Flow Measurement and Instrumentation最新文献

{"title":"Study on the mechanism of flow measurement uncertainty in elbow flow meters under complex flow-heat coupling conditions","authors":"Zihan Lu ,&nbsp;Libing Zhang ,&nbsp;Yudi Zhu ,&nbsp;Xinzhi Zhou ,&nbsp;Hailin Wang ,&nbsp;Jialiang Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2026.103188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2026.103188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The reactor coolant flow of the primary loop is one of the key thermal-hydraulic parameters in nuclear reactor operation, and its measurement accuracy directly relates to the safety and stability of the plant. In pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power plants, elbow flow meters are typically used to measure the coolant flow. However, the transition section of the primary loop pipe contains a non-uniform, highly dynamic flow-heat coupling field, leading to certain uncertainties in coolant flow measurement. To address the complex operating conditions at the transition section of the steam generator outlet, this study constructs an orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system adapted to the elbow geometry and, based on tensor analysis and the Navier–Stokes equations, derives a Radial Pressure Gradient Equation (RPGE). A mechanistic analytical framework is established to identify and decompose the sources of wall pressure difference in elbows and to evaluate their contributions to measurement uncertainty quantitatively. CFD numerical simulations are further conducted to validate the applicability and computational accuracy of the proposed model. Results indicate that under the uniform-density flow assumption, discrepancies between RPGE predictions and CFD results remain within 0.15 % across all investigated operating conditions. Source-term decomposition reveals that the convection term and the primary flow term constitute the dominant contributors to uncertainty, each accounting for approximately 11 % of the wall pressure difference. Nonetheless, these two contributions partially cancel each other numerically, resulting in a total uncertainty consistently maintained at less than 1 %. Under variable-density flow conditions, discrepancies between RPGE and CFD results remain within 2 %. The primary impact of the non-uniform temperature field is the increased dispersion of the quantified uncertainty intervals of individual source terms. Compared with the conservative empirical uncertainty range typically adopted in engineering practice (−3 %–3 %), the uncertainty intervals derived from the RPGE framework are reduced by approximately 35 %–40 % on average across different operating conditions. The proposed analytical approach provides an interpretable theoretical basis and a systematic quantitative tool for tracing and evaluating uncertainty in elbow flow meters operating under complex flow–heat coupling environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"108 ","pages":"Article 103188"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the characteristics of cavitation and cavitation erosion in an aviation fuel gear pump","authors":"Qi Liu ,&nbsp;Kaiwen Deng ,&nbsp;Yongcao Gao ,&nbsp;Yuzhen Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2026.103198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2026.103198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cavitation phenomenon is extremely concerned in an aviation fuel gear pump, and its induced cavitation erosion can dominate the reliability of an aviation fuel gear pump and even the safety of the aviation fuel transportation system. In this study, the cavitation and cavitation erosion characteristics were studied in an aviation gear pump by considering the influence of rotational speeds (from 2800 r/min to 11500 r/min) and the fuel temperatures (from −20 °C to 110 °C). The experiment for testing output performance of the gear pump was built and the numerical method employing full cavitation model was verified to reveal the cavitation evolution and cavitation erosion. Cross sectional velocity and pressure in the gear pump and their amplitudes in different areas of the engagement region were comparatively analyzed for different operation conditions. Great pressure variation was produced from the fuel trapped area to the depressurization area, and it was more sensitive to the rotational speed than the fuel temperature. Dynamic evolution of cavitation in the gear rotation process was revealed. Cavitation occurrence was revealed near the suction surface of a gear tooth in the depressurization area where great pressure releasing. Dimensionless cavitation volume was defined to present the cavitation degree, whose average value varying with the rotational speed and the fuel temperature were determined by linear fitting. Indicated by the damage energy, the cavitation erosion caused by the cavitation bubble evolution was analyzed by considering the influence of local flow velocity. It was found that the distribution of cavitation damage power on a tooth surface was greatly influenced by the shear stress. Great shear stress overlapping with concentrated bubble collapsing energy was revealed as the mechanism of accelerating cavitation erosion on a tooth surface. Intense cavitation erosion could be easily triggered under a high rotational speed of 11500 r/min and even with a low fuel temperature of −20 °C. This study should be helpful for understanding cavitation characteristics and providing the insight to prevent cavitation erosion in the aviation industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"108 ","pages":"Article 103198"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Online automatic mixing device for water and fertilizer based on metered fertilizer injection and vortex-guided fertilizer mixing","authors":"Jian Zhang,&nbsp;Zeyang Su,&nbsp;Shenghao Chen,&nbsp;Jianian Li,&nbsp;Shihong Chen,&nbsp;Jun Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional fertigation systems often exhibit poor water-fertilizer mixing uniformity, which degrades the proportioning accuracy of the fertilizer solution and compromises both nutrient use efficiency and environmental safety. In this study, an online automatic water-fertilizer mixing device was developed to address these problems. Metering pumps were employed to accurately inject the fertilizer stock solution, and a cone-type vortex-guided static mixer was designed, based on vortex diversion principles and fluid mechanics, to enhance water-fertilizer mixing. The pipeline structure was analyzed using CFD to evaluate flow characteristics, wall pressure, and pressure loss. A fuzzy logic control strategy, combined with concentration–conductivity models established for six straight fertilizers (<em>R</em>² &gt; 0.99), was used to dynamically regulate stock solution injection under a constant water source flow rate and time-split fertilizer application. Simulation and experimental results showed that the mixing uniformity exceeded 80 % for all tested water-fertilizer combinations, with RSD (Relative Standard Deviation) values all below 10 %. The pipeline system experienced a maximum static wall pressure of 0.307 MPa (within the rated pressure) and a total pressure drop of 0.07 MPa (well below the pump specification), and no backflow occurred at the junction between the main pipe and the stock solution pipe, ensuring continuous and stable dosing. The device achieved an average fertilizer injection accuracy of 98 %, an average settling time of 37.81 s, and an average proportioning accuracy of 97.47 %. Under continuous 6 h operation or during multiple nutrient formulation switches, the fertilizer solution concentration fluctuated by less than 5 %, confirming precise and stable fertilizer proportioning. Overall, the developed device outperformed both literature-reported systems and existing practically applied water-fertilizer integration devices. This study provides theoretical and technical foundations for precise and stable water-fertilizer regulation and offers a viable solution for advanced fertigation applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"108 ","pages":"Article 103169"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data reduction methods in blade cascade experiment","authors":"Terezie Kreuzová ,&nbsp;David Šimurda ,&nbsp;Erik Flídr ,&nbsp;Pavel Šafařík ,&nbsp;Martin Luxa","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Data reduction methods typically used in turbomachinery linear blade cascades experiment are reviewed, analyzed, and tested from the point of view of conservativity and entropy production. The testing is performed on two types of data, channel flow data – used to allow study of simple flows without interaction of several flow phenomena – and blade cascades data. Among the datasets are those obtained experimentally but also numerically. The datasets are chosen to cover a wide range of operating regimes of blade cascades, compressor and turbine, subsonic and transonic. Results show that mean flow angles obtained by different reduction methods can differ by up to one degree. Entropy flux – directly connected to loss coefficients – is conserved only by Strictly conservative method. Momentum reduction method can increase it by tens of percent when applied to flows with large gradients, while Mass weighted averaging never increases the entropy flux, but can significantly decrease it.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"108 ","pages":"Article 103149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural parameter optimization of slide valve pressure regulating valve based on Whale Optimization Algorithm","authors":"Haoyang Gao ,&nbsp;Jianying Li ,&nbsp;Wanting Chen ,&nbsp;Yongyuan Zha ,&nbsp;Zhao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To improve the flow performance and pressure regulation accuracy of the spool-type pressure-regulating valve, this study establishes a fully parameterized three-dimensional model incorporating the spool cone angle, clearance fit, and orifice diameter. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are utilized to analyze the impact of various structural parameters on the internal flow field. Based on the simulation samples, a Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network is constructed, and the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) is introduced to establish a multi-objective optimization framework, achieving comprehensive optimization of pressure drop, pressure fluctuation, and flow rate. The results show that compared to the baseline model, the optimized design reduces the average pressure difference by 12 %, increases the flow rate at orifice B by 81 %, and improves the overall flow coefficient by approximately 24 %. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the spool cone angle and clearance are the dominant factors affecting the stability of the flow field. The proposed CFD-RBF-WOA integrated process provides an engineering basis for the design and performance enhancement of hydraulic components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"108 ","pages":"Article 103136"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow sensors substitution using neural networks with small data for external gear pumps","authors":"Benjamin Peric ,&nbsp;Marc Schuler ,&nbsp;Michael Engler ,&nbsp;Katja Gutsche ,&nbsp;Peter Woias","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2026.103194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2026.103194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a data-driven model that enables the direct replacement of volume flow sensors in external gear pump applications. As this study aims to meet the requirements of real-world industrial scenarios, it is necessary to utilize a small data approach to demonstrate an applicable and scalable solution. The method improves through a data augmentation process based on fundamental physical laws, reducing the need for an extensive data set. A neural network predicts the volume flow within the pump's operating points over its entire operating range. The control architecture, including failure mechanisms, is presented, and the execution time is validated under real conditions on the microcontrollers. Two different fluid systems are investigated with three different types of external gear pumps and validated over the entire operating range of the fluid machinery. The methodology achieves a mean absolute percentage error of 1.53 % considering the output volume flow of the pump systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"108 ","pages":"Article 103194"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146022795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The established differential pressure model for binary fire extinguishing agent enables accurate concentration measurement","authors":"Rui Chen,&nbsp;Song Lu,&nbsp;Hui Shi,&nbsp;Qiyong Zhou,&nbsp;Heping Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate concentration detection technology for binary blend fire extinguishing agents is critical for advancing halon replacement and evaluating the performance of binary fire suppression systems, but the concentration measurement of binary fire extinguishing agents remains unknown. Based on the differential pressure principle, this study established a general theoretical expression for the differential pressure model of binary fire extinguishing agents. The calculated differential pressure values derived from this expression were basically consistent with the theoretical values. To validate the model's accuracy, concentration measurement experiments were conducted at various volume ratios. These experiments demonstrated strong agreement between the normalized experimental and theoretical values. Furthermore, partial correlation analysis revealed that the volume ratio exerted a greater influence on the correction coefficient between the theoretical and experimental models than the concentration. To assess practical applicability, discharge test was performed. Consequently, this study proposed a concentration measurement model for binary fire extinguishing agents based on the differential pressure principle, achieving precise concentration measurement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"108 ","pages":"Article 103162"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow fluctuation suppression of mud lifting pump based on fractional-order sliding mode control","authors":"Changping Li ,&nbsp;Haixin Deng ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaohui Wang ,&nbsp;Rulei Qin ,&nbsp;Haowen Chen ,&nbsp;Guole Yin ,&nbsp;Yanjiang Yu ,&nbsp;Wenwei Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In deep-sea riserless mud recovery (RMR) drilling operations, single-pump mud lifting systems lack sufficient equipment redundancy under deepwater environmental conditions and harsh operating scenarios. They also demonstrate limited capability in handling complex downhole incidents such as lost circulation and kicks. While dual-pump collaborative operations enhance the adaptability to complex deepwater conditions, flow rate fluctuations during pump switching processes may induce cuttings deposition, posing severe operational stability challenges. To address these issues, first, a discrete element fluid-solid model for deep-sea lifting pumps is developed through coupled Fluent and EDEM (Engineering Discrete Element Method) simulations, deriving time-dependent flow rate characteristic curves during pump startup; second, a multi-scenario smooth flow control model for dual-pump systems is designed based on a closed-loop dual-pump configuration, enabling numerical experimentation on pipeline flow variations under diverse operational conditions, rotational speed, and valve actuation parameters. Simulation analysis examines the relationship between actual monitored flow rate and preset target value; third, a fractional-order sliding mode control law is designed based on flow error signals, mapping these errors to parameter adjustments for pump flow regulation. By optimizing control parameters and strategies, system smoothness and stability during operational mode switching are significantly improved. Finally, numerical validation demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed strategy. In typical scenarios of switching from single pump operation to dual-pump series operation and from to dual-pump parallel operation, compared with PID controller models and sliding mode control (SMC) respectively, the model based on fractional-order sliding mode control (FOSMC) significantly reduces the flow deviation, remarkably reducing flow fluctuations. Results show the FOSMC strategy achieves faster convergence speed and lower steady-state errors. This study develops a fluid-solid coupling prediction model to systematically analyze flow characteristics under various operating conditions through systematic prediction and thoroughly understand flow fluctuations. Building on this, the proposed fractional-order control framework not only enhances flow stabilization compared to traditional methods but also optimizes optimal flow control strategies. The results achieve dynamic flow stability in the RMR system and support the design of a high-performance, reliable deep-sea mud lifting pump. Additionally, they provide a theoretical foundation for subsequent experiments-particularly the transient behaviors during pump switching, while offering a validated control framework for the dual-pump mud lifting system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 103078"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic characteristic analysis and optimization of a pilot-operated safety valve based on co-simulation","authors":"Lintao Wang ,&nbsp;Xinkai Ding ,&nbsp;Yongxin Wang ,&nbsp;Ruichuan Li ,&nbsp;Xin Liu ,&nbsp;Zihan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the challenges of dynamic characteristic analysis of pilot-operated safety valve systems under multi-physics coupling and multi-structure interactions, this study proposes a multi-structure coupling dynamic analysis method based on 1D-3D co-simulation, using the AMESim and STAR-CCM + platforms. The method systematically reveals the regulation mechanisms of various structural parameters on the dynamic performance of the pilot-operated safety valve. By establishing a high-precision co-simulation framework, key structural parameters of the pilot valve, piston, and main valve are optimized collaboratively using experimental design and the SHERPA algorithm within the working pressure range of 140–170 kPa. This framework accurately characterizes the interaction mechanisms between the pilot valve, piston, and main valve and quantifies the control effects of different structural parameters on the pilot-operated safety valve. The “pilot valve, piston dynamic regulation - main valve fluid-structure interaction” progressive optimization strategy was employed, ensuring the analysis and optimization of the dynamic performance of the pilot-operated safety valve while fully considering multi-structure coupling effects. The results show that the optimized pilot-operated safety valve exhibits a 68.18 % reduction in pressure overshoot, a 61.61 % improvement in system response speed, and a 14.19 % increase in maximum discharge capacity at the maximum main valve lift. This study reveals the synergistic control mechanisms of the pilot-operated safety valve and provides theoretical foundations and engineering methods for the structural design and optimization of high-performance pilot-operated safety valves.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 103082"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wet air flow rate metering based on a longwavelength sound propagation","authors":"Johann E. Castro-Bolivar ,&nbsp;Marlon M. Hernandez-Cely ,&nbsp;Oscar M.H. Rodriguez","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Measuring gas flow rate accurately is an ongoing challenge, primarily due to the stringent requirements for low metering uncertainty demanded by regulatory agencies. Gas transport systems, for instance gas flare systems employed in the metallurgical and oil and gas industries, comprise mixed gases, large pipe sizes, and rapid fluctuations in operational conditions, and the presence of dispersed liquid droplets. All those factors can significantly impact the performance of commercial flow meters, including thermal, Pitot tubes, orifice plates and ultrasonic meters. This study introduces a novel technique for measuring flow rates in water–air dispersed flow in ducts. This method relies on harnessing one-dimensional acoustic waves within the duct. The prototype was rigorously tested in a controlled laboratory condition. A signal treatment and analysis methodology was proposed to calculate the transit time of the plane sound waves in wet gas flow, and the results obtained from these experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for accurately measuring flow rates across a wide range of water–air flow conditions in a <span><math><msup><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>”</mi></mrow></msup></math></span> duct. The results are promising and suggest the scalability of this technology for application in full-scale systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 103064"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}