IET Control Theory and Applications最新文献

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Multivariable Control of Wastewater Treatment Process Based on Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning 基于多智能体深度强化学习的污水处理过程多变量控制
IF 2.2 4区 计算机科学
IET Control Theory and Applications Pub Date : 2025-04-20 DOI: 10.1049/cth2.70021
Shengli Du, Rui Sun, Peixi Chen
{"title":"Multivariable Control of Wastewater Treatment Process Based on Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning","authors":"Shengli Du,&nbsp;Rui Sun,&nbsp;Peixi Chen","doi":"10.1049/cth2.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cth2.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper investigates the multivariable control of wastewater treatment processes (WWTP). This paper integrates deep reinforcement learning (DRL) with PID control and proposes a multivariable adaptive PID control strategy based on multi-agent DRL (MADRL) for WWTP. The approach begins with the construction of a MADRL-PID controller structure, consisting of an agent and a PID controller module. The agent adjusts the PID controller values while the PID module calculates the control signal. To enhance the agent's ability to cooperatively tune multiple PID controllers, the algorithm's components–reward function, action space, environment, and state space–are designed according to the BSM1 simulation platform principles and the MADRL framework requirements. Additionally, to handle WWTP's non-linearities, uncertainties, and parameter coupling, the multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm is selected as the foundation for training the agents. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm exhibits greater adaptability than traditional PID control and achieves superior control performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":50382,"journal":{"name":"IET Control Theory and Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/cth2.70021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Data-Based H ∞ ${H_infty }$ Optimal Tracking Control of Completely Unknown Linear Systems Under Input Constraints 输入约束条件下基于数据的完全未知线性系统的 H ∞ ${H_infty }$ 优化跟踪控制
IF 2.2 4区 计算机科学
IET Control Theory and Applications Pub Date : 2025-04-20 DOI: 10.1049/cth2.70022
Peyman Ahmadi, Aref Shahmansoorian, Mehdi Rahmani
{"title":"Data-Based \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 H\u0000 ∞\u0000 \u0000 ${H_infty }$\u0000 Optimal Tracking Control of Completely Unknown Linear Systems Under Input Constraints","authors":"Peyman Ahmadi,&nbsp;Aref Shahmansoorian,&nbsp;Mehdi Rahmani","doi":"10.1049/cth2.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cth2.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents an <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>H</mi>\u0000 <mi>∞</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>${H_infty }$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> optimal tracking control approach for linear systems with unknown models and input constraints. The proposed method is based on data-based adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) that is computationally tractable and does not require model approximation. This study consists of two new algorithms: a model-based constrained control algorithm and a data-based algorithm for systems with completely unknown models. A lower bound for the <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>H</mi>\u0000 <mi>∞</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>${H_infty }$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> attenuation coefficient is determined to ensure optimality. Additionally, the approach allows for constraints on the amplitude and frequency of the control signal, which are incorporated using the idea of inverse optimal control (IOC). The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through a simulation example, showcasing its ability to achieve robust tracking performance and satisfy input constraints.</p>","PeriodicalId":50382,"journal":{"name":"IET Control Theory and Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/cth2.70022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Human-on-the-Loop Control in Surface Mount Technology via Deep Reinforcement Learning 基于深度强化学习的表面贴装技术中的人在环控制
IF 2.2 4区 计算机科学
IET Control Theory and Applications Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI: 10.1049/cth2.70028
Qianqian Zhang, Pengfei Li, Yun-Bo Zhao, Yu Kang
{"title":"Human-on-the-Loop Control in Surface Mount Technology via Deep Reinforcement Learning","authors":"Qianqian Zhang,&nbsp;Pengfei Li,&nbsp;Yun-Bo Zhao,&nbsp;Yu Kang","doi":"10.1049/cth2.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cth2.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Considering the importance of solder paste printing in the production process of surface mounted technology (SMT), as well as the decisive impact of key process parameters on the solder paste printing effect. Traditional methods, whether manual or machine tuning, suffer from significant production capacity losses due to long downtime, and machines cannot adaptively adjust parameters based on human expert knowledge, thereby affecting the qualification rate of solder paste printing and the efficiency of SMT production lines. This paper proposes a human–machine integration optimization method for key printing process parameters. By establishing a printing quality prediction model and a key process parameter strategy model, a closed-loop control system has been formed to achieve machine autonomous parameter tuning with expert knowledge. And this paper has completed the establishment of the strategy model based on deep reinforcement learning methods, enabling the SMT production line to predict and adjust key process parameters in real time based on SPI data. In addition, the optimization method described in this paper retains the final decision-making authority of human operators to ensure emergency correction of prediction bias and decision failure history in the system. The final experimental results of this paper indicate that the proposed optimization method performs well in terms of qualification rate, correction effect, SPI data prediction, etc. These demonstrate the effectiveness and value of the proposed human-on-the-loop optimization method in SMT production lines.</p>","PeriodicalId":50382,"journal":{"name":"IET Control Theory and Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/cth2.70028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143846073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dual-Layer Model Predictive Control for Multi-Vessels Formation With Predefined-Time and Collision-Free Strategy 采用预定时间和无碰撞策略的多船编队双层模型预测控制
IF 2.2 4区 计算机科学
IET Control Theory and Applications Pub Date : 2025-04-16 DOI: 10.1049/cth2.70029
Han Xue, Kaibiao Sun
{"title":"Dual-Layer Model Predictive Control for Multi-Vessels Formation With Predefined-Time and Collision-Free Strategy","authors":"Han Xue,&nbsp;Kaibiao Sun","doi":"10.1049/cth2.70029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cth2.70029","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As the demand for various practical applications continues to increase, challenges such as time consumption have compromised the real-time capabilities of formation agents. Model predictive control (MPC) is known for its computational complexity, which can result in synchronisation issues among followers and leaders. In this study, we propose a dual-layer formation control strategy. The upper layer focuses on trajectory planning and collision avoidance, utilising MPC and control barrier functions to derive the desired velocities. Within the MPC framework, this approach simplifies the control of second-order systems—incorporating both trajectories and velocities—into first-order systems that only require trajectory management. In the lower layer, we establish a new predefined-time leader-follower formation control for multiple vessels, designed to achieve the desired velocity. The proposed method is validated through simulations involving multiple unmanned surface vessels.</p>","PeriodicalId":50382,"journal":{"name":"IET Control Theory and Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/cth2.70029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Risk-Aware Control: Integrating Worst-Case Conditional Value-At-Risk With Control Barrier Function 风险感知控制:最坏情况条件风险值与控制障碍函数的集成
IF 2.2 4区 计算机科学
IET Control Theory and Applications Pub Date : 2025-04-15 DOI: 10.1049/cth2.70024
Masako Kishida
{"title":"Risk-Aware Control: Integrating Worst-Case Conditional Value-At-Risk With Control Barrier Function","authors":"Masako Kishida","doi":"10.1049/cth2.70024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cth2.70024","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In safety-critical control systems such as autonomous vehicles and medical devices, managing the risk of rare but severe tail events under uncertainty is crucial. This paper addresses this challenge by proposing a risk-aware control framework that integrates the worst-case conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) with control barrier functions (CBFs). Specifically, we formulate risk-aware safety constraints based on the worst-case CVaR, and show that the resulting risk-aware controllers can be computed via quadratic programs (for half-space and polytopic safe sets) or a semidefinite program (for ellipsoidal safe sets). Numerical simulations on an inverted pendulum illustrate that the proposed approach ensures safety under various scenarios and significantly reduces the safety constraint violation compared to existing CBF approaches. Overall, we show that incorporating worst-case CVaR into CBF design offers a tractable solution for safety-critical applications under uncertainty.</p>","PeriodicalId":50382,"journal":{"name":"IET Control Theory and Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/cth2.70024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Optimal Control-Based Dominance Regions for Boundary-Guarding Games with Rotationally-Constrained Autonomous Vehicles 基于最优控制的旋转约束自动驾驶车辆边界保护博弈优势区域
IF 2.2 4区 计算机科学
IET Control Theory and Applications Pub Date : 2025-04-15 DOI: 10.1049/cth2.70023
Xinxin Guo, Yucheng Zhang, Guixi Ke, Weisheng Yan, Rongxin Cui
{"title":"Optimal Control-Based Dominance Regions for Boundary-Guarding Games with Rotationally-Constrained Autonomous Vehicles","authors":"Xinxin Guo,&nbsp;Yucheng Zhang,&nbsp;Guixi Ke,&nbsp;Weisheng Yan,&nbsp;Rongxin Cui","doi":"10.1049/cth2.70023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cth2.70023","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article solves dominance regions for boundary-guarding games based on optimal control, where autonomous vehicles with rotation constraints serve as defenders to guard the target zone. Based on the definition of transition point, the minimum reach time is explicitly expressed in unbounded and convex domains, respectively. Using the proposed explicit expression of minimum reach time, this article develops a numerical algorithm to generate dominance regions for boundary-guarding games. Finally, simulation results are provided to verify the algorithmic validity to generate dominance regions for rotationally-constrained autonomous vehicles.</p>","PeriodicalId":50382,"journal":{"name":"IET Control Theory and Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/cth2.70023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Distributed NE Seeking for Networked Euler-Lagrange Systems With Constrained Communication 具有约束通信的网络欧拉-拉格朗日系统的分布式网元搜索
IF 2.2 4区 计算机科学
IET Control Theory and Applications Pub Date : 2025-04-14 DOI: 10.1049/cth2.70020
Yuanyuan Xu, Xin Cai, Xingzhi Chen, Bingpeng Gao, Xinyuan Nan
{"title":"Distributed NE Seeking for Networked Euler-Lagrange Systems With Constrained Communication","authors":"Yuanyuan Xu,&nbsp;Xin Cai,&nbsp;Xingzhi Chen,&nbsp;Bingpeng Gao,&nbsp;Xinyuan Nan","doi":"10.1049/cth2.70020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cth2.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The paper studies the distributed Nash equilibrium (NE) seeking problem for noncooperative games of networked Euler-Lagrange systems with unknown parameters. Unlike the existing work based on the tracking method, resorting to a sliding-mode extended state observer for the estimation of unknown parts in the Euler-Lagrange system, a distributed algorithm is proposed to seek NE of the game. Moreover, to facilitate the practical applications of the designed continuous-time algorithm, a local event-triggered communication scheme is presented to alleviate communication burden. Finally, the formation of networked Euler-Lagrange systems is taken as an example to verify the proposed algorithm.</p>","PeriodicalId":50382,"journal":{"name":"IET Control Theory and Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/cth2.70020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Elevator Speed Tracking Using Event-Triggered Model Predictive Control with Learning-Based Initialisation 基于学习初始化的事件触发模型预测控制的电梯速度跟踪
IF 2.2 4区 计算机科学
IET Control Theory and Applications Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1049/cth2.70017
Bo Chen, Huaqing Liu, Zheming Wang, Ke Li, Yin Shen, Liang Wang
{"title":"Elevator Speed Tracking Using Event-Triggered Model Predictive Control with Learning-Based Initialisation","authors":"Bo Chen,&nbsp;Huaqing Liu,&nbsp;Zheming Wang,&nbsp;Ke Li,&nbsp;Yin Shen,&nbsp;Liang Wang","doi":"10.1049/cth2.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cth2.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper is concerned with the problem of elevator speed tracking. To reduce the computational complexity of the standard model predictive control (MPC), we propose an event-triggered MPC method that guarantees control effectiveness. This method includes two control stages: initialisation and online optimisation. During the initialisation stage, a supervised learning technique is employed to approximate the MPC using sample data. The online optimisation stage involves controlling the elevator system to track an ideal speed curve with a designed event-triggering mechanism. The proposed method is evaluated against the standard MPC in the simulation by tracking various speed curves. The results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly reduces computational time while preserving tracking accuracy, making it more suitable for real-world elevator systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":50382,"journal":{"name":"IET Control Theory and Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/cth2.70017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Spin Recovery of High-Angle-of-Attack Aircraft With Altitude Gain Reduction in the Presence of Aerodynamic Uncertainty: A MIMO Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Approach 气动不确定性下高度增益降低的大攻角飞机自旋恢复:一种MIMO超扭滑模方法
IF 2.2 4区 计算机科学
IET Control Theory and Applications Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1049/cth2.70018
Ahmad Bagheri, Mohammad Danesh
{"title":"Spin Recovery of High-Angle-of-Attack Aircraft With Altitude Gain Reduction in the Presence of Aerodynamic Uncertainty: A MIMO Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Approach","authors":"Ahmad Bagheri,&nbsp;Mohammad Danesh","doi":"10.1049/cth2.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cth2.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To recover steady, straight-level flight of a high-angle-of-attack aircraft from its oscillatory spin, a MIMO super-twisting sliding control approach is proposed in this study. Since at high angles of attack, the aerodynamics governing the aircraft is highly nonlinear, tabulated data are utilised to ensure the validity of the results up to an angle of attack of 90°. Regarding uncertain aerodynamic coefficients, the robustness of the control approach is necessary. It is shown that the first-order classical sliding control and power rate reaching law methods are successful approaches to recover an aircraft from its state of spin in the absence of aerodynamic parameter uncertainties. However, in the presence of these uncertainties, chattering affects their performance and the altitude required to perform the recovery manoeuvre, referred to as altitude gain, significantly increases. To overcome these issues, a second-order sliding control algorithm is proposed in this study. The system outputs are considered as roll, pitch, rate of yaw change to attain level flight, and rate of change of altitude to assure straight flight. Thus, a 4 × 4 super-twisting SMC scheme is developed. Finite-time convergence of sliding variables, which guarantees asymptotic stability of the aircraft control system, is proven via the Lyapunov direct method. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed control algorithm serves not only as a reliable approach to perform the recovery manoeuvre but also as a highly effective method to overcome aerodynamic uncertainties without inducing chattering in control inputs. In addition, it enables the recovery manoeuvre to be performed with lower altitude gain.</p>","PeriodicalId":50382,"journal":{"name":"IET Control Theory and Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/cth2.70018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Failure-Based Sizing and Energy Management for Hybrid Propulsion Regional Aircraft 基于故障的混合推进支线飞机尺寸和能量管理
IF 2.2 4区 计算机科学
IET Control Theory and Applications Pub Date : 2025-03-22 DOI: 10.1049/cth2.70015
Masoud Khasheinejad, Morteza Montazeri-Gh
{"title":"Failure-Based Sizing and Energy Management for Hybrid Propulsion Regional Aircraft","authors":"Masoud Khasheinejad,&nbsp;Morteza Montazeri-Gh","doi":"10.1049/cth2.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cth2.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sizing and energy management strategy (EMS) for a hybrid electric propulsion system (HEPS), taking into account failures, are challenging areas, especially for regional aircraft. In this paper, a failure-based sizing method and a resilient switching-fuzzy logic control (RSFLC) for a regional hybrid aircraft concept named AFT-ATR42 are presented. For this purpose, the sizing procedure for the HEPS components under the failures of either the all-turbine or the battery pack, which is equivalent to one engine inoperative (OEI) condition in fossil fuel aircraft, has been formulated. The reference battery state of charge (SOC) trajectory has then been determined based on the HEPS simulation during the flight mission. In addition, using the data generated by a combined rule-based regulator and optimal EMS, an RSFLC is tuned by the genetic algorithm that is able to satisfy the reference SOC trajectory. Moreover, model-in-the-loop results are provided to show the satisfaction of HEPS operating constraints. Furthermore, by comparing the performance of the hybrid AFT-ATR42 and conventional aircraft, the effectiveness of the proposed RSFLC for reducing fuel consumption and emissions has been demonstrated. Finally, using the hardware-in-the-loop testing, the suitable and resilient operation of the RSFLC in real-world conditions has been confirmed.</p>","PeriodicalId":50382,"journal":{"name":"IET Control Theory and Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/cth2.70015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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