Flow Measurement and Instrumentation最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing rectangular side weir discharge prediction using stacking technique","authors":"Saeed Balahang ,&nbsp;Masoud Ghodsian","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, the impact of different variables on discharge coefficients in sharp-crested rectangular side weirs was investigated utilizing 559 experimental data points. Various methodologies, including De Marchi, Traditional weir equation (TWE), Domínguez, adjusted Domínguez, and Schmidt procedures, were employed for the analysis. Novel equations were developed to predict the discharge coefficients with greater accurately, surpassing the predictive capabilities of previous studies' equations. Additionally, three supervised machine learning algorithms, namely extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), Light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), and support vector regression (SVR), were employed to enhance the precision of discharge coefficient estimation. Among these algorithms, the XGBoost model exhibited superior performance compared to LightGBM and SVR models for forecasting discharge coefficients. Furthermore, using a stacking technique, hybrid models were constructed by combining XGBoost, LightGBM, and SVR. The hybrid models showed enhanced performance and generalization capacities than the individual models. Notably, the HYBRID₅ model, specifically designed for estimated the Schmidt coefficient, achieved outstanding statistical indices (R² = 0.995, MSE = 1.378, MRPE = 3.73 %) for calculating discharge of rectangular side weirs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102622"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141145458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydraulics of flow over triangular weirs of finite crest length in free and submerged flow conditions","authors":"Amir H. Azimi ,&nbsp;Nallamuthu Rajaratnam","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102624","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102624","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A comprehensive analysis on the hydraulics of flow over Triangular Weirs of Finite Crest Length (TWFCL) with both a sharp and a round upstream entrance was performed in free flow, modular limit, and submerged flow conditions. Many researchers studied the hydraulics of flow over TWFCLs and proposed empirical formulations that require iterative methods or need some parameters such as boundary layer thickness and Froude number which are difficult to estimate in the field. This study used the available data in the literature and proposed direct correlations between the apex angle, <em>θ</em>, and discharge coefficient, <em>C</em>_<em>d</em>, using a multi-regression analysis. The proposed non-linear formulation for prediction of discharge coefficient has an average variation of 3 % with experimental data for TWFCL with a round upstream edge and it is applicable for 30^o ≤ <em>θ</em> ≤ 90^o. A linear model was proposed for prediction of discharge coefficient in TWFCL with larger apex angles with an average variation of less than 2 %. The variation of modular limit with normalized water head indicated that TWFCLs are more resistant to the downstream water level raise than that of classic weirs of finite crest length. The effects of weir's geometry on variations of discharge reduction factor with the submergence ratio was found to be negligible in TWFCLs. A non-linear model was proposed to predict discharge reduction factor of TWFCL which was independent of weir's geometry and <em>θ</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102624"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141144108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on “Hydraulic characteristics of labyrinth sluice gates” by T. Hashem, A.Y. Mohammed, T.J. Alfatlawi","authors":"Maria Angela Serio ,&nbsp;Costanza Di Stefano ,&nbsp;Alessio Nicosia ,&nbsp;Vito Ferro","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, the stage-discharge relationship of a labyrinth sluice gate is theoretically deduced by the Π-Theorem of dimensional analysis and the self-similarity condition. This approach was then compared with the classical approach using the discharge coefficient <em>C</em>_<em>d</em> proposed by Hashem et al. (2024). The classical stage-discharge equation (Eq. 4), with the discharge coefficient estimated by the empirical relationship (Eq. (1)) proposed by Hashem et al. (2024), resulted in errors <em>E</em> that are less than or equal to ±5 % for 74.3 % of the investigated cases and a mean square error <em>MSE</em> of 0.0078. The new stage-discharge relationship, deduced by dimensional analysis and self-similarity theory, was calibrated using the dataset by Hashem et al. (2024). The obtained stage-discharge equation (Eq. 20) is characterized by errors in the discharge estimate <em>E</em> that are less than or equal to ±5 % for 82.2 % of the investigated cases and a mean square error <em>MSE</em> of 0.0051. In conclusion, the stage-discharge relationship deduced by dimensional analysis allows for the best performance in the discharge estimate, which can be obtained without knowledge of the empirical discharge coefficient.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102627"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141095527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of simple flumes with converging triangular walls","authors":"M. Ghasemi,&nbsp;Ali R. Vatankhah","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>For water management, the accurate measurement of discharge in irrigation channels is essential. Static flow measuring devices such as weirs and flumes play a significant role in discharge measurement in open channels. Flumes are one of the most commonly used devices for flow measurement. Many researchers have focused on application of simple flumes in irrigation networks. This investigation aims to study the flow discharge through a simple flume with converging triangular walls under free-flow conditions. The flume is constructed by placing two right-angled triangular plates on either side of a rectangular open channel. The channel cross section is rectangular while height of the converging walls reaches to zero at the end of the flume opening. The proposed flume is inexpensive, its operation is simple, its installation is easy and does not require high maintenance (maintenance free). The present study is designed to determine the effect of different variables on flow discharge of this kind of flumes. For this, an experimental program was conducted under upstream subcritical flow regime and under free outflow conditions to formulate the flow discharge of the flume. Flume discharge relationship was deduced using dimensional analysis method and then calibrated using the experimental data collected in this study (318 runs). The proposed discharge equation has an average absolute relative error of 1.66 %, and for 96.5 % of the measured discharge values, the relative errors are within ±5 %. To reliably estimate the flume discharge, free-flow and submerged-flow conditions should be distinguished. For this, suitable equation with an average absolute relative error less than 3.44 % was presented to estimate the submergence threshold. This flume is suitable for the rectangular channel for accurate measurement of free flow at any location on field. This particular device has considerable advantages over the other devices, as it can be quickly installed and removed for use in irrigation channels. The findings and results of this study will be of interest for practical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102623"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141077889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A permittivity imaging method in the polar coordinates: Electrical capacitance tomography based on the electromagnetic momentum","authors":"Yidan Yang ,&nbsp;Guoqiang Liu ,&nbsp;Jing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102625","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is widely used in petroleum, chemical, and other industrial detection. The ECT equations are nonlinear, and their corresponding inverse problems are ill-posed, so the imaging resolution is low. The ECT technique detects scalar data. The permittivity imaging method based on the electromagnetic momentum reciprocity theorem detects vector data, which carries more information than scalar data. To improve the ability of the imaging system to recognise permittivity boundaries, we propose a permittivity imaging method in the polar coordinate system, which is centred on electrical capacitance tomography based on the electromagnetic momentum (ECT-EMM). ECT-EMM principle with the electrodes-moving scheme and the object-moving scheme is proposed. We reconstruct the permittivity gradient from the capacitance gradient. We adopt the object-moving scheme and use the Tikhonov regularisation algorithm to reconstruct the permittivity through the permittivity gradient. The image reconstruction results and image evaluation metrics show that the proposed method clearly recognises the object boundaries compared to ECT. The proposed method performs better when using threshold filtering.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102625"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141083227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transient characteristics simulation and flow-field analysis of high-pressure pneumatic pilot-driven on/off valve via CFD method","authors":"Peng Zhang ,&nbsp;Yi Tao ,&nbsp;Chunhao Yang ,&nbsp;Wuning Ma ,&nbsp;Zhendong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To improve the internal ballistic performance of compressed-air ejection devices and achieve continuous launching, it is essential to investigate the dynamic characteristics and transient flow field during the opening and closing of the high-pressure pneumatic pilot-driven on/off valve (HPPV) within the device. A transient fluid-simulation model of the HPPV is established in Fluent using a sliding mesh and 6 Degree of Freedom (DOF) dynamic mesh technology, and experiments are conducted to evaluate the solution accuracy of the model. Meanwhile, the influence of real-gas thermal and wall heat-transfer effects on the simulation model are investigated, and the transient flow field of the HPPV is analyzed during its opening and closing under a high-pressure initial gas source. The maximum tolerance between the results of the HPPV transient fluid-simulation model based on the CFD method and experimental data is 5.87 % under different initial pressures. Both the wall heat transfer and real gas thermal effects impact the accuracy of the transient fluid model for HPPV. Considering these factors leads to a 2–3% enhancement in the solving accuracy of the model. The Joule–Thomson effect inside the pilot-valve and control gas chambers is evident. The pilot-valve chamber is susceptible to leakage and sealing failure owing to significant pressure and temperature differences between the two sides of the gas. The temperatures of the chamber for the opening and closing valves are low during the exhaust process, which enables ice to be formed easily inside the chamber.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102620"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141067963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature dependence of constant current hot-film sensors: Investigation with application to temperature correction for wall-shear stress measurements","authors":"Daoyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Jinjun Deng ,&nbsp;Yuchao Yan ,&nbsp;Jian Luo ,&nbsp;Binghe Ma ,&nbsp;Weizheng Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hot-film sensors measure wall-shear stress based on the forced convective heat transfer. Variations of ambient temperatures lead to significant measurement errors for such thermal sensors and must be corrected for sometimes. Although methods for correcting the temperature shifts of hot-film sensors driven in constant temperature or constant voltage mode have been suggested over the years, the temperature dependence and relevant correction schemes of constant current mode of operation are still open questions. In this study, temperature dependence characteristics of constant current hot-film sensors are investigated within relatively large temperature changes in air and water channel flows (28 °C and 16 °C, respectively). The specific property of constant overheat ratios under varying temperatures for constant current driving mode is found and a quite simple temperature correction function is derived on that basis to eliminate the temperature dependence without any assumed heat transfer correlation. With the correction function, the data at different ambient temperatures are collapsed to single curves with high <em>R</em>² factors over 0.99, typically. Furthermore, after correction, the relative errors of the measured wall-shear stress are reduced to within ±6 % of the true values. It will then enable the constant current hot-film sensors to calibrate at only one ambient temperature instead of a multiple range of temperatures as with many other schemes, which is more practical and convenient.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102616"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141032101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of flow over short crested weirs - case study: Quarter-circular crested weir","authors":"Abbas Parsaie ,&nbsp;damoon mohamad ali nezhadian ,&nbsp;Jahanshir Mohammadzadeh-Habili","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, the flow characteristics over a quarter-circular crested spillway (QCCS) were investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The simulations included an in-depth analysis of parameters such as flow velocity, pressure distribution, and streamline patterns. The RNG turbulence model was used to simulate the flow field and hydraulic characteristics. In particular, the simulations were performed at the design discharge. The numerical results were carefully compared with laboratory observations, showing that there is good agreement between the simulated results and the observed data. The results of the numerical simulation showed that the streamlines are completely in line with the curvature of the crest and that there is no separation zone (separation of the streamlines from the surface of the crest). furthermore, there is no negative pressure zone along the crest, which means that the risk of cavitation is eliminated. The highest value of velocity and the lowest pressure of flow occur at the outlet end of the crest.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102615"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141030510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on dynamic characteristics of laminar flow meter","authors":"Xiaolu Wang,&nbsp;Yijun Zhao,&nbsp;Haocheng Yu,&nbsp;Yichen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To research the dynamic characteristics of Laminar Flow Meter (LFM) on millisecond scale, a test device based on the pVTt gas flow standard device with a high-speed electromagnetic valve for generating unsteady flow is designed. According to the parameters of the device and the predicted characteristics of unsteady flow test, a sheet-type LFM with a range of 10 NL/min is designed, the dynamic characteristics of which under step flow and pulsating flow excitations are researched. The time-domain analysis of LFM output under step flow excitation shows that the delay time is 24.9 ms, the rise time is 29.2 ms, and the adjustment time is 55.3 ms. The results of pulsation flow test show that the LFM can effectively measure the instantaneous flow waveform of pulsating flow and the differences of cumulative flow given by the LFM and the test device are less than ±2 %. This research explores a feasible method to trace the dynamic characteristics of the LFM to the SI units, which provides a very valuable reference for researchers who encounter difficulties in flow measurement of unsteady flow research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102619"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140951302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accurate and non-contact measurement of volume percentages of oil-water fluids using microstrip sensors independent of the volume of sample using artificial neural network","authors":"Mohammad Amir Sattari,&nbsp;Mohsen Hayati","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Due to their moderate sensitivity, extremely cheap cost, ease of fabrication method, and, more crucially, the fact that they are non-invasive, planar microwave sensors have attracted a lot of interest from both industries and academics over the past years. These intriguing properties drive this field's research toward opening up a wide range of applications that go beyond oil and gas to include biological, material sensing, pollution monitoring, and other industrial uses. The main focus of this research is on the simulation and fabrication of a high-sensitivity, very small, and repeatable microwave sensor to measure volume fractions of oil and water in real-time. This sensor is designed by Ansys HFSS software and is made on the RT/Duroid 5880 (with εr = 2.2, thickness = 0.787 mm, loss tangent of 0.0009). In a polylactic acid (PLA) box made using a 3D printer, oil and water with different volume percentages will be placed on the microwave sensor in non-contact conditions. To determine volume percentages independent of the volume of the samples, different samples were analyzed in volumes of 5 ml, 10 ml, and 15 ml. The developed sensor includes two passing bands, and when exposed to crude oil with varying amounts of water, the frequencies of these bands, their insertion loss, and their prominence in these frequencies change. Due to the non-linear variations in the insertion loss, frequency, and prominence value of the two passbands, the MLP neural network is used in this study over other approaches for identifying the objective parameter. The MLP neural network's output was the water volume percentage, and its inputs were variations in the frequency, insertion loss, and prominence of the two passbands in the transmission response. Thanks to microwave sensors and artificial neural networks, volume fractions could be detected with high accuracy, independent of the volume of samples. The suggested microwave sensor could be a highly effective way to measure volume percentages in the oil sector because of its high accuracy, compact size, simplicity of transportation, non-contact feature, etc.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102621"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141047268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}