{"title":"Comprehensive characterization of a pneumatic active flow control system using in-situ hot wire calibration","authors":"Cenk Çetin , Mehmet Metin Yavuz","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102815","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102815","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pneumatic active flow control systems have great potential to control the aerodynamic phenomena including, separation, circulation, and turbulence. To quantify the effectiveness of such flow control schemes, thorough characterization of developed systems is critical in addition to estimating aerodynamic and stability favor. In the present work, experimental characterization of an in-house active blowing system capable of steady and periodic excitations, based on fast switching solenoid valves, is presented via in-situ calibration scheme. Measurements are performed using a constant temperature anemometry system, and characterization is presented for a sample 45<sup>o</sup> swept delta wing aerodynamic surface. The performance of the developed system is comprehensively investigated for a square wave form excitation with control parameters including an excitation frequency range of 1–32 Hz, duty cycle values of 25 and 50 %, and supply line regulator settings corresponding to supply rate range of 34 m/s ≤ <span><math><mrow><msub><mover><mi>U</mi><mo>‾</mo></mover><mrow><mtext>blow</mtext><mo>,</mo><mtext>ref</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> ≤ 60 m/s. The results indicate that the response of the flow control system to control signals is influenced by both the signal parameters and the aerodynamic surface design. Full characterization of such systems using in-situ approaches provides valuable calibration schemes for the mentioned parameters, which is crucial for assessing aerodynamic effectiveness and developing closed-loop flow control systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102815"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seyed Milad Salehi , Liyun Lao , Nigel Simms , Wolfgang Drahm , Yaoying Lin , Alfred Rieder , Andreas Güttler
{"title":"Advancing two-phase wet gas flow measurement with Coriolis meters: Optimal sensor orientation and a new model development","authors":"Seyed Milad Salehi , Liyun Lao , Nigel Simms , Wolfgang Drahm , Yaoying Lin , Alfred Rieder , Andreas Güttler","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2025.102809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a novel wet gas model was developed based on the internal parameter of a Coriolis prototype to measure two-phase wet gas flow. Additionally, an optimal orientation of the Coriolis sensor was proposed to address challenges in the horizontal wet gas flow. Two Coriolis prototypes– one with a long-bent flow tubes (Type A), and another with short-bent flow tubes (Type B) – were employed to conduct tests in both vertical upward and horizontal pipelines. Different sensor axial angles (0, 40, 90, and 180°) were selected for testing in the horizontal section. Among different orientations (angles), it was found that the 40-degree angle outperforms the other installations in terms of the response proximity and over-reading of gas flow (OR). To understanding the impact of flow pattern on the response, a detailed analysis of different flow patterns in the wet gas was considered. A new correlation was developed between the damping factor of the Coriolis and both X<sub>LM</sub> and the total mass flow rate, leading to the proposal of a new wet gas model to predict gas and liquid flow rates with acceptable accuracy. In scenarios involving higher Froude numbers and annular flow patterns, which are more likely to occur, the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) for the entire range of wetness (0 < X<sub>LM</sub> < 0.3) is 3.9 % for gas flow rate and 4.3 % for liquid flow rate with an uncertainty of 2.7 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102809"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research on a large torque surface-mounted magnetic screw mechanism and its application on 2D flow valve","authors":"Penghui Xiang, Bin Meng, Yuzhou Huang, Leidi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102807","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102807","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel surface-mounted magnetic screw mechanism (SMMSM) with large output torque and high magnetic energy utilization is proposed. To study the torque-displacement characteristics, the analytical model of SMMSM is derived based on the equivalent magnetic charge theory, virtual displacement method and superposition principle. The influence of the spiral angle of SMMSM, number of magnetic bar, thickness of magnetic bar, and thickness of air gap on the torque are explored, and key structural parameters are selected to design and manufacture the prototype. A static and dynamic experimental platform is built, and the experiment show that the maximum output torque of the SMMSM can reach 1.185 N m at a displacement of 1 mm, and the step response time is 27.5 ms, which are substantially superior to the existing maglev couplings. Finally, the SMMSM is applied to 2D flow valve. The experiments show that the SMMSM-based 2D flow valve has the advantages of large flow rate, high system pressure and fast dynamic response: the maximum flow rate is 167.8 L/min at a system pressure of 25 MPa, the step response time is 16.5 ms, and the amplitude-frequency width is 46.0 Hz, which is also superior to the existing maglev 2D flow valves in terms of these performance indexes. The research indicates the SMMSM-based 2D flow valve can be used as a potential solution for electro-hydraulic servo-proportional valves.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102807"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haohui Cai , Huaizhi Zhang , Kaixi Zhou , Kunwei Lin , Xin Wang , Wensi Liu , Xiao-Yu Tang
{"title":"Physically Constrained Generative Adversarial Network Data Augmentation Method for Multichannel Ultrasonic Flowmeters of Natural Gas","authors":"Haohui Cai , Huaizhi Zhang , Kaixi Zhou , Kunwei Lin , Xin Wang , Wensi Liu , Xiao-Yu Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102804","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102804","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the performance evaluation process of ultrasonic flowmeters, there are issues such as high cost of acquiring real flow data and severe scarcity of data. Traditional data augmentation methods suffer from problems such as low accuracy and poor diversity, making it difficult to effectively model ultrasonic flowmeter data. This paper proposes a method that incorporates physical constraints into a conditional Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network with gradient penalties (CWGAN-GP) for ultrasonic flowmeters data augmentation. Experimental results demonstrate that the data generated by our model meets the requirements in terms of accuracy and diversity, and closely aligns with the distribution of the original data. In the performance evaluation of ultrasonic flowmeters, the evaluation model derived from data generated by our method demonstrates a reduction in the average percentage error by 1.495% compared to the assessment using original data without data augmentation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102804"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xingfu Deng , Chuan Wang , Yang Chen , Ran Li , Shanjun Liu , Ruidi Bai
{"title":"Impact of vegetation cover on the hydraulic characteristics of rectangular and rounded broad-crested weirs","authors":"Xingfu Deng , Chuan Wang , Yang Chen , Ran Li , Shanjun Liu , Ruidi Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102808","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102808","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydraulic characteristics of rectangular and rounded broad-crested weirs covered by flexible vegetation were studied in a laboratory flume. Free-surface and velocity profiles were measured for a range of upstream head relative to weir crest lengths 0.075 < <em>H</em>/<em>L</em> < 1.3 and equivalent vegetation roughness heights 18 mm < <em>k</em><sub><em>s</em></sub> < 318 mm. The results demonstrated significant differences in hydraulic performance between the smooth- and vegetated-crested weirs. The effect of vegetation roughness on discharge reduction was reflected by the boundary shear stress on the weir crest. Analysis of the discharge coefficient data suggested that flow over vegetated-crested weirs with different vegetation cover densities can be classified into broad-crested weir flow for 0.1 < <em>H</em>/<em>L</em> < 0.4 and narrow-crested weir flow for 0.4 < <em>H</em>/<em>L</em> < 1.3. The flow discharge coefficient increased with increasing <em>H</em>/<em>L</em>, <em>H</em>/(<em>H</em> + <em>P</em>), and <em>H</em>/<em>k</em><sub><em>s</em></sub>. Two formulae were proposed to predict the flow discharge coefficient correction over vegetated-crested weirs with different crest lengths and heights, for both rectangular and rounded crested weirs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102808"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of a novel Hybrid Hydrodynamic Particle Simulation Methodology for Estimating Discharge Coefficient of Broad-Crested Weirs","authors":"Sadra Shadkani , Mahdi Mohammadi Sergini , Faezeh Malekzadeh , Ali Saber , Nazanin Kabiri , Alireza Goodarzi , Amirreza Pak","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102806","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102806","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Weirs are crucial for flow measurement and water level regulation, with the discharge coefficient (C<sub>d</sub>) influenced by factors such as crest length, height, upstream head, and slope. This study optimizes C<sub>d</sub> estimation for broad-crested weirs using hybrid hydrodynamic particle simulation and physics-enhanced machine learning models. It investigates the impact of geometric parameters, crest length, weir height, slope angles on C<sub>d</sub> by conducting 432 simulations<del>.</del> The primary outcome is the development of multi-variable regression equations to predict C<sub>d</sub>, along with detailed water level and velocity profile analyses. Three advanced models: Physics-Enhanced Machine Learning (PEML), Physics-Regularized Regression Trees (PRRT), and Hybrid Hydrodynamic Particle Simulation (HHPS) are evaluated. The HHPS model outperforms others with DC of 0.998 and 0.996, RMSE of 0.013 and 0.017, WI of 0.999 and 0.998, and NSE of 0.998 and 0.997 for training and testing dataset, respectively, showing exceptional predictive accuracy. A sensitivity analysis using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) was used in this study. Upstream head-to-weir height ratio (H<sub>1</sub>/P) and flow rate (Q) with SHAP values of +0.15 and +0.11, respectively, have the greatest impact on C<sub>d</sub> modeling. Also, this study enhances the understanding of weir flow dynamics and provides practical tools for engineers and hydrologists. By integrating physics-based simulations with machine learning, it sets a new precision benchmark for hydraulic structure design and analysis, impacting water resource management and environmental engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102806"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Numerical simulation of the multiscale cavitation flow in a hydraulic slide valve","authors":"Wen An, Qingjun Yang, Gang Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102805","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102805","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cylindrical slide valves are commonly used in various hydraulic control systems. Due to their working characteristics, cavitation often occurs when hydraulic oil flows through the valve port, which threatens the stability of the entire hydraulic system. Therefore, the study of cavitation phenomena inside valves has important practical significance.</div><div>This study used the Euler-Lagrange bidirectional coupled multi-scale cavitation model to simulate the cavitation phenomenon inside a cylindrical slide valve numerically. We examined the specific morphological characteristics of cavitation occurring at various positions within the valve and investigated the influence of oil temperature on the size of microbubbles. The results indicate that the cavitation morphology at the sharp edge of the valve port is greatly affected by the temperature of the hydraulic oil. It is a traveling cavitation at low temperatures, and as the oil temperature increases, it gradually transforms into cloud cavitation. The macroscopic cavitation bubble shape inside the low-pressure chamber of the valve gradually stabilizes with the increase of inlet oil temperature. The Sauter diameter of micro-bubbles inside the valve decreases with increasing oil temperature. In addition, the inlet oil temperature will have a certain degree of impact on the mass-weighted diameter distribution of microbubbles flowing out from the valve outlet. Therefore, in actual working conditions, removing air bubbles within a specific size range in hydraulic oil is recommended to reduce the adverse effects of hydraulic oil cavitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102805"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Numerical investigation on vortex characteristics inside a jet pump under low entrainment ratio conditions","authors":"Hua Fan, Dongyin Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102800","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102800","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The entrainment ratio is a crucial parameter affecting jet pump performance and efficiency. A low entrainment ratio induces chaotic flow patterns within the pump, leading to reduced efficiency. Understanding these chaotic flow patterns is essential for optimizing jet pump design and operation. In this study, the mesh was optimized for low entrainment ratio conditions, and the internal flow field of the jet pump was simulated. The results revealed the presence of multiple vortices between the shear layer and the pump wall under low entrainment ratio conditions. These vortices were classified into primary and secondary vortices based on their size. Secondary vortices have a negligible effect on pump performance, while primary vortices facilitate energy transfer by supporting the shear layer when it cannot fully extend to the wall. However, primary vortices also cause irreversible energy losses and elevate frictional resistance along the inner wall, leading to a decrease in efficiency. Using a working fluid with a lower viscosity but similar density results in a minor efficiency improvement. Strategies such as increasing the entrainment ratio, optimizing the area ratio, adjusting the nozzle exit position, and using a converging throat effectively reduced the primary vortex size and improved jet pump efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102800"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jinyue Li , Yibin Li , Jiadi Lian , Liejiang Wei , Renhui Zhang
{"title":"Experimental study on transient self-priming process of rotary lobe pump","authors":"Jinyue Li , Yibin Li , Jiadi Lian , Liejiang Wei , Renhui Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102803","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102803","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this study is to examine the variations in self-priming performance and external characteristic parameters of a rotor pump during the start-up and self-priming transition phases. To this end, a self-priming performance test apparatus, appropriate for high suction range pumps, was developed. By monitoring the fluctuations in inlet vacuum levels and external characteristic parameters throughout the self-priming process, experiments were conducted under five distinct conditions: inlet vacuum levels of 0.07 MPa, and rotational speeds of 200 rpm, 250 rpm, 300 rpm, 350 rpm, and 400 rpm. The results obtained offer insights into the alterations in external characteristic parameters during the self-priming process. Based on the phase state of the suction medium, the self-priming process can be categorized into three stages: the inspiratory stage, the gas-liquid mixed transport stage, and the normal operation stage. The experimental findings indicate that the operating speed significantly influences the self-priming process, primarily reflected in the changes in external parameters. The response of shaft power to the inlet vacuum degree is more pronounced at higher speeds. From the perspective of flow rate variation, the rate of flow change is faster at higher speeds, and the conveying efficiency is higher during the gas-liquid mixed transport stage. Analyzing the self-priming performance reveals that speed has a greater impact on the inspiratory stage of the self-priming process and a lesser impact on the gas-liquid mixed transport stage. The differences in the duration of the self-priming process at various speeds are mainly attributed to the duration of the inspiratory stage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102803"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gas-liquid two-phase flow measurement using dual-plane REFCS coupling the stacking ensemble learning","authors":"Hong-wei Li, Biao Ma, Ke-ke Chen, Lei Wang, Bin-xin Qiao, Zhi-cheng Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gas-liquid two-phase flow, a common multiphase flow, is widely present in petrochemical industry, aerospace technology, electric power generation, biopharmaceutical aspect, and other fields. Due to the complexity, randomness, and instability of its flow structure, accurate measurement of the gas-liquid two-phase flow parameter remains a challenging problem. For these above problems, in this study, an integrated sixteen-electrode dual-plane rotating electric field conductance sensor (DPREFCS) is designed for acquiring abundant flow information of gas-liquid two-phase flow in both time and space. Then a dual-parameter mixed boosting prediction model based on the Stacking ensemble learning algorithm is established for measuring the gas volume fraction and liquid volume flowrate of gas-liquid two-phase flow. The final prediction results illustrate this method can effectively measure the two parameters of gas-liquid two-phase flow, which provides a new approach for the multi-parameter measurement method of gas-liquid two-phase flow.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50440,"journal":{"name":"Flow Measurement and Instrumentation","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102794"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}