Flow Measurement and Instrumentation最新文献

{"title":"Discharge prediction model for flow through differential weir-gate structures","authors":"Prasad Sadan,&nbsp;Aniruddha D. Ghare,&nbsp;Abhijit D. Lade,&nbsp;Avinash D. Vasudeo","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102798","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102798","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study experimentally investigates a weir-gate structure that combines a rectangular opening at the base of a rectangular sharp-crested weir. This device integrates the functions of individual weirs and gates while addressing the challenges associated with each. The reported literature lacks investigations on rectangular sharp crested weir-gates with varying weir crest lengths and gate openings. To address this gap, the current study explored the hydraulic performance of such uniquely configured weir-gate structures, herein named as Differential Weir-Gates (DWG). The objective was to develop a discharge prediction model applicable to DWG (simultaneous overflow and underflow), as well as to individual weir (only overflow) and gate (only underflow) scenarios. Experiments have been conducted on 29 different DWG models with variations in weir height, gate opening, and length of weir crest. A functional relationship was established using combination of the dimensional analysis and the continuity equation. Finally, the proposed discharge model was developed through Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), demonstrating relative errors under ±10 % with an absolute mean relative error of 1.71 %. The proposed model was further evaluated using statistical indices including Coefficient of Determination (R²), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE). In comparison to the limited existing discharge models in the literature, the proposed discharge model exhibited better accuracy in predicting discharge. The proposed discharge model was slightly modified to accurately predict the discharge through a weir-gate having trapezoidal weir and rectangular gate sections as well. The surface tension effects were observed to be dominant for lower values of Weber numbers. Overall investigations indicated that the proposed discharge model can be used for accurate discharge predictions of individual weir, individual gate, and DWG with both rectangular and trapezoidal weir sections for the range of variables investigated in present study. This versatility offers significant advantage for hydraulic engineers working with weir-gates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102798"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the vortex flow field and flow-induced noise characteristics of a submarine steam regulating valve","authors":"Qi Liu,&nbsp;Chao Guo,&nbsp;Hangbo Chen,&nbsp;Zhe Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Steam regulating valve is an important device of regulating steam flow rate and pressure in a submarine steam turbine equipment, and the flow-induced noise caused in regulating process is a dominant factor affecting its regulation performance and even submarine concealment. In this paper, the steam vortex flow field in a submarine steam regulating valve, and the flow-induced noise characteristics affected by the unstable vortex flow were studied. An experimental setup for testing the far-field sound pressure level (SPL) and frequency spectrum of the steam regulating valve under different lifting degrees was built. The RNG <em>k-ε</em> turbulence model was adopted to obtain the steady flow field information, and the large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence method and Ffowcs-Williams and Hawking (FW-H) acoustic model were coupled to simulate the unsteady flow field and flow-induced acoustic characteristics of the steam regulating valve. The coupled numerical method was verified by the noise testing experiment. Correlation between the turbulent kinetic energy and the acoustic power level (APL) in steady state was discussed, and cross-sectional velocity and vorticity distribution characteristics in unsteady state were analyzed under different lifting degrees. Due to the throttling effect at the throat region, a high-velocity steam jetting flow accompanied with shearing vortices was found around the valve spool, especially under a smaller lifting degree. The dynamic evolution of unstable vortex flow on the monitoring cross sections in the conical channel was revealed. The <em>Q</em> criterion was employed to identify the vortex generation and distribution in the steam regulating valve, and the correlation of the peak <em>Q</em> with the pressure variation in the vortex flow field was discussed. The development of the maximum SPL with the maximum cross-sectional vorticity for various lifting degrees was determined by linear fitting. The far-field SPL directivity and 1/3 octave frequency spectrum characteristics for various lifting degrees were analyzed. Results showed that the SPL presented more asymmetrical distribution at a smaller noise monitoring circle around the steam regulating valve even under a greater lifting degree. And a higher SPL was often accompanied with a greater decay rate in frequency spectrum.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102795"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrodynamic cavitation induced by different nozzle shapes in pressurized conduits, instrumented by optical detection, searching for pressure correlation","authors":"Luís Gustavo Macêdo West ,&nbsp;André Jackson Ramos Simões ,&nbsp;Leandro do Rozário Teixeira ,&nbsp;Catarina Almirante dos Santos ,&nbsp;Lucas Ramalho Oliveira ,&nbsp;Lucas Gomes Pereira ,&nbsp;Vitor Pinheiro Ferreira ,&nbsp;André Luiz Andrade Simões ,&nbsp;Luciano Matos Queiroz ,&nbsp;Iuri Muniz Pepe","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102797","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102797","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrodynamic cavitation is a valuable technology for water treatment applications. It is well known that is capable of degrading molecules, inactivating microorganisms, reducing hardness, among other applications. However, this phenomenon must be controlled to ensure its adequate intensity. The aim of this study was to develop and test a nonintrusive optical system for cavitation detection and control in a modified Venturi tube. The experimental setup of a closed-loop piping system allowed a comprehensive analysis of the cavitation phenomenon, with precise control of flow rate and pressure conditions. Five different nozzle geometries were tested. The device was equipped with a light-emitting diode and a photosensor integrated into a nozzle. The average irradiance provided by the optical instrumentation effectively detected the presence of cavitation bubbles and the occurrence of single-phase flow. In addition, the study identified three robust correlations between dimensionless parameters, modeled using empirical equations that reliably fit the experimental data. These models and the optical detection system provide a consistent tool for identifying two-phase flow conditions in pipelines. The dimensionless ratio between the standard deviation of the pressure and the mean pressure in the section downstream of the nozzle increased with the flow rate and bubble density, reflecting the intensity of the cavitation-induced turbulence. Analysis of the results for the five nozzles led to the identification of the most efficient geometry in terms of pressure drop and cavitation intensity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102797"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A mini review on contamination control in ultrapure liquids for semiconductor manufacturing – From the perspective of liquid-solid interfaces","authors":"Yingnan Shen ,&nbsp;Liang Hu ,&nbsp;Wentao Chai ,&nbsp;Junhao Miao ,&nbsp;Hongjun Ye ,&nbsp;Jinjia Xu ,&nbsp;Rui Su ,&nbsp;Xin Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102791","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102791","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The contamination control in ultrapure liquids for integrated circuit manufacturing is becoming increasingly important as the technology node reaches 10 nm and beyond. The particles, metals, ions, bacteria, and undesired organic compounds need to be strictly controlled via the liquid processing devices such as degassing, TOC degradation, ion exchange, and terminal filtration and purification. In this mini review, we summarize the contamination control processes in these liquid processing devices from the perspective of liquid-solid interfaces involved in the removal or capture of the corresponding micro contaminants. We also propose the key points and promising directions of future developments of the liquid contamination control methods for the semiconductor industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102791"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyses of the transient turbulence flow in a 3D impeller axial pump using Novel vibration signals and Inner dynamic simulation techniques","authors":"Ahmed Ramadhan Al-Obaidi ,&nbsp;Jassim Alhamid","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102779","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102779","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research examines the influence of transient flow conditions on the relative flow channel between the surrounding flow field and impeller, highlighting their contribution to pulsation phenomena and the unstable performance frequently seen in axial flow pumps. To ensure the accuracy of results, both numerical and experimental simulations were validated through physical model testing. The study primarily investigates the pressure pulsation characteristics and impeller flow field at various flow rates and blade angles (3° to −3°) with various distinct operating conditions. Findings reveal that as the flow rate decreases, the axial pump's stability diminishes, leading to heightened pressure pulsations in several regions of the flow field. Additionally, adjusting the blade angle between −3° and 3° results in increased flow instability, higher pressure pulsation levels, and more frequent rotor-stator interactions. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of how flow dynamics and blade geometry affect the performance and stability of axial flow pumps. particularly in zones where the flow is already unstable. The highest levels of pulsations were observed in the distributor components, with a strong correlation to the blade angle amplitude of the impeller. This research provides significant insights into the underlying mechanisms of flow dynamics in axial pumps and offers a foundation for optimizing and improving pump stability and design. These findings will benefit scientists and engineers by advancing the understanding of pump flow behavior and informing future studies on axial pump turbines under various operating conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102779"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstruction of liquid metal flow velocity field based on electromagnetic flow tomography","authors":"Lei Han ,&nbsp;Wenrong Yang ,&nbsp;Jing Liu ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Li ,&nbsp;Guoqiang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electromagnetic flowmeters are one of the most commonly used means of measuring liquid metal flow rates, but traditional electromagnetic flowmeters experience significant systematic errors when measuring the flow rate of liquid metals with non-axisymmetric or uneven distribution. Therefore, this paper proposes a method based on electromagnetic flow tomography (EMFT) to measure the flow velocity field of liquid metals. The EMFT technique reconstructs symmetric and asymmetric flow velocity distributions by means of multidirectional magnetic field excitation and multiple electrodes to measure the induced potentials. In this paper, the sensitivity formula applicable to liquid metals is re-derived based on the reciprocity theorem, and an image reconstruction algorithm is applied to achieve online reconstruction of the velocity field. The experimental results show that the method in this paper can accurately reflect the distribution of various velocity fields, such as axisymmetric, non-axisymmetric and clogging, and has good application prospects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102792"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical optimization of bevel angle in conical entrance multihole plates to reduce pressure losses","authors":"Hasan Düz","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102778","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102778","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multihole plates are employed in many fluid flow systems with purpose to eliminate the issues arisen from distorted flows created by pipe fittings or to control pressure or flow rate in the line by its high pressure loss. However, high pressure losses are undesirable in the flow system since causes lots of pump power consumption. Therefore, to minimize its high pressure loss, conical entrance multihole plate type was considered in this study and optimized numerically by varying orifice inlet conical angle.</div><div>Multihole plate inside a horizontal straight circular pipe with standard length requirements upstream and downstream were tested numerically with steady adiabatic and isothermal water flow over a wide range of Reynolds numbers between 2967 and 847728 utilizing time averaged turbulent flow equations. Published empirical data and formulas validate the numerical results. Upon plots of flow coefficients, an optimum conical angle around 20° which makes the pressure loss minimum was determined as regardless of Reynolds number. In comparison to multihole plate with sharp-edged orifice inlets, pressure loss was reduced by 48–55 % at this optimum conical angle, about 25 percent more efficient than 45° conical angle as a familiarized one. Reynolds number independence region starts at very low Reynolds number for MO plate with conical angles below 30°, nearly eight times smaller than one for 45° conical angle. Vena contracta velocity was found responsible on the turbulence production in the orifice flow expansion section which leads to most pressure loss caused by MO plate drag. Therefore, orifice conical geometry reduced pressure loss by yielding lower Vena contracta velocities compared to sharp square-edged orifices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102778"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An outlier robust detection method for online monitoring data of dissolved gases in transformer oils","authors":"Zhijun Li ,&nbsp;Weigen Chen ,&nbsp;Xinrong Yan ,&nbsp;Quan Zhou ,&nbsp;Huaixiang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The concentration of gas in insulation oil is the main basis for judging the health status of transformers. A robust detection method for outliers based on online monitoring data of dissolved gas in transformer oil is proposed to judge the operation status of transformers more accurately. The online detection device for dissolved gas in transformer oil based on tunable laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) multicomponent gas is designed. Based on the near-infrared absorption band of the basic fault characteristic gas of the transformer, lasers with different wavelengths are selected, combined with semiconductor sensors to measure the characteristic gas, and the second harmonic wave to the gas phase concentration is completed based on the piecewise linear fitting of the least squares, the conversion calculation from gas phase to liquid phase enables online monitoring data acquisition of dissolved gas in transformer oil. Based on the robust statistical theory and the characteristics of the abnormal value of the online monitoring data of dissolved gas in transformer oil, a robust multivariate detection method of minimum covariance determinant (MCD) for the abnormal value of characteristic gas is proposed. This method uses the idea of iteration and Mahalanobis distance to construct a robust covariance estimator, detect the abnormal value, and classify the abnormal and normal data. To solve the problem that the MCD algorithm may fain under specific conditions in the detection process, an optimization algorithm of MCD algorithm - high-dimensional robust covariance matrix robust estimation algorithm (MRCD) is proposed to improve the robustness of the detection process. The experimental results show that the absolute error of the on-line monitoring data acquisition results of dissolved gas in transformer oil is controlled within 2 μL/L, and the abnormal values in the monitoring data can be accurately detected, and the detection reliability is high, which meets the requirements of practical application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102793"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review and prospect of high-precision Coriolis mass flowmeters for hydrogen flow measurement","authors":"Xiangxiang Pei ,&nbsp;Xiaobin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102790","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102790","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mass flow rate determination is critical for the production, transportation, trade, and utilization of liquid hydrogen (LH₂). The extreme operational conditions associated with LH₂ and hydrogen gas (GH₂) pose significant challenges to achieving accurate measurements. Among the available instruments, the Coriolis mass flowmeter (CMF) shows the most potential for accurately measuring hydrogen flow rate. This paper reviews the recent technical advancements about the impact of extreme properties of LH₂ and GH₂, along with operating parameters, on CMF performance. The primary focus lies in understanding the mechanisms and compensation strategies for factors such as density, temperature, pressure, vibration, and two-phase flow. Given the variability of LH₂ and GH₂ application scenarios, special attention is paid to discussing technologies for correcting zero shifts during measurements. Ultimately, strategies are proposed to mitigate the adverse effects of LH₂ and GH₂ on high-precision measurements. This review offers an outlook for further research on CMF for hydrogen.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102790"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sound velocity measurement of pipeline fluids based on wavenumber-frequency spectrum","authors":"Rui Pei ,&nbsp;Danping Jia ,&nbsp;Kun Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhensheng Zang ,&nbsp;Bo Liu ,&nbsp;Yixuan Lv ,&nbsp;Yong Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102789","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102789","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate measurement of components in multiphase flows holds significant scientific and societal importance, particularly in the energy extraction sector, which is crucial for optimizing production efficiency. The components of multiphase flow can be determined by measuring the speed of sound in the pipeline fluid. However, traditional sound velocity measurement methods often suffer low repeatability and are unsuitable for multiphase flows. This paper introduces a new measurement technique based on the wavenumber-frequency (<span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>ω</mi></mrow></math></span>) spectrum to achieve accurate measurement of sound velocity in medium. Firstly, we derive the one-dimensional acoustic formula for the pipeline and establish the acoustic signal model at various positions along its axial direction. Next, we explore the frequency domain superposition characteristics of the downstream and upstream \"acoustic ridges\". Secondly, the theoretical formulas for calculating sound velocity in the single-phase and two-phase flow of air and water and the influence of different pipe materials, diameters and wall thickness on sound velocity are analyzed. Additionally, the sampling window length of the line array sensors is adjusted based on the speed of sound, the critical frequency corresponding to different pipe diameters is filtered and pre-processed. 2D Fast Fourier Transform (2D FFT) algorithm and frequency beam forming (FDBM) algorithm are applied to convert the data into the wavenumber-frequency domain for simulation and analysis. Finally, A DN50 stainless steel pipe equipped with piezoelectric array sensors was used to experiment. Compared to theoretical data, the relative error of the measured sound velocity in the single-phase flow of water is 2.13 %, with a repeatability of 0.78 %. For the two-phase flow of water and air, the relative error is 2.94 %, and the repeatability is 1.62 %. This demonstrates the feasibility of measuring sound velocity using the wavenumber-frequency spectrum.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102789"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}