Flow Measurement and Instrumentation最新文献

{"title":"A hybrid TOF Measurement Method for Ultrasonic Gas Flowmetry Based on Triple Zero-crossing Detection and Cross Correlation","authors":"Mingrui Zhu,&nbsp;Hongliang Zhou,&nbsp;Yining Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In transit-time ultrasonic gas flowmeters, the measurement accuracy of gas flow relies heavily on the precise determination of the time of flight (TOF). Traditional TOF measurement methods, such as the threshold method, cross-correlation method (CC), and model-based approach, each have limitations: the threshold method is sensitive to waveform distortion and noise, the CC method suffers from limited temporal resolution due to sampling frequency constraints, and model-based method requires excessive computational effort. To address these challenges, this study proposes a novel hybrid TOF measurement method that combines triple zero-crossing detection (T-ZCD) with cross-correlation. T-ZCD technique enhances temporal resolution and noise immunity at low flow rates through triple sampling and averaging, while the CC method improves robustness at high flow rates. A six-channel experimental test rig was constructed to validate the proposed hybrid TOF measurement method. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior accuracy and repeatability in TOF estimation compared to conventional approaches, leading to significant improvements in flow measurement precision.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 103096"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145416705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous measurement of cross-sectional temperature and velocity distributions in a flow channel using resistance-wire CT","authors":"Fumihiko Yoshida,&nbsp;Kazuhito Dejima,&nbsp;Yuji Inawa,&nbsp;Kiyoshi Kawasaki","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Measurements of temperature and velocity distributions are essential for the analysis and optimization of thermo-fluid systems, such as the evaluation of exhaust energy losses in internal combustion engines. Therefore, there is a growing demand for measurement techniques that can capture cross-sectional temperature and velocity distributions. In this study, we developed a measurement technique that enabled the simultaneous acquisition of temperature and velocity distributions in a flow cross-section by utilizing resistance wires not only for temperature sensing but also for flow velocity estimation. First, a resistance-wire computed tomography (CT) system was constructed using tungsten wires with three to five projection directions. Cross-sectional temperature distributions in a steady heated airflow were measured using resistance-wire CT and compared with thermocouple data. Consequently, we confirmed that the accuracy of the resistance-wire CT was improved by increasing the number of projection directions. Subsequently, two resistance-wire CT systems were installed in upstream and downstream locations in a flow channel to simultaneously measure temperature and velocity distributions in unsteady flows. The flow velocity was estimated from the phase difference in the temperature fluctuations obtained from the resistance wires. Resistance-wire CT successfully captured the temperature distribution with spatial and temporal variations. Meanwhile, the velocity distribution reflected the changes in mean flow speed, but the velocity near the wall was overestimated. To investigate the reason for this issue, a hypothetical model was employed, and the results demonstrated that using the average velocity along the wire is essential for the accurate reconstruction of the velocity distribution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 103102"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145416706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow metering with swirl-cone throttling device and physics-informed neural networks: A comparative study of multi-differential pressure signal combinations","authors":"Fachun Liang ,&nbsp;Changrong Li ,&nbsp;Boyu Duan ,&nbsp;Weibiao Zheng ,&nbsp;Manqing Jin ,&nbsp;Henan Wang ,&nbsp;Mengyuan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Throttle-based multiphase flow measurement methods have been widely employed in industrial applications due to their simplicity and cost-effectiveness. Among these methods, the measurement accuracy significantly depends on the precise detection and utilization of differential pressure signals. To address the poor flow pattern adaptability of traditional methods and the limited generalization capability of empirical-formula-based approaches, this study proposes an innovative online gas-liquid two-phase flow measurement method. Specifically, we designed an integrated swirl-cone throttling device capable of simultaneously acquiring multi-point axial and radial differential pressures, while also reducing the impact of flow pattern variations on flow measurement. These differential pressure signals, combined with the gas-liquid density ratio, serve as input features for a feedforward neural network, enabling simultaneous predictions of total mass flow rate (<em>M</em>_TP) and quality (<em>x</em>_G). To further enhance the model's physical consistency and extrapolation capabilities, the throttling model equation was embedded as a physical constraint within the neural network's loss function during training. Comparative analyses of three differential pressure combination schemes demonstrate the significant impact of pressure signal selection on measurement accuracy. Among these, Differential Pressure Combination-C (DPC-C) exhibited optimal performance, with <em>M</em>_TP prediction errors predominantly within ±5 % (MAPE of 2.36 %) and <em>x</em>_G prediction errors mainly within ±10 % (MAPE of 4.08 %). The proposed method not only ensures high-precision, real-time measurement without markedly increasing pressure loss but also features compact structure, ease of deployment, and superior adaptability, making it particularly suitable for complex industrial operating environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 103086"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of suction flow direction on the hydraulic performance for symmetrical and asymmetrical Venturi injector","authors":"Pan Tang,&nbsp;Yifan Zhou,&nbsp;Hong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Smart agriculture necessitates ever-more efficient and precise irrigation systems as fertigation technology advances worldwide. Traditional Venturi injectors have a low fertilizer absorption efficiency and significant pressure loss, and their performance is influenced by a variety of circumstances. It is unclear how the direction of fertilizer intake impacts the performance of the Venturi injector. This study used a mix of physical experiments and numerical simulations to explore the effect of fertilizer intake tube angles (varying from 90° to 45°) on the hydraulic performance of symmetric and asymmetric Venturi injectors. The findings revealed that reducing the angle of the fertilizer intake tube greatly improves fertilizer absorption efficiency. The asymmetric structure outperformed the symmetric structure. The downward-eccentric type (B4) attained a fertilizer absorption flow rate of 269.2 L h⁻¹ under low-pressure settings of 0.08 MPa, a 104 % increase over the symmetric type (C4). The ideal application ranges are determined by the pressure difference-structural configuration matching process. Under low pressure (≤0.08 MPa), the downward-eccentric arrangement improves suction effectiveness by using bilaterally dispersed negative pressure zones. Under high pressure (≥0.10 MPa), the upward-eccentric arrangement improves efficiency by suppressing turbulence through wall-adherent flow effects. Flow field analysis shows that performance differences under low-pressure regimes are predominantly caused by unique negative pressure distribution patterns, whereas high-pressure regime changes are dominated by turbulent dissipation mechanisms. This study suggests that low-pressure systems should prioritize downward-eccentric configurations paired with small-angle designs, and high-pressure systems should be optimized using upward-eccentric geometries combined with compact angular parameters. This hierarchical adaption technique improves overall irrigation efficiency by more than 15 %. The findings provide a theoretical framework for structural optimization of Venturi injectors and their use in precision agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 103070"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automation and accuracy improvement of field calibration for tipping-bucket rain gauges using laser sensors and roller pump","authors":"Bokjin Jang,&nbsp;Geonwoo Kim,&nbsp;Sunghyun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study developed a portable automated calibration device (PRC-20AP) for tipping-bucket rain gauges (TBRGs) and quantitatively evaluated its performance through comparison with a conventional manual device (burette). Experiments were conducted under rainfall intensities of 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 mm/h, with a target total rainfall of 20 mm. Each condition was tested 15 times to calculate relative errors and expanded uncertainties.</div><div>The results showed that, for total rainfall measurements, the automated device outperformed the manual method in terms of accuracy and uncertainty under low-intensity conditions (≤20 mm/h). At intensities above 20 mm/h, the manual device exhibited smaller relative errors, which was attributed to structural factors that led to reduced actual rainfall intensity. However, the automated device consistently demonstrated lower expanded uncertainties across all conditions, indicating superior precision and repeatability.</div><div>For rainfall intensity measurements, the automated device showed better accuracy and lower uncertainty across the entire test range. At 100 mm/h, the relative error improved by 5.78 %, and the expanded uncertainty decreased by 0.17 mm/h (approximately 65.9 %).</div><div>These findings confirm that the automated calibration system is an effective alternative for enhancing the precision and reliability of rainfall measurements, offering practical advantages over manual methods for field applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 103063"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtual flow metering of three-phase separator based on ISSA-GBDT","authors":"Yong-Jian Liu,&nbsp;Jin-Peng Zhang,&nbsp;Yuan-Zhe Lv,&nbsp;Xin Zuo,&nbsp;Yuan-Long Yue","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Virtual flow metering has been widely used in the field of three-phase separator metering, but it suffers from the problem of insufficient model generalization ability, which makes it difficult for the existing technology to meet the requirements of metering accuracy in variable working conditions. To address the above problems, this paper proposes a virtual flow metering of three-phase separator based on Improved Sparrow Search Algorithm and Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (ISSA-GBDT). Firstly, based on fluid continuity equation and Bernoulli equation, mechanistic models for liquid and gas phase flow rates of three-phase separator are established and the SHAP method is used to quantify the influence of feature variables selected based on the mechanistic model on the flow rate prediction results. Secondly, a dataset is constructed based on the feature selection of the mechanistic model, and the performance of six commonly used machine learning algorithms in three-phase separator flow rate prediction is compared, GBDT is identified as having the optimal prediction accuracy. To further improve the generalization ability of GBDT, ISSA is introduced to optimize the hyperparameters of GBDT, so as to establish the ISSA-GBDT flow rate prediction model. Finally, field validation is conducted, and results show that the ISSA-GBDT model proposed in this paper exhibits significant advantages in terms of flow rate prediction error and coefficient of determination, and has superior generalization ability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 103060"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective optimization for erosion protection of wear-prone components based on optimal prediction model","authors":"Minjuan Wang ,&nbsp;Xiao Cen ,&nbsp;Shengnan Du ,&nbsp;Miaomiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Fei Li ,&nbsp;Jin Wei ,&nbsp;Siyan Hong ,&nbsp;Weiqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Bingyuan Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the field of shale gas extraction, vulnerable components such as gas extraction pipeline elbows and needle throttle valves are frequently subjected to severe erosive wear due to gas-solid two-phase flow, which often leads to serious production accidents. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a collaborative optimization method integrates machine learning with multi-objective optimization. The erosion characteristics of elbows and needle throttle valves subjected to gas-solid two-phase flow are analyzed, and a high-precision erosion rate prediction model is established based on a data-driven approach. On this basis, a multi-objective optimization framework is constructed. The framework aims to minimize the erosion rate of elbows and achieve a weighted erosion balance in the needle throttling valve area. The control variables used are valve opening, inlet velocity, and particle mass flow rate. By incorporating process constraints (including the feasible domain of parameters and system pressure drop limitations), the engineering feasibility of the optimization results is ensured. The improved NSGA-II algorithm and the Epsilon constraint method are employed to solve the model, yielding the Pareto optimal solution set and optimization results that meet the constraint conditions. The results show that the optimized parameter combinations can significantly reduce the erosion rate of vulnerable components, extend their service life, and meet the requirements of system operating efficiency. This study provides a scientific basis and optimization strategy for the erosion protection of vulnerable components in gas production pipelines, holding significant engineering application value.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 103080"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid data-driven machine learning approach for forecasting discharge coefficient of Piano Key Weirs","authors":"Abdelrahman Kamal Hamed,&nbsp;Mohamed Kamel Elshaarawy","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The innovative Piano Key Weir (PKW) design significantly improves discharge efficiency and flood control by optimizing water flow regulation. Accurate prediction of PKW discharge is essential for achieving optimal design and operational performance. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques present promising approaches for modeling complex and uncertain water resource systems, including PKW flow discharge. This study applied six hybrid Machine Learning models integrated with Bayesian Optimization (BO) to forecast the discharge coefficient (<em>C</em>_<em>d</em>) of Type-A PKWs, a globally utilized design known for its self-balanced structure. The implemented models comprise Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Adaptive Boosting (ADB), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), Light Gradient Boosting (LGB), and Categorical Boosting (CGB). Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) was also used as a baseline for comparison. The dataset, comprising 476 records sourced from previous studies, utilized three dimensionless input variables: inlet-to-outlet key width ratio (<em>W</em>_<em>i</em>/<em>W</em>_<em>o</em>), PKW height ratio (<em>P</em>/<em>W</em>_<em>u</em>), and total upstream head ratio (<em>H</em>_<em>t</em>/<em>W</em>_<em>u</em>). The predictive model's accuracy was assessed through numerous quantitative and visual evaluations. As a result, all hybrid models, except for ADB, attained R² values exceeding 0.97, confirming their effectiveness for <em>C</em>_<em>d</em> prediction. The BO-CGB model achieved the highest accuracy with R² = 0.982 and MARE = 2.5 %, outperforming other models thanks to optimized hyperparameters and its capacity to capture complex nonlinearities. BO-XGB and BO-DT followed in accuracy, while BO-ADB and MLR showed the lowest performance. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and Partial Dependence Plot (PDP) analyses identified <em>H</em>_<em>t</em>/<em>W</em>_<em>u</em> as the most influential predictor of <em>C</em>_<em>d</em>-value. To bridge research and practice, a user-friendly GUI was developed to enable engineers to predict <em>C</em>_<em>d</em> values efficiently and cost-effectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 103050"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical investigations on the noise reduction performance and mechanism of the perforated sleeve in a natural gas station pressure reducing valve","authors":"Cong Liu ,&nbsp;Youjun Ning ,&nbsp;Tian Dai ,&nbsp;Changjian Pu ,&nbsp;Kang Cen","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To reduce the excessive aerodynamic noise of pressure reducing valves in natural gas stations, perforated sleeves with different structural parameters are designed to be installed in the valve chamber. The influence of structural parameters on the aerodynamic noise reduction performance and noise characteristics is investigated through experimental testing and numerical simulations. Particularly, the sound insulation effect of the pipeline is specifically considered via acoustic simulation in the numerical study. It is shown that the perforated sleeve can significantly reduce the aerodynamic noise across a broad-spectrum with the mass flow rate nearly unchanged, and a remarkable noise reduction up to 21.4 dB (22.15 %) is achieved, while the noise reduction capability correlates negatively with the hole diameter and positively with the hole spacing-to-diameter ratio of the sleeve. The sleeve achieves the noise reduction by redistributing the acoustic sources in the valve flow field, reducing the overall amplitude of the aerodynamic noise energy and shifting the energy toward high frequencies. For the flow field, the sleeve reduces the velocity drop at the valve core up to 32.7 % and shares the pressure drop of the valve up to 15.6 %. The supersonic jets and shear vortices within the valve are obviously suppressed and the total turbulent kinetic energy is substantially reduced. This study indicates a practically viable solution for the noise reduction through perforated sleeves with optimized structural parameters for natural gas station valves.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 103088"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow characteristics analysis of novel dual-sleeve control valves with multi-shape throttling windows","authors":"Fang-na Xiang ,&nbsp;Yu-dong Liu ,&nbsp;Xue-jiao Hong ,&nbsp;An-qi Guan ,&nbsp;Cheng-rong Liu ,&nbsp;Ping Liu ,&nbsp;Zhi-jiang Jin ,&nbsp;Jin-yuan Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.103081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sleeve control valves are widely used for accurate flow modulation in industrial processes. However, traditional sleeve control valves usually rely only on axial adjustment, with fixed flow characteristics predefined during the manufacturing stage, which limits regulation accuracy and adaptability under diverse operating conditions. In this paper, a novel dual-sleeve control valve with two degrees of freedom in both axial and circumferential directions is designed. In this design, the flow coefficient is a two-dimensional function of the opening degrees, extending the traditional flow characteristic curve into a three-dimensional surface. The dual-axis-adjusted flow characteristics surface is accurately fitted by a quartic polynomial function. Next, the effects of three representative throttle window geometries - rectangular, triangular and funnel-shaped - on flow characteristics are investigated. Multiple inherent flow characteristics including the partial derivatives and gradient of flow coefficients are analyzed and evaluated to reveal regulation sensitivity. Furthermore, a prediction model is proposed to map flow characteristic surfaces to shape factors, allowing designers to obtain valve performance directly without repeated simulations or experiments. Finally, an automatic opening selection method is developed, balancing accuracy and response time. This work is valuable for the design and accurate regulation of sleeve control valves, enabling them to meet a wider range of operational conditions in practical engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 103081"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}