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Journal of Bioethical Inquiry最新文献

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Human Brain Organoid Research and Applications: Where and How to Meet Legal Challenges? 人脑类器官的研究与应用：在哪里以及如何应对法律挑战？
IF 1.8 3区 哲学
Journal of Bioethical Inquiry Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-024-10349-9
M Kataoka, T-L Lee, T Sawai
{"title":"Human Brain Organoid Research and Applications: Where and How to Meet Legal Challenges?","authors":"M Kataoka, T-L Lee, T Sawai","doi":"10.1007/s11673-024-10349-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11673-024-10349-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An ethical and legal framework is needed to regulate the rapidly developing human brain organoid research field properly. However, considering the legal issues involved in human brain organoid research remains underdeveloped and scattered. This article reviews the legal issues of human brain organoid research, grouping them into the following five broad themes: (1) consciousness, (2) legal status, (3) consent, (4) ownership, and (5) transplantation. The issues in each topic include both the urgent (e.g., appropriate forms of consent) and the speculative (e.g., protection of conscious human brain organoids). Therefore, we have attempted to be as explicit as possible about the timescale within which each issue will be realized and to prioritize each. Examining these issues has revealed legal issues specific to human brain organoid research and issues common to research in other fields. Further discussion of human brain organoid research from a legal perspective is needed in the future, considering discussions in related fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":50252,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioethical Inquiry","volume":" ","pages":"603-610"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11882709/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141538854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Wrong of Eugenic Sterilization. 优生绝育的错误。
IF 1.8 3区 哲学
Journal of Bioethical Inquiry Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-024-10350-2
Aleksy Tarasenko-Struc
{"title":"The Wrong of Eugenic Sterilization.","authors":"Aleksy Tarasenko-Struc","doi":"10.1007/s11673-024-10350-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11673-024-10350-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>I defend a novel account of the wrong of subjecting people to non-consensual sterilization (NCS), particularly in the context of the state-sponsored eugenics programmes once prevalent in the United States. What makes the eugenicist practice of NCS distinctively wrong, I claim, is its dehumanizing core: the fact that it is tantamount to treating people as nonhuman animals, thereby expressing the degrading social meaning that they have the value of animals. The practice of NCS is prima facie seriously wrong partly, but crucially, on these grounds. I consider and reject accounts of the wrong of NCS that make no reference to its animalizing character, such as that it violates victims' (procreative) autonomy, amounts to treating them merely as a means, inflicts psychological harm on them, or constitutes an affront to their human dignity. My discussion suggests that the critical vocabulary of bioethics should be expanded beyond talk of rights violations, benefits and harms, and equal treatment-and that the language of dehumanization is indispensable to bioethicists.</p>","PeriodicalId":50252,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioethical Inquiry","volume":" ","pages":"735-749"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141538855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
What Is A Family? A Constitutive-Affirmative Account. 什么是家庭？一种构成-肯定的说法。
IF 1.8 3区 哲学
Journal of Bioethical Inquiry Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-26 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-024-10339-x
J Y Lee, R Bentzon, E Di Nucci
{"title":"What Is A Family? A Constitutive-Affirmative Account.","authors":"J Y Lee, R Bentzon, E Di Nucci","doi":"10.1007/s11673-024-10339-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11673-024-10339-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bio-heteronormative conceptions of the family have long reinforced a nuclear ideal of the family as a heterosexual marriage, with children who are the genetic progeny of that union. This ideal, however, has also long been resisted in light of recent social developments, exhibited through the increased incidence and acceptance of step-families, donor-conceived families, and so forth. Although to this end some might claim that the bio-heteronormative ideal is not necessary for a social unit to count as a family, a more systematic conceptualization of the family-the kind of family that matters morally-is relatively underexplored in the philosophical literature. This paper makes a start at developing and defending an account of the family that is normatively attractive and in line with the growing prevalence of non-conventional families and methods of family-formation. Our account, which we call a constitutive-affirmative model of the family, takes the family to be constituted by an ongoing process of relevant affective and affirmative relations between the putative family members.</p>","PeriodicalId":50252,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioethical Inquiry","volume":" ","pages":"647-657"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11882710/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140289485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Surrogacy and Adoption: An Empirical Investigation of Public Moral Attitudes. 代孕和收养：公众道德态度的实证调查》。
IF 1.8 3区 哲学
Journal of Bioethical Inquiry Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-29 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-024-10343-1
T Baron, E Svingen, R Leyva
{"title":"Surrogacy and Adoption: An Empirical Investigation of Public Moral Attitudes.","authors":"T Baron, E Svingen, R Leyva","doi":"10.1007/s11673-024-10343-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11673-024-10343-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Surrogacy and adoption are both family-making measures subject to extensive domestic and international regulation. In this nationally representative survey study (N = 1552), we explore public attitudes to various forms of surrogacy and adoption in the United Kingdom, in response to an early proposal to allow \"double donor\" surrogacy as part of the ongoing legal reform project. We sought to both gauge public moral support for adoption and surrogacy generally, the effect that prospective parents' fertility had on this support, and the extent to which the public would find equivalencies between \"double donor\" surrogacy (DDS) and planned private adoption (PPA) to be morally significant. Our findings indicate that whilst there is broad baseline support for all forms of adoption and surrogacy, this support increases significantly when one or both prospective parents are infertile. These findings also suggest that the language in which a family-making arrangement is characterized has a greater influence on moral support for the arrangement than practical features such as the biological relationship (or absence thereof) between one/both parents and the child.</p>","PeriodicalId":50252,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioethical Inquiry","volume":" ","pages":"671-681"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11882719/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140327347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Developments in Advance Care Planning in Australia: Potential Opportunities and Roadblocks for an Increasingly Digital World. 澳大利亚预先护理规划的发展：澳大利亚预先护理规划的发展：日益数字化世界的潜在机遇与障碍》。
IF 1.8 3区 哲学
Journal of Bioethical Inquiry Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-024-10396-2
Casey M Haining
{"title":"Developments in Advance Care Planning in Australia: Potential Opportunities and Roadblocks for an Increasingly Digital World.","authors":"Casey M Haining","doi":"10.1007/s11673-024-10396-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11673-024-10396-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Australia is committed to looking at ways to modernize its healthcare delivery further by integrating digital health. Advance Care Planning (ACP) is an area of healthcare that would likely benefit from further digitalization. However, while greater integration of technology in the delivery of ACP could help improve practices and lead to increased uptake, the extent to which this is achievable will be influenced, in part, by current approaches to ACP regulation. This article canvasses recent developments and trends in Australian law relevant to ACP and reflects on how these developments may impact the further digitalization of ACP.</p>","PeriodicalId":50252,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioethical Inquiry","volume":" ","pages":"595-601"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11882655/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mental Privacy, Cognitive Liberty, and Hog-tying. 精神隐私、认知自由和捆绑。
IF 1.8 3区 哲学
Journal of Bioethical Inquiry Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-024-10344-0
P Crutchfield
{"title":"Mental Privacy, Cognitive Liberty, and Hog-tying.","authors":"P Crutchfield","doi":"10.1007/s11673-024-10344-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11673-024-10344-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As the science and technology of the brain and mind develop, so do the ways in which brains and minds may be surveilled and manipulated. Some cognitive libertarians worry that these developments undermine cognitive liberty or \"freedom of thought.\" I argue that protecting an individual's cognitive liberty undermines others' ability to use their own cognitive liberty. Given that the threatening devices and processes are not relevantly different from ordinary and frequent intrusions upon one's brain and mind, strong protections of cognitive liberty may proscribe neurotechnological intrusions but also ordinary intrusions. Thus, the cognitive libertarian position \"hog-ties\" others' use of their own liberties. This problem for the cognitive libertarian is the same problem that ordinary libertarianism faces in protecting individual rights to property and person. But the libertarian strategies for resolving the problem don't work for the cognitive libertarian. I conclude that the right to mental privacy is weaker than what cognitive libertarians want it to be.</p>","PeriodicalId":50252,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioethical Inquiry","volume":" ","pages":"695-710"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141200836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Doctor-Parent Disagreement for Preterm Infants Born in the Grey Zone: Do Ethical Frameworks Help? 灰色地带早产儿的医生与家长分歧：伦理框架有帮助吗？
IF 1.8 3区 哲学
Journal of Bioethical Inquiry Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-024-10354-y
Alice Cavolo, Danya F Vears, Gunnar Naulaers, Bernadette Dierckx de Casterlé, Lynn Gillam, Chris Gastmans
{"title":"Doctor-Parent Disagreement for Preterm Infants Born in the Grey Zone: Do Ethical Frameworks Help?","authors":"Alice Cavolo, Danya F Vears, Gunnar Naulaers, Bernadette Dierckx de Casterlé, Lynn Gillam, Chris Gastmans","doi":"10.1007/s11673-024-10354-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11673-024-10354-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine i) how ethical frameworks can be used in concrete cases of parent-doctors' disagreements for extremely preterm infants born in the grey zone to guide such difficult decision-making; and ii) what challenges stakeholders may encounter in using these frameworks.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>We did a case analysis of a concrete case of parent-doctor disagreement in the grey zone using two ethical frameworks: the best interest standard and the zone of parental discretion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both ethical frameworks entailed similar advantages and challenges. They have the potential 1) to facilitate decision-making because they follow a structured method; 2) to clarify the situation because all relevant ethical issues are explored; and 3) to facilitate reaching an agreement because all parties can explain their views. We identified three main challenges. First, how to objectively evaluate the risk of severe disability. Second, parents' interests should be considered but it is not clear to what extent. Third, this is a value-laden situation and different people have different values, meaning that the frameworks are at least partially subjective.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These challenges do not mean that the ethical frameworks are faulty; rather, they reflect the complexity and the sensitivity of cases in the grey zone.</p>","PeriodicalId":50252,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioethical Inquiry","volume":" ","pages":"723-734"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141538853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Attitudes Towards Non-directiveness Among Medical Geneticists in Germany and Switzerland. 德国和瑞士医学遗传学家对非指导性的态度。
IF 1.8 3区 哲学
Journal of Bioethical Inquiry Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-024-10355-x
J Eichinger, B S Elger, S McLennan, I Filges, I Koné
{"title":"Attitudes Towards Non-directiveness Among Medical Geneticists in Germany and Switzerland.","authors":"J Eichinger, B S Elger, S McLennan, I Filges, I Koné","doi":"10.1007/s11673-024-10355-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11673-024-10355-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The principle of non-directiveness remains an important tenet in genetics. However, the concept has encountered growing criticism over the last two decades. There is an ongoing discussion about its appropriateness for specific situations in genetics, especially in light of recent significant advancements in genetic medicine. Despite the debate surrounding non-directiveness, there is a notable lack of up-to-date international research empirically investigating the issue from the perspective of those who actually do genetic counselling. Addressing this gap, our article delves into the viewpoints and experiences of medical geneticists in Germany and Switzerland. Twenty qualitative interviews were analysed employing reflexive thematic analysis. Participants' responses revealed substantial uncertainties and divergences in their understanding and application of the concept. It seems to cause distress since many geneticists stated that the principle was difficult to put into clinical practice and was no longer ethically justified given the increasing likelihood of therapeutic implications resulting from genomic testing outcomes. The insights provided by our qualitative empirical study accord with the ongoing theoretical debate regarding the definition, legitimacy, and feasibility of the principle. An adequately nuanced understanding and application of non-directiveness seems crucial to circumvent the risks inherent in the principle, while promoting patient autonomy and beneficence.</p>","PeriodicalId":50252,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioethical Inquiry","volume":" ","pages":"711-722"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11882704/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141735560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Personhood Begins at Birth: The Rational Foundation for Abortion Policy in a Secular State. 人格始于出生：世俗国家堕胎政策的合理基础》。
IF 1.8 3区 哲学
Journal of Bioethical Inquiry Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-024-10352-0
L Lewis Wall, Douglas Brown
{"title":"Personhood Begins at Birth: The Rational Foundation for Abortion Policy in a Secular State.","authors":"L Lewis Wall, Douglas Brown","doi":"10.1007/s11673-024-10352-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11673-024-10352-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The struggle over legal abortion access in the United States is a religious controversy, not a scientific debate. Religious activists who believe that meaningful individual life (i.e., \"personhood\") begins at a specific \"moment-of-conception\" are attempting to pass laws that force this view upon all pregnant persons, irrespective of their medical circumstances, individual preferences, or personal religious beliefs. This paper argues that such actions promote a constitutionally prohibited \"establishment of religion.\" Abortion policy in a secular state must be based upon scientifically accurate biology, not unprovable theological presuppositions. The scientific facts regarding human pregnancy do not support the position that personhood begins with fertilization-at which point a pregnancy does not yet even exist. Abortion policy should regard the embryo/fetus as part of the pregnant individual's body until delivery. We argue that individual \"personhood\" only begins when the latent potentialities of the fetal nervous system are actualized in the newborn after delivery. The paper argues that instantiating non-scientific beliefs concerning embryonic/fetal \"personhood\" into the law as the basis for abortion policy establishes a state-sponsored religion. The protection of religious liberty requires that abortion be decriminalized. Abortion should be treated like any other medical procedure and regulated similarly. To protect both religious freedom and sound medical practice, individual legal personhood should be recognized as beginning only at birth.</p>","PeriodicalId":50252,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioethical Inquiry","volume":" ","pages":"751-769"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142019452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How the Doctrine of Double Effect Rhetoric Harms Patients Seeking Voluntary Assisted Dying. 双重效果理论如何伤害寻求自愿辅助死亡的患者？
IF 1.8 3区 哲学
Journal of Bioethical Inquiry Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-29 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-024-10340-4
E Kendal
{"title":"How the Doctrine of Double Effect Rhetoric Harms Patients Seeking Voluntary Assisted Dying.","authors":"E Kendal","doi":"10.1007/s11673-024-10340-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11673-024-10340-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Victoria's Voluntary Assisted Dying Act 2017 (Vic) became the first state law to permit VAD in Australia under limited circumstances from June 2019. Before this, many palliative care physicians relied on the doctrine of double effect (DDE) to justify the use of pain relievers for terminally ill patients that were known to hasten death. The DDE claims that there is a morally significant difference between intending evil and merely foreseeing some bad side-effect will occur as a result of one's actions. This article argues that the legacy of the DDE is promoting inequitable access to VAD in Victoria due to the assumption that death represents an \"evil\" for the patient and that the intentions of physicians providing VAD cannot be trusted. The latter claim relies on two common objections to the DDE: the risk of \"purifying the intentions\" and the issue of \"closeness\" when evaluating moral acts under this theory.</p>","PeriodicalId":50252,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioethical Inquiry","volume":" ","pages":"659-669"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11882640/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140327345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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