Developmental Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Quantifying the timing of gyral and sulcal formation relative to growth in the ferret cerebral cortex.","authors":"Kara E Garcia, Christopher Basinski, Christopher D Kroenke","doi":"10.1159/000544824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000544824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mounting evidence indicates that the cerebral cortical folding pattern conveys information relevant to brain function, as well as the developmental trajectory leading to the observed pattern at maturity. However, relatively little is known about the biomechanics of gyral and sulcal formation. Ferrets are a tractable animal model for studying folding, in which this process occurs over the first 40 days of postnatal life. Recently, high resolution magnetic resonance brain imaging data have been made available for a template representing 10 ferrets (5 male, 5 female) at 6 equally spaced time points ranging from postnatal day (P)8 to P38. In this study, local cerebral cortical thickness, curvature, and relative surface area are mapped onto cortical mid-thickness surface mesh models derived from the developmental template. Systematic comparisons between cortical growth and changes in curvature that accompany gyral and sulcal formation enable delineation of the sequence of changes of these anatomical characteristics during folding. The cerebral cortex is found to transition between two patterns of regionally varying cortical thickness. In early stages of gyral and sulcal formation, the cortex is relatively thick in regions destined to exhibit high magnitudes of surface curvature (folding), regardless of whether the region will become part of a gyrus or a sulcus. In the mature brain, a different regional pattern of thickness is achieved in which gyral cortex is thicker than sulcal cortex. Surface area expansion is also observed to relate to folding, as reflected in the regional pattern of surface curvature changes. Over a given developmental interval, changes in surface curvature are positively correlated with subsequent surface area expansion but negatively correlated with previous surface area expansion. Together, these comparisons lay out a sequence of growth and folding events. First, relative thickening of the cortex occurs in regions that will be gyral and sulcal at maturity. These regions undergo increases in curvature, facilitating surface area increases in the folded cortex. During the final phases of fold formation, the rate of thickness increase in gyri outpaces that in sulci.</p>","PeriodicalId":50585,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143469942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Long-Term Behavioural Effects of Maternal Creatine Supplementation in a Spiny Mouse Model of Birth Asphyxia.","authors":"Nhi T Tran, James Tran, Tamara Yawno, Rod J Snow, David W Walker, Stacey J Ellery","doi":"10.1159/000544756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000544756","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Birth asphyxia-induced encephalopathy is a major cause of long-term neurological morbidity, including cognitive and motor deficits. A proposed treatment is maternal creatine supplementation for prophylactic neuroprotection. This study examined how maternal creatine supplementation with or without birth asphyxia affected the behaviour of spiny mice offspring.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>On day 20 of gestation (mid-gestation; term=39 days), dams were randomly allocated to either a daily diet containing 5% w/w creatine monohydrate or remained on standard rodent chow. On gestational day 38, dams underwent either control caesarean section where offspring were delivered and recovered immediately, or birth asphyxia whereby the pregnant uterus was excised and placed in a saline bath for 7.5 min, inducing global hypoxia. All offspring were then cross-fostered to a lactating dam. Behavioural assessments were then completed on recovered offspring from neonatal to adolescent/adult ages (postnatal day [PND]3-41) using the open-field, elevated plus maze and novel object recognition test was conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Offspring that underwent birth asphyxia displayed locomotor deficits and increased anxiety-like behaviour at PND3-7 in the open-field test (p<0.05) and impaired novel object discrimination at PND18 (p<0.05). Antenatal creatine exposure reduced anxiety-like behaviour irrespective of asphyxia in pups at PND3, indicating an amelioration of the asphyxia-induced anxiety-like behaviour. In adolescence/adulthood, creatine and asphyxia-exposed offspring showed reduced object exploration (p<0.0001). Antenatal creatine led to sustained reductions in anxiety-like behaviour in the elevated plus maze at adolescence and increased body weight, regardless of birth asphyxia exposure (p<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Antenatal creatine exposure following maternal dietary creatine supplementation decreased anxiety-like behaviour in spiny mice offspring. This change negated behavioural abnormalities caused by birth asphyxia in the neonatal period, though it may have broader influences on long-term emotional and information processing in offspring which warrants further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":50585,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143450911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GAPDH, β-actin, and β-tubulin display age-dependent protein expression changes in the mouse cortex during development.","authors":"Daniella Rodriguez, Michelle Nguyen, Tejas Devata, Deval Patel, Diana Tavares-Ferreira, Lena H Nguyen","doi":"10.1159/000544064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000544064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>GAPDH, β-actin, and β-tubulin are essential housekeeping proteins commonly used as reference controls for protein expression studies. GAPDH is a key glycolytic enzyme that facilitates the production of cellular energy, while β-actin and β-tubulin are major structural components of the cytoskeleton. Besides their well-established housekeeping functions, emerging studies have demonstrated critical roles for these proteins in brain developmental and pathological processes. However, few studies have examined how the expression patterns of these proteins change throughout mammalian brain development to adulthood. Considering the dynamic structural and functional changes that occur during brain development and the roles of GAPDH, β-actin, and β-tubulin in related biological processes, we investigated the developmental expression levels of these proteins in the mouse cortex at various embryonic (E15-P0) and postnatal (P0-P20, adult) stages using western blotting analysis with total protein normalization. We identified a substantial increase in GAPDH protein levels and a decrease in β-actin and β-tubulin in protein levels in the mouse cortex between birth and early adulthood, which occurred during the second week of postnatal life. Analysis of RNA-seq data from the ENCODE Consortium revealed correlated changes at the RNA transcript level. Overall, our study reveals robust age-dependent changes in cortical GAPDH, β-actin, and β-tubulin expression levels during mouse postnatal development and suggests precautions when using these proteins as reference controls in cortical development studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":50585,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143392471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GROWTH DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 15 KNOCKOUT MICE ARE PROTECTED FROM NEONATAL HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC INJURY IN A SEX DEPENDENT MANNER.","authors":"Jeremy R Herrmann, Patrick M Kochanek, Vincent A Vagni, Keri A Janesko-Feldman, Jason P Stezoski, Travis C Jackson","doi":"10.1159/000544063","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000544063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in tissue injury and repair after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury and varies by sex. Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a cytokine released by macrophages during inflammation and is upregulated after brain ischemia. We examined the impact of GDF-15 knockout (KO) on volume loss and the combined microglia/macrophage response in the Rice Vannucci model of neonatal HI injury.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male and female wild-type (WT) Gdf15+/+, heterozygous Gdf15nuGFP-CE/+ (Het), and homozygous Gdf15nuGFP-CE/nuGFP-CE (KO) mice were bred at the University of Pittsburgh. Postnatal day 9-11 mice were randomized to sham procedure or unilateral common carotid artery ligation followed by exposure to 8% O2 for 25min. Pups were subsequently genotyped and survived for 14 days before sacrifice. Lesion volume and number of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) positive cells were quantified.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Injured male KO pups had decreased hemispheric and hippocampal lesion volume vs. injured male WT pups. Injured male Het pups demonstrated an intermediate phenotype. In males, the number of Iba-1 positive cells correlated with extent of tissue loss. In females, the extent of volume loss and Iba-1 cell counts post-injury did not vary by genotype.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>GDF-15 exerts a sex-dependent deleterious effect on lesion volume in a neonatal HI model. Future work should identify how GDF-15 mediates different neuroinflammatory responses between sexes, establish if brain-secreted vs. peripherally-derived GDF-15 mediates the pro-injury phenotype that was inhibited in male KOs, and test if therapeutic inhibition of GDF-15 signaling is a novel treatment for neonatal HI brain injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":50585,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143392473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eight cases of Pediatric Acute Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS) with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Immunologic Intersections.","authors":"Angela W Tang, Paula M Prieto Jimenez, Ian K T Miller, Juliette C Madan, Jaden Nguyen, Meiqian Ma, Melissa Silverman, Bahare Farhadian, Jenny Wilson, Alka Goyal, Cindy Manko, Yinka Davies, Shervin Rabizadeh, Jennifer Frankovich","doi":"10.1159/000543969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000543969","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS) is an immune-mediated disease characterized by abrupt onset neurobehavioral changes. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), chronic conditions characterized by gastrointestinal inflammation. We describe eight individuals with both PANS and IBD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All individuals with both IBD and PANS were identified from Stanford Immune Behavioral Health Clinic, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Program, and Dartmouth Neuroimmune Psychiatric Disorders (NIPD) Clinic. Data was collected by chart review.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight cases of PANS with IBD were identified. Five were male. Mean age of onset was 9.3 years for PANS and 15.6 years for IBD. PANS preceded development of IBD in 7 of 8 cases by a mean of 8.4 years. Seven patients (88%) had a first-degree relative with an immune-mediated disease, including 5 with psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis. Five patients themselves had arthralgias or arthritis (63%). All of the 5 cases where PANS preceded IBD treatment sufficiently for analysis were free of major behavioral relapses after IBD was managed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The triad of PANS, joint complaints, and family history of autoimmunity, including psoriasis, may represent a subset of PANS at heightened risk for IBD and additional immune-mediated disorders. For children with this triad, clinicians should have a low threshold to evaluate for gastrointestinal inflammation with biomarkers like hemoglobin, CRP, fecal calprotectin and diagnostic endoscopy when indicated. PANS symptoms may improve with effective treatment of IBD. The high prevalence of joint complaints in our cohort and psoriasis in first-degree family members suggests this subset of PANS may share immune mechanisms with psoriasis and arthritis. Treatment strategies used in IBD and arthritis should be studied for potential application in PANS.</p>","PeriodicalId":50585,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143392458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transferring Mouse Emx1 and Emx2 Lentiviruses into the Chicken Embryonic Brain and Their Implication to the Organization and Evolution of the Amniote Pallium.","authors":"Rui Zhao, Yuanyuan Gao, Chao Xi, Ping Liu, Shiying Lin, Shan Lu, Jin Liu, Jie Bing, Xinwen Zhang, Shaoju Zeng","doi":"10.1159/000543601","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000543601","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Homeobox genes are highly conserved and play critical roles in brain development. Recently, we have found that mammals have an additional fragment of approximately 20 amino acids in Emx1 and a poly-(AL)6-7 in Emx2, compared to other amniotes. It has been shown that Emx1 and Emx2 have synergistic actions in the brain development. These reports raise an interesting issue whether the differences of Emx1 and Emx2 between mammals and non-mammals are concerned with the organization and evolution of amniote pallium.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Lentiviruses expressing mouse Emx1 and Emx2 (mEmx1/2) with additional fragments were injected into the ventricle of the chick telencephalon at embryonic day 3 to study the effects of mEmx1/2 on the development of chick pallium, whereas injections of lentiviruses containing chick Emx1 and Emx2 (cEmx1/2), no targeted gene insert or saline were as controls. The expressions of reelin, vimentin, GABA and MAP2, neurogenesis patterns for calbindin (CB) and parvalbumin (PV) neurons and the sizes of anterior commissure (AC) were then studied by immuohistochemical staining, and open-field tests were performed to assess locomotor activities and curious or exploratory behaviors of the chicks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following the injections of lentiviruses expressing mEmx1/2, the expressions of reelin, vimentin, GABA, and MAP2 increased in most parts of Wulst (W) and mesopallium (M), but not most of nidopallium (N). Neurogenesis patterns for CB and PV neurons changed toward mammalian inside-out one, and the sizes of AC staining for neurofilament were significantly larger. In addition, post-hatchling chicks showed higher rates of passive avoidance after training, but no significant differences in the total distance traveled and the percentage of time spent in the central rectangle, compared to those in the control groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study indicated that mEmx1/2 had effects on the development of chick pallium, suggesting that they are probably involved in the organization and evolution of amniote pallium.</p>","PeriodicalId":50585,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143048489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histone lysine crotonylation associated epigenetic mechanism dynamically regulates prenatal stress induced anxiety-related behaviour in adolescent offspring.","authors":"Karunanithi Sivasangari, Koilmani Emmanuvel Rajan","doi":"10.1159/000543696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000543696","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study designed to examine whether social/ environmental experiences can induce the epigenetic modification, and influence the associated physiology and behaviour. To test this, we have used social stress [prenatal stress (PNS)] model and then housed at environmental enrichment (EE) condition to evaluate the interaction between specific epigenetic modification and its influence on behaviour.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Pregnant rats were randomly divided into a control group, PNS group, and PNS+EE group. PNS and PNS+EE animals were subjected to social defeat (SD) stress during their gestational day (GD) 16-18. PNS animals and their offspring were always housed in standard laboratory condition, PNS+EE animal was housed in EE cage during GD-10 to the pup's age of postnatal day (PND) 30. Animals were tested for anxiety-like behaviour using Open-Field Test (OFT) and memory was examined by passive avoidance test. Western blotting was used to detect the expression pattern of molecules associated with histone crotonylation.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>We observed anxiety-like behaviour, memory deficit in the animals experienced PNS. Further, level of Methyl-CpG Binding Protein 2 (MeCP2), repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), Sirtuin 1(SIRT1), Chromodomain Y-like (CDYL) and Enhancer of Zeste 2 Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Subunit (EZH2) and histone methylation (H3K27me3) was elevated. Where as, the expression of p300, histone crotonylation (H3K18Cr) and neuropeptide VGF were suppressed. Notably, EE restore the normal expression pattern of MeCP2, REST, P300, SIRT1, CYDL, EZH2, H3K27me3, H3K18Cr and VGF.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>EE reverse the PNS induced alterations, including suppression of histone crotonylation (H3K18Cr), which possibly involved in the regulation of expression of VGF and behaviour.</p>","PeriodicalId":50585,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143025455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterochronic Development of the Perception of Different Types of Visual Illusions.","authors":"Vania Navarrete, Valeria Montiel, Miriam Alarcon, Rosa E Ulloa, Péter Szenczi, Marcos Rosetti, Oxána Bánszegi","doi":"10.1159/000543308","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000543308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The underlying neural and/or perceptual mechanisms of different visual illusions are still unknown; thus, they continue to be the focus of many ongoing studies. Inconsistencies persist in the empirical findings for understanding how the perception of these illusions evolves over the course of development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We assessed 513 participants between 6.5 and 18.9 years of age, with 103 pairs of illusory and control images spanning five illusion types (Ebbinghaus, Müller-Lyer, Contrast, Moving Snake, and Subjective Contour). Misleading and helpful contexts were added when possible.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In general, we found that, except for the Ebbinghaus illusion, susceptibility changes with age: while for the Müller-Lyer it decreases, for the Contrast, Moving Snake, and Kanizsa, susceptibility increases. Across all illusory conditions, participants' decision time decreased with age. Context also influenced the performance and choice latency. We also found a gender difference: boys were less susceptible than girls to Contrast and Moving Snake illusions and were faster to answer in Müller-Lyer illusion trials.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current study found that susceptibility to illusions changes in a manner that is age-specific and, in some cases, sex-specific. The different developmental trajectories of the perception of visual illusions support the idea of the lack of a common neural and/or perceptual process behind them. We can suggest that at least some of the cognitive processes and neural pathways involved develop heterochronically.</p>","PeriodicalId":50585,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142933486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinguishing Laterality in Brain Injury in Rabbit Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Novel Volume Rendering Techniques.","authors":"Gaurav Ambwani, Zhongjie Shi, Kehuan Luo, Jeong-Won Jeong, Sidhartha Tan","doi":"10.1159/000539212","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000539212","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Our laboratory has been exploring the MRI detection of fetal brain injury, which previously provided a prognostic biomarker for newborn hypertonia in an animal model of cerebral palsy (CP). The biomarker relies on distinct patterns of diffusion-weighted imaging-defined apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in fetal brains during uterine hypoxia-ischemia (H-I). Despite the challenges posed by small brains and tissue acquisition, our objective was to differentiate between left and right brain ADC changes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A novel aspect involved utilizing three-dimensional rendering techniques to refine ADC measurements within spheroids encompassing fetal brain tissue. 25-day gestation age of rabbit fetuses underwent global hypoxia due to maternal uterine ischemia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Successful differentiation of left and right brain regions was achieved in 28% of the fetal brains. Ordinal analysis revealed predominantly higher ADC on the left side compared to the right at baseline and across the entire time series. During H-I and reperfusion-reoxygenation, the right side exhibited a favored percentage change. Among these fetal brains, 73% exhibited the ADC pattern predictive of hypertonia. No significant differences between left and right sides were observed in patterns predicting hypertonia, except for one timepoint during H-I. This study also highlights a balance between left-sided and right-sided alterations within the population.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;This study emphasizes the importance of investigating laterality and asymmetric hemispheric lesions for early diagnosis of brain injury, leading to CP. The technological limitations in obtaining a clear picture of the entire fetal brain for every fetus mirror the challenges encountered in human studies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Our laboratory has been exploring the MRI detection of fetal brain injury, which previously provided a prognostic biomarker for newborn hypertonia in an animal model of cerebral palsy (CP). The biomarker relies on distinct patterns of diffusion-weighted imaging-defined apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in fetal brains during uterine hypoxia-ischemia (H-I). Despite the challenges posed by small brains and tissue acquisition, our objective was to differentiate between left and right brain ADC changes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A novel aspect involved utilizing three-dimensional rendering techniques to refine ADC measurements within spheroids encompassing fetal brain tissue. 25-day gestation age of rabbit fetuses underwent global hypoxia due to maternal uterine ischemia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Successful differentiation of left and right brain regions was achieved in 28% of the fetal brains. Ordinal analysis revealed predominantly higher ADC on the left side compared to the right at baseline and across the entire time series. During H-I and reperfusion-reoxygenation, the ri","PeriodicalId":50585,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"55-67"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11538374/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140863995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upstream Stimulating Factor 2 Aggravates Spinal Nerve Ligation-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Mice via Regulating SNHG5/miR-181b-5p.","authors":"Mi Chen, Yang Yang, Jiatian Cui, Li Qiu, Xiaohua Zou, Xianggang Zeng","doi":"10.1159/000538178","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000538178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Upstream stimulating factor 2 (USF2) belongs to basic Helix-Loop-Helix-Leucine zipper transcription factor family, regulating expression of genes involved in immune response or energy metabolism network. Role of USF2 in neuropathic pain was evaluated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Mice were intraspinally injected with adenovirus for knockdown of USF2 (Ad-shUSF2) and then subjected to spinal nerve ligation (SNL) to induce neuropathic pain. Distribution and expression of USF2 were detected by western blot and immunofluorescence. Mechanical and thermal pain sensitivity were examined by paw withdrawal thresholds (PWT) and paw withdrawal latency (PWL). Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase activity assays were performed to detect binding ability between USF2 and SNHG5.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The expression of USF2 was elevated and colocalized with astrocytes and microglia in L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of SNL-induced mice. Injection of Ad-shUSF2 attenuated SNL-induced decrease of PWT and PWL in mice. Knockdown of USF2 increased the level of IL-10 but decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in SNL-induced mice. Silence of USF2 enhanced protein expression of CD206 while reducing expression of CD16 and CD32 in SNL-induced mice. USF2 binds to promoter of SNHG5 and weakens SNL-induced up-regulation of SNHG5. SNHG5 binds to miR-181b-5p, and miR-181b-5p to interact with CXCL5.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Silence of USF2 ameliorated neuropathic pain, suppressed activation of M1 microglia, and inhibited inflammation in SNL-induced mice through regulation of SNHG5/miR-181b-5p/CXCL5 axis. Therefore, USF2/SNHG5/miR-181b-5p/CXCL5 might be a promising target for neuropathic pain. However, the effect of USF2/SNHG5/miR-181b-5p/CXCL5 on neuropathic pain should also be investigated in further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":50585,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140112098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}