; (d) peptide substrates and mechanistic roles of the cosubstrates; (e) insights into the development of antifibrotic drugs; (f) studies of the enzyme's subunits and their catalytic function; and (g) mutations that lead to Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. An account of the regulation of collagen hydroxylase activities is also provided.</p>","PeriodicalId":50865,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects","volume":"72 ","pages":"325-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/9780470123188.ch9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20480436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 304
Mechanistic issues in asparagine synthetase catalysis. 天冬酰胺合成酶催化的机理问题。
Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123188.ch5
N G Richards, S M Schuster
{"title":"Mechanistic issues in asparagine synthetase catalysis.","authors":"N G Richards,&nbsp;S M Schuster","doi":"10.1002/9780470123188.ch5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470123188.ch5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The enzymatic synthesis of asparagine is an ATP-dependent process that utilizes the nitrogen atom derived from either glutamine or ammonia. Despite a long history of kinetic and mechanistic investigation, there is no universally accepted catalytic mechanism for this seemingly straightforward carboxyl group activating enzyme, especially as regards those steps immediately preceding amide bond formation. This chapter considers four issues dealing with the mechanism: (a) the structural organization of the active site(s) partaking in glutamine utilization and aspartate activation; (b) the relationship of asparagine synthetase to other amidotransferases; (c) the way in which ATP is used to activate the beta-carboxyl group; and (d) the detailed mechanism by which nitrogen is transferred.</p>","PeriodicalId":50865,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects","volume":"72 ","pages":"145-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/9780470123188.ch5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20480432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 98
Activated glutamate intermediate in the enzymatic synthesis of glutamine. 1960. 谷氨酰胺酶合成中活化的谷氨酸中间体。1960.
Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)76952-x
P. Krishnaswamy, V. Pamiljans, A. Meister
{"title":"Activated glutamate intermediate in the enzymatic synthesis of glutamine. 1960.","authors":"P. Krishnaswamy, V. Pamiljans, A. Meister","doi":"10.1016/s0021-9258(19)76952-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)76952-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50865,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects","volume":"27 1","pages":"3-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83132001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Hepatic glutamine transport and metabolism. 肝脏谷氨酰胺运输和代谢。
Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123188.ch3
D Häussinger
{"title":"Hepatic glutamine transport and metabolism.","authors":"D Häussinger","doi":"10.1002/9780470123188.ch3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470123188.ch3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although the liver was long known to play a major role in the uptake, synthesis, and disposition of glutamine, metabolite balance studies across the whole liver yielded apparently contradictory findings suggesting that little or no net turnover of glutamine occurred in this organ. Efforts to understand the unique regulatory properties of hepatic glutaminase culminated in the conceptual reformulation of the pathway for glutamine synthesis and turnover, especially as regards the role of sub-acinar distribution of glutamine synthetase and glutaminase. This chapter describes these processes as well as the role of glutamine in hepatocellular hydration, a process that is the consequence of cumulative, osmotically active uptake of glutamine into cells. This topic is also examined in terms of the effects of cell swelling on the selective stimulation or inhibition of other far-ranging cellular processes. The pathophysiology of the intercellular glutamine cycle in cirrhosis is also considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":50865,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects","volume":"72 ","pages":"43-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/9780470123188.ch3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20480430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 70
Advances in the enzymology of glutamine synthesis. 谷氨酰胺合成酶学研究进展。
Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123188.ch2
D L Purich
{"title":"Advances in the enzymology of glutamine synthesis.","authors":"D L Purich","doi":"10.1002/9780470123188.ch2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470123188.ch2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Meister's proposal of a gamma-glutamyl-P intermediate in the glutamine synthetase reaction set the scene for understanding how the stepwise activation of the carboxyl group greatly increased its susceptibility toward nucleophilic attack and amide bond synthesis. Topics covered in this review include: the discovery of the enzymatic synthesis of glutamine; the role of glutamine synthetase in defining the thermodynamics of ATPases; early isotopic tracer studies of the synthetase reaction; the proposed intermediacy of gamma-glutamyl-phosphate; the mechanism of methionine sulfoximine inhibition; stereochemical mapping of the enzyme's active site; detection of enzyme reaction cycle intermediates; borohydride trapping of gamma-glutamyl-P; positional isotope exchanges catalyzed by glutamine synthetase; regulation of bacterial enzyme; and a brief account of how knowledge of the atomic structure of bacterial glutamine synthetase has clarified ligand binding interactions. Concluding remarks also address how the so-called \"Protein Ligase Problem\" may be solved by extending the catalytic versatility of carboxyl-group activating enzymes.</p>","PeriodicalId":50865,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects","volume":"72 ","pages":"9-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/9780470123188.ch2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20480429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 32
Enzymology of bacterial lysine biosynthesis. 细菌赖氨酸生物合成的酶学。
Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123188.ch8
G Scapin, J S Blanchard
{"title":"Enzymology of bacterial lysine biosynthesis.","authors":"G Scapin,&nbsp;J S Blanchard","doi":"10.1002/9780470123188.ch8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470123188.ch8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacteria have evolved three strategies for the synthesis of lysine from aspartate via formation of the intermediate diaminopimelate (DAP), a metabolite that is also involved in peptidoglycan formation. The objectives of this chapter are descriptions of mechanistic studies on the reactions catalyzed by dihydrodipicolinate synthase, dihydrodopicolinate reductase, tetrahydrodipicolinate N-succinyl-transferase, N-succinyl-L,L-DAP aminotransferase, N-succinyl-L,L-DAP desuccinylase, L,L-DAP epimerase, L,L-DAP decarboxylase, and DAP dehydrogenase. These enzymes are discussed in terms of kinetic, isotopic, and X-ray crystallographic data that allow one to infer the nature of interactions of each of these enzymes with its substrate(s), coenzymes, and inhibitors.</p>","PeriodicalId":50865,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects","volume":"72 ","pages":"279-324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/9780470123188.ch8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20480435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 110
Activated glutamate intermediate in the enzymatic synthesis of glutamine. 1960. 谷氨酰胺酶合成中活化的谷氨酸中间体。1960.
Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123188.ch1
P R Krishnaswamy, V Pamiljans, A Meister
{"title":"Activated glutamate intermediate in the enzymatic synthesis of glutamine. 1960.","authors":"P R Krishnaswamy,&nbsp;V Pamiljans,&nbsp;A Meister","doi":"10.1002/9780470123188.ch1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470123188.ch1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50865,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects","volume":"72 ","pages":"3-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/9780470123188.ch1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20479904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Enzymes utilizing glutamine as an amide donor. 利用谷氨酰胺作为酰胺供体的酶。
Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123188.ch4
H Zalkin, J L Smith
{"title":"Enzymes utilizing glutamine as an amide donor.","authors":"H Zalkin,&nbsp;J L Smith","doi":"10.1002/9780470123188.ch4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470123188.ch4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Amide nitrogen from glutamine is a major source of nitrogen atoms incorporated biosynthetically into other amino acids, purine and pyrimidine bases, amino-sugars, and coenzymes. A family comprised of at least sixteen amidotransferases are known to catalyze amide nitrogen transfer from glutamine to their acceptor substrates. Recent fine structural advances, largely as a result of X-ray crystallography, now provide structure-based mechanisms that help to explain fundamental aspects of the catalytic and regulatory interactions of several of these aminotransferases. This chapter provides an overview of this recent progress made on the characterization of amidotransferase structure and mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":50865,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects","volume":"72 ","pages":"87-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/9780470123188.ch4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20480431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 256
gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase: catalytic mechanism and gene expression. γ -谷氨酰转肽酶:催化机制及基因表达。
Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123188.ch7
N Taniguchi, Y Ikeda
{"title":"gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase: catalytic mechanism and gene expression.","authors":"N Taniguchi,&nbsp;Y Ikeda","doi":"10.1002/9780470123188.ch7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470123188.ch7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gamma-glutamyl transpeptidases are key enzymes in the so-called gamma-glutamyl cycle involving glutathione synthesis, the recovery of its constituents, and in the transport of amino acids. This membrane-bound ectoenzyme thus serves to regulate glutathione synthesis. This chapter deals with the active site chemistry of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, including the role of side-chain groups on the light subunit as well as several serine residues in the catalytic process. Also considered are genomic studies indicating (a) the presence of a single gene in mouse and rat; (b) the occurrence of multiple genes in humans; (c) the involvement of multiple promoters for gene expression; and (d) how these multiple promoters may play a role in the tissue-specific expression of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidases.</p>","PeriodicalId":50865,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects","volume":"72 ","pages":"239-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/9780470123188.ch7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20480434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 122
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