{"title":"Settling time analysis of a continuum model with finite-time target tracking","authors":"Woojoo Shim , Hyunjin Ahn","doi":"10.1016/j.ejcon.2025.101424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejcon.2025.101424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We provide a sufficient framework concerning finite-time tracking to a predetermined target of continuum agents. For this, we propose a continuum model derived via the continuum limit of a multi-agent system studied in existing literature. By employing a suitable Lyapunov functional, along with several finite-time stability frameworks, the non-smooth LaSalle invariance principle, and settling time analysis, we establish the desired finite-time tracking under admissible data consisting of initial data, kernel functionals, and system parameters. Finally, we complement and validate our theoretical analysis with numerical simulations that illustrate the results and highlight their practical implications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50489,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Control","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 101424"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Continuous trajectory planning for non-convex utility functions using hybrid optimization","authors":"He Hao , Daniel Silvestre , Carlos Silvestre","doi":"10.1016/j.ejcon.2025.101425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejcon.2025.101425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient trajectory generation is essential for applications such as environmental monitoring using autonomous systems, where navigating complex, non-convex environments poses significant challenges. In this paper, we introduce a novel hybrid continuous optimization method that extends gradient techniques to continuous-time frameworks for trajectory planning in non-convex landscapes. The method combines adaptive step-size adjustments with momentum-based gradient techniques, enabling robust navigation through plateau regions and accurate convergence to optimized trajectories. We apply the method to drone trajectory optimization in environments modeled by Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs), specifically focusing on wildfire monitoring in northern Mexico. The proposed approach generates smooth trajectories and achieves faster convergence when compared to traditional discrete and continuous methods without the hybrid adaptation. Simulation results showcase the method’s potential for broader applications in control systems and other domains requiring optimization in high-dimensional non-convex environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50489,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Control","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 101425"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Uncertain stochastic optimal control problems based on backward stochastic difference equations and forward uncertain difference equations","authors":"Xin Chen , Liu He , Kang-Zhi Liu , Bo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ejcon.2025.101439","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejcon.2025.101439","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forward uncertain difference equations and backward stochastic difference equations are two distinct types of dynamic systems. The former is based on uncertainty theory, while the latter is formulated within probability theory. This paper investigates optimal control problems involving both types of equations. By relationships among uncertain expectation, probabilistic expectation, and chance expectation, we develop the framework of chance theory to handle uncertain stochastic optimal control problems of such hybrid systems. Using an equivalent transformation method, we convert the problems into deterministic difference equations solving problems. We then derive analytical solutions for three types of optimal control problems through backward induction. Furthermore, we explore the impact of different computation orders of uncertain and probabilistic expectations. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate key differences and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50489,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Control","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 101439"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
José Raimundo de Oliveira Jr. , Bismark Claure Torrico , Felipe José de Sousa Vasconcelos , Fabrício Gonzalez Nogueira , Tito Luís Maia Santos
{"title":"Reduced-order FESO-based predictor for time-delay LTI systems","authors":"José Raimundo de Oliveira Jr. , Bismark Claure Torrico , Felipe José de Sousa Vasconcelos , Fabrício Gonzalez Nogueira , Tito Luís Maia Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.ejcon.2025.101444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejcon.2025.101444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article proposes a predictor based on a reduced-order functional extended state observer (FESO) for linear time-invariant (LTI) systems with input delay. A disturbance model is defined based on the types of disturbances to be rejected at steady state, such as sinusoidal, step-like, ramp-like, as well as higher-order polynomials, which are commonly found in practical applications. Thereafter, an FESO is designed to estimate both the delayed unmeasured process and disturbance states, which, along with the measured states, are used by the predictor to compensate the time delay, and then a finite spectrum assignment (FSA) state-feedback controller is computed based on the delay-free model. The tuning of the predictor is proposed for two disturbance rejection scenarios, the first focusing on the prediction error performance and the second on closed-loop robustness. Simulation results show better performance of the proposed predictor compared to recent methods in the literature. Additionally, frequency-domain analyses are provided to further validate its robustness and performance characteristics, as well as the influence of measurement noise.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50489,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Control","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 101444"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julio-Ariel Romero-Pérez , Oscar Miguel-Escrig , José Sánchez-Moreno , Sebastián Dormido-Bencomo
{"title":"Identification of multiple frequency response points using gain-changing nonlinear feedback experiments","authors":"Julio-Ariel Romero-Pérez , Oscar Miguel-Escrig , José Sánchez-Moreno , Sebastián Dormido-Bencomo","doi":"10.1016/j.ejcon.2025.101437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejcon.2025.101437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Relay feedback experiments are well known for providing valuable information about system dynamics, which can be used for automatic PID controller tuning. The estimation of frequency response points from data obtained in such experiments is typically based on describing function theory, which assumes purely sinusoidal closed-loop responses and neglects higher-order harmonics. However, this assumption is often violated in low-order systems with poor filtering characteristics, resulting in reduced estimation accuracy. To address this issue, several alternatives, such as the saturation relay and pre-load relay, have been proposed in the literature, offering improved estimation performance. In this work, it is introduced a gain-changing nonlinear scheme for frequency points identification that enhances the accuracy of existing approaches. The experiments follow a similar structure to standard relay feedback tests, thus preserving their well-known advantages while significantly reducing estimation errors. Furthermore, by incorporating calculated time delays and dynamically adjusting the gain-changing parameters, the method generates multiple closed-loop oscillation conditions to identify several frequency response points, all while keeping the output amplitude within safe operational limits. Simulation results demonstrate a substantial improvement in estimation accuracy compared to both traditional and enhanced relay-based methods, offering a precise and practical solution for frequency response identification in industrial process control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50489,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Control","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 101437"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fatih Emre Tosun , André M.H. Teixeira , Jingwei Dong , Anders Ahlén , Subhrakanti Dey
{"title":"Kullback-Leibler divergence-based filter design against bias injection attacks","authors":"Fatih Emre Tosun , André M.H. Teixeira , Jingwei Dong , Anders Ahlén , Subhrakanti Dey","doi":"10.1016/j.ejcon.2025.101427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejcon.2025.101427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are increasingly deployed in safety-critical applications, making them prime targets for adversarial attacks. Timely detection and mitigation of such attacks are imperative for the safe operation of CPS. This paper proposes a novel residual generator design method for enhanced detection of bias injection attacks (BIAs) in linear CPS driven by white Gaussian noise. Specifically, we define a flexible attack impact metric based on the weighted norm of the injected bias and a detectability metric based on the Kullback-Leibler divergence. Using these two metrics, we characterize the worst-case BIAs as those that minimize detectability while maintaining a specified minimum impact. For residual generation filter synthesis, we formulate two optimization problems: one for maximizing the detectability of worst-case BIAs at the attack onset and the other at steady state. Since these two problems are inherently conflicting, we employ the ϵ-constraint method to obtain Pareto-optimal solutions that balance transient and steady-state detectability. The effectiveness of the proposed filter design method is demonstrated through numerical simulations, with a comparison against two state-of-the-art benchmarks: the Kalman filter and the <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>H</mi><mo>−</mo></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> filter.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50489,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Control","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 101427"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A widely-practical model-free prescribed time control for trajectory tracking of n-DOF robot manipulators","authors":"Chems Eddine Boudjedir","doi":"10.1016/j.ejcon.2025.101396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejcon.2025.101396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes a novel, practical prescribed-time control (PTC) scheme for the trajectory tracking of n-degree-of-freedom (n-DOF) robot manipulators subject to external disturbances. Unlike existing approaches, the proposed PTC scheme is entirely model-free. It leverages a time-delay estimation (TDE) technique to compensate for unknown dynamics and disturbances, eliminating the need for upper bounds. A key innovation is the design of a new time-varying gain which increases only as the time approaches the prescribed value. This ensures the feasibility of the control signal and avoids saturation issues which often make practical deployment difficult. The controller also remains effective beyond the prescribed time, overcoming a significant limitation of previous studies. Rigorous Lyapunov analysis guarantees that position and velocity tracking errors will converge within the prescribed time. Comparative simulations on a parallel Delta robot demonstrate the superiority and practicality of the scheme over existing methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50489,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Control","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 101396"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhipeng Zhang , Aocheng Wang , Haitao Li , Chengyi Xia
{"title":"Algebraic calculation for safety synthesis of networked logical finite state machines","authors":"Zhipeng Zhang , Aocheng Wang , Haitao Li , Chengyi Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.ejcon.2025.101386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejcon.2025.101386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the safety synthesis problem of networked logical finite state machines with bounded communication delays in observation and control channels using the semi-tensor product (STP) of matrices. First, algebraic formulations for networked state estimation and state prediction are constructed. By defining a set of critical states that may transition to illegal states through observable events under communication delays, a more refined algorithm for state evolution is proposed. Then, based on the concept of minimal constraints, necessary and sufficient algebraic conditions are derived for the existence of a networked supervisor that satisfies the given safety specifications. The proposed method exhibits polynomial time complexity. Finally, the theoretical results are validated through an illustrative example.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50489,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Control","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 101386"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Artificial neural network based iterative learning control for stroke rehabilitation","authors":"Xiaoru Sun, Chris T. Freeman","doi":"10.1016/j.ejcon.2025.101404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejcon.2025.101404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An artificial neural network (ANN) is combined with gradient descent to form a model-free iterative learning control (ILC) approach than can be applied to a wide range of nonlinear discrete-time systems. The ANN is recursively trained on the entire set of past data collected from the system and uses a passivity condition to determine when the ANN can be used to compute the next ILC update, or if an identification test is needed. Convergence properties are established alongside design selections that ensure the passivity condition is fulfilled. By minimising the reliance on identification tests, this methodology is substantially faster than existing model-free ILC algorithms. It is tested on a key stroke rehabilitation problem using functional electrical stimulation (FES) for hand/wrist tracking. Experimental results using the new ILC approach with eight participants show that three hand/wrist references can be tracked using an average of 56% fewer experimental inputs compared with the most accurate previous approach. As the first approach to combine ILC and machine learning in upper limb rehabilitation, the results demonstrate how their combination addresses their individual deficiencies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50489,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Control","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 101404"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exponential admissibility and H∞ controller design for continuous-time nonlinear time-varying delay singular systems","authors":"Le Van Hien , Le Huy Vu","doi":"10.1016/j.ejcon.2025.101374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejcon.2025.101374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper focuses on the problem of exponential admissibility and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>∞</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> controller design for continuous-time nonlinear time-varying delay singular systems (CTN-TVD-SSs). By formulating a set of enhanced Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals, new delay-dependent conditions are established using linear matrix inequality (LMI) settings to guarantee the regularity, impulse-freeness, and exponential admissibility with an <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>∞</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> performance level <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span> of the closed-loop system. A state feedback <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>∞</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> controller (SF-<span><math><msub><mrow><mtext>H</mtext></mrow><mrow><mi>∞</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>C) design is also discussed. Numerical examples with simulations are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the obtained results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50489,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Control","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 101374"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}