Amr A Abdeen, Brian D Cosgrove, Charles A Gersbach, Krishanu Saha
{"title":"Integrating Biomaterials and Genome Editing Approaches to Advance Biomedical Science.","authors":"Amr A Abdeen, Brian D Cosgrove, Charles A Gersbach, Krishanu Saha","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-122019-121602","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-122019-121602","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The recent discovery and subsequent development of the CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-CRISPR-associated protein 9) platform as a precise genome editing tool have transformed biomedicine. As these CRISPR-based tools have matured, multiple stages of the gene editing process and the bioengineering of human cells and tissues have advanced. Here, we highlight recent intersections in the development of biomaterials and genome editing technologies. These intersections include the delivery of macromolecules, where biomaterial platforms have been harnessed to enable nonviral delivery of genome engineering tools to cells and tissues in vivo. Further, engineering native-like biomaterial platforms for cell culture facilitates complex modeling of human development and disease when combined with genome engineering tools. Deeper integration of biomaterial platforms in these fields could play a significant role in enabling new breakthroughs in the application of gene editing for the treatment of human disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"23 ","pages":"493-516"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2021-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9340769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jacob S Brenner, Samir Mitragotri, Vladimir R Muzykantov
{"title":"Red Blood Cell Hitchhiking: A Novel Approach for Vascular Delivery of Nanocarriers.","authors":"Jacob S Brenner, Samir Mitragotri, Vladimir R Muzykantov","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-121219-024239","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-121219-024239","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Red blood cell (RBC) hitchhiking is a method of drug delivery that can increase drug concentration in target organs by orders of magnitude. In RBC hitchhiking, drug-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) are adsorbed onto red blood cells and then injected intravascularly, which causes the NPs to transfer to cells of the capillaries in the downstream organ. RBC hitchhiking has been demonstrated in multiple species and multiple organs. For example, RBC-hitchhiking NPs localized at unprecedented levels in the brain when using intra-arterial catheters, such as those in place immediately after mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke. RBC hitchhiking has been successfully employed in numerous preclinical models of disease, ranging from pulmonary embolism to cancer metastasis. In addition to summarizing the versatility of RBC hitchhiking, we also describe studies into the surprisingly complex mechanisms of RBC hitchhiking as well as outline future studies to further improve RBC hitchhiking's clinical utility.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"23 ","pages":"225-248"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8277719/pdf/nihms-1701544.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10292784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dallan McMahon, Meaghan A O'Reilly, Kullervo Hynynen
{"title":"Therapeutic Agent Delivery Across the Blood-Brain Barrier Using Focused Ultrasound.","authors":"Dallan McMahon, Meaghan A O'Reilly, Kullervo Hynynen","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-121238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-121238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Specialized features of vasculature in the central nervous system greatly limit therapeutic treatment options for many neuropathologies. Focused ultrasound, in combination with circulating microbubbles, can be used to transiently and noninvasively increase cerebrovascular permeability with a high level of spatial precision. For minutes to hours following sonication, drugs can be administered systemically to extravasate in the targeted brain regions and exert a therapeutic effect, after which permeability returns to baseline levels. With the wide range of therapeutic agents that can be delivered using this approach and the growing clinical need, focused ultrasound and microbubble (FUS+MB) exposure in the brain has entered human testing to assess safety. This review outlines the use of FUS+MB-mediated cerebrovascular permeability enhancement as a drug delivery technique, details several technical and biological considerations of this approach, summarizes results from the clinical trials conducted to date, and discusses the future direction of the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"23 ","pages":"89-113"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9401250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Payam E Farahani, Ellen H Reed, Evan J Underhill, Kazuhiro Aoki, Jared E Toettcher
{"title":"Signaling, Deconstructed: Using Optogenetics to Dissect and Direct Information Flow in Biological Systems.","authors":"Payam E Farahani, Ellen H Reed, Evan J Underhill, Kazuhiro Aoki, Jared E Toettcher","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-083120-111648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-083120-111648","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cells receive enormous amounts of information from their environment. How they act on this information-by migrating, expressing genes, or relaying signals to other cells-comprises much of the regulatory and self-organizational complexity found across biology. The \"parts list\" involved in cell signaling is generally well established, but how do these parts work together to decode signals and produce appropriate responses? This fundamental question is increasingly being addressed with optogenetic tools: light-sensitive proteins that enable biologists to manipulate the interaction, localization, and activity state of proteins with high spatial and temporal precision. In this review, we summarize how optogenetics is being used in the pursuit of an answer to this question, outlining the current suite of optogenetic tools available to the researcher and calling attention to studies that increase our understanding of and improve our ability to engineer biology.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"23 ","pages":"61-87"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10436267/pdf/nihms-1915991.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10416147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Physiological Modeling and Simulation-Validation, Credibility, and Application.","authors":"W Andrew Pruett, John S Clemmer, Robert L Hester","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082219-051740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082219-051740","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this review, we discuss the science of model validation as it applies to physiological modeling. There is widespread disagreement and ambiguity about what constitutes model validity. In areas in which models affect real-world decision-making, including within the clinic, in regulatory science, or in the design and engineering of novel therapeutics, this question is of critical importance. Without an answer, it impairs the usefulness of models and casts a shadow over model credibility in all domains. To address this question, we examine the use of nonmathematical models in physiological research, in medical practice, and in engineering to see how models in other domains are used and accepted. We reflect on historic physiological models and how they have been presented to the scientific community. Finally, we look at various validation frameworks that have been proposed as potential solutions during the past decade.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"185-206"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082219-051740","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38012713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John A Onofrey, Lawrence H Staib, Xiaojie Huang, Fan Zhang, Xenophon Papademetris, Dimitris Metaxas, Daniel Rueckert, James S Duncan
{"title":"Sparse Data-Driven Learning for Effective and Efficient Biomedical Image Segmentation.","authors":"John A Onofrey, Lawrence H Staib, Xiaojie Huang, Fan Zhang, Xenophon Papademetris, Dimitris Metaxas, Daniel Rueckert, James S Duncan","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052147","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052147","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sparsity is a powerful concept to exploit for high-dimensional machine learning and associated representational and computational efficiency. Sparsity is well suited for medical image segmentation. We present a selection of techniques that incorporate sparsity, including strategies based on dictionary learning and deep learning, that are aimed at medical image segmentation and related quantification.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"127-153"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052147","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37735709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Computer-Aided Design of Microfluidic Circuits.","authors":"Elishai Ezra Tsur","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082219-033358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082219-033358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microfluidic devices developed over the past decade feature greater intricacy, increased performance requirements, new materials, and innovative fabrication methods. Consequentially, new algorithmic and design approaches have been developed to introduce optimization and computer-aided design to microfluidic circuits: from conceptualization to specification, synthesis, realization, and refinement. The field includes the development of new description languages, optimization methods, benchmarks, and integrated design tools. Here, recent advancements are reviewed in the computer-aided design of flow-, droplet-, and paper-based microfluidics. A case study of the design of resistive microfluidic networks is discussed in detail. The review concludes with perspectives on the future of computer-aided microfluidics design, including the introduction of cloud computing, machine learning, new ideation processes, and hybrid optimization.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"285-307"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082219-033358","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37880114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Micromechanobiology: Focusing on the Cardiac Cell-Substrate Interface.","authors":"Erica A Castillo, Kerry V Lane, Beth L Pruitt","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-092019-034950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-092019-034950","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Engineered, in vitro cardiac cell and tissue systems provide test beds for the study of cardiac development, cellular disease processes, and drug responses in a dish. Much effort has focused on improving the structure and function of engineered cardiomyocytes and heart tissues. However, these parameters depend critically on signaling through the cellular microenvironment in terms of ligand composition, matrix stiffness, and substrate mechanical properties-that is, matrix micromechanobiology. To facilitate improvements to in vitro microenvironment design, we review how cardiomyocytes and their microenvironment change during development and disease in terms of integrin expression and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. We also discuss strategies used to bind proteins to common mechanobiology platforms and describe important differences in binding strength to the substrate. Finally, we review example biomaterial approaches designed to support and probe cell-ECM interactions of cardiomyocytes in vitro, as well as open questions and challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"257-284"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-092019-034950","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38012712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mitigating the Consequences of Subconcussive Head Injuries.","authors":"Eric A Nauman, Thomas M Talavage, Paul S Auerbach","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-091219-053447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-091219-053447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Subconcussive head injury represents a pathophysiology that spans the expertise of both clinical neurology and biomechanical engineering. From both viewpoints, the terms injury and damage, presented without qualifiers, are synonymously taken to mean a tissue alteration that may be recoverable. For clinicians, concussion is evolving from a purely clinical diagnosis to one that requires objective measurement, to be achieved by biomedical engineers. Subconcussive injury is defined as subclinical pathophysiology in which underlying cellular- or tissue-level damage (here, to the brain) is not severe enough to present readily observable symptoms. Our concern is not whether an individual has a (clinically diagnosed) concussion, but rather, how much accumulative damage an individual can tolerate before they will experience long-term deficit(s) in neurological health. This concern leads us to look for the history of damage-inducing events, while evaluating multiple approaches for avoiding injury through reduction or prevention of the associated mechanically induced damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"387-407"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-091219-053447","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37883522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The New Age of Cell-Free Biology.","authors":"Vincent Noireaux, Allen P Liu","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-092019-111110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-092019-111110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cell-free molecular synthesis of biochemical systems is a rapidly growing field of research. Advances in the Human Genome Project, DNA synthesis, and other technologies have allowed the in vitro construction of biochemical systems, termed cell-free biology, to emerge as an exciting domain of bioengineering. Cell-free biology ranges from the molecular to the cell-population scales, using an ever-expanding variety of experimental platforms and toolboxes. In this review, we discuss the ongoing efforts undertaken in the three major classes of cell-free biology methodologies, namely protein-based, nucleic acids-based, and cell-free transcription-translation systems, and provide our perspectives on the current challenges as well as the major goals in each of the subfields.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"51-77"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-092019-111110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37720068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}