Journal of Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Evidence for an active handoff between hemispheres during target tracking.","authors":"Matthew B Broschard, Jefferson E Roy, Scott L Brincat, Meredith K Mahnke, Earl K Miller","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0841-25.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0841-25.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The brain has somewhat separate cognitive resources for the left and right sides of our visual field. Despite this lateralization, we have a smooth and unified perception of our environment. This raises the question of how the cerebral hemispheres are coordinated to transfer information between them. We recorded neural activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex, bilaterally, as two male non-human primates covertly tracked a target that moved from one visual hemifield (i.e., from one hemisphere) to the other. Beta (15-30 Hz) power, gamma (30-80 Hz) power, and spiking information reflected sensory processing of the target. By contrast, alpha (10-15 Hz) power, theta (4-10 Hz) power, and spiking information seemed to reflect an active handoff of attention as target information was transferred between hemispheres. Specifically, alpha power and spiking information ramped up in anticipation of the hemifield cross. Theta power peaked after the cross, signaling its completion. Our results support an active hand-off of information between hemispheres. This \"handshaking\" operation may be critical for minimizing information loss, much like how mobile towers handshake when transferring calls between them.<b>Significance Statement</b> Multiple neurological disorders have reduced functional connectivity between the cerebral hemispheres, impacting interhemispheric communication. We characterized neural activity in the prefrontal cortex as information was transferred from one hemisphere to the other. We found neural signatures that both anticipated this information transfer and registered its completion. These signatures may prevent information loss and allow for a smooth perception of our visual field.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145092765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A neural model for V1 that incorporates dendritic nonlinearities and back-propagating action potentials.","authors":"Ilias Rentzeperis, Dario Prandi, Marcelo Bertalmío","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1975-24.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1975-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The work of Hubel and Wiesel has been instrumental in shaping our understanding of V1, leading to modeling neural responses as cascades of linear and nonlinear processes in what is known as the \"standard model\" of vision. Under this formulation, however, some dendritic properties cannot be represented in a practical manner, while evidence from both experimental and theoretical work indicates that dendritic processes are an indispensable element of key neural behaviors. As a result, current V1 models fail to explain neural responses in a number of scenarios. In this work, we propose an implicit model for V1 that considers nonlinear dendritic integration and backpropagation of action potentials from the soma to the dendrites. Our model can be viewed as an extension of the standard model that minimizes an energy function, allows for a better conceptual understanding of neural processes, and explains several neurophysiological phenomena that have challenged classical approaches.<b>Significance Statement</b> Most current approaches for modeling neural activity in V1 are data driven; their main goal is to obtain better predictions and are formally equivalent to a deep neural network (DNN). Aside from behaving like a black-box these models ignore a key property of biological neurons, namely, that they integrate their input via their dendrites in a highly nonlinear fashion that includes backpropagating action potentials (bAPs). Here, we propose a model based on dendritic mechanisms, which facilitates conceptual analysis and can explain a number of physiological results that challenge standard approaches. Our results suggest that the proposed model may provide a better understanding of neural processes and be considered as a contribution in the search of a consensus model for V1.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145087987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Switching patterns of cortical-subcortical interaction in the human brain.","authors":"Alessandro Nazzi, Chiara Favaretto, Antonino Vallesi, Maurizio Corbetta, Michele Allegra","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1855-24.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1855-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is still poorly understood how subcortical structures contribute to spontaneous infraslow brain activity. In fact, cortical spontaneous activity is often analyzed in isolation, possibly a result of a long-standing 'cortico-centric bias'. Here, we consider a large cohort of healthy human subjects of either sex (Human Connectome Project data base) and we perform a dynamic functional connectivity analysis to investigate fluctuations of cortical-subcortical interactions. Our analysis shows that FC shifts in the cortex and the subcortex are synchronized. Two core subcortical 'clusters' comprising, respectively, limbic regions (hippocampus and amygdala) and subcortical nuclei (thalamus and basal ganglia) show a temporally flexible coupling with cortical regions. Correspondingly, we consistently observe two recurring FC patterns (states). In state 1, limbic regions couple with the default mode network, in state 2 with sensorimotor networks. An opposite pattern is observed for thalamus/basal ganglia. Our findings suggest that cortico-subcortical interactions contribute to shaping whole-brain spontaneous functional connectivity patterns, and underline the relevance of including the subcortex in descriptions of large-scale spontaneous brain activity.<b>Significance statement</b> Imaging of the whole brain at rest has shown that distant brain regions engage in transient interactions, giving rise to time-varying coupling patterns. Previous studies analyzing these complex dynamics have generally overlooked subcortical regions. In our study, we analyze functional MRI data of a large cohort of subjects from the Human Connectome Project, demonstrating that the alternation of different coupling patterns is a phenomenon involving cortex and subcortex simultaneously. Limbic regions (hippocampus and amygdala) and subcortical nuclei (thalamus and basal ganglia) form coherent 'blocks', flexibly changing their coupling with cortical regions. Our results suggest that cortical-subcortical interactions might contribute to shaping whole-brain spontaneous activity, emphasizing the importance of including subcortical structures in brain connectivity studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145082282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct Cortical Populations Drive Multisensory Modulation of Segregated Auditory Sources.","authors":"Huaizhen Cai, Harry Shirley, Monty A Escabí, Yale E Cohen","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0057-25.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0057-25.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Auditory perception can be modulated by other sensory stimuli. However, we do not fully understand the neural mechanisms that support multisensory behavior. Here, while male nonhuman primates detected a target vocalization that was embedded in a background chorus of vocalizations, we recorded spiking activity from the primary auditory cortex (A1). We found that a congruent video of a monkey eliciting the target vocalization improved the monkeys' behavior, relative to their performance when we only presented a static image of the monkey. As a proxy for the functional organization of A1, we compared the contribution of neurons with significant spectrotemporal response fields (STRFs) with those that had nonsignificant STRFs (nSTRFs). Because, on average, STRF and nSTRF neurons have different spike waveform shapes, firing rates, and neural-correlation structure, we hypothesized that they might belong to different neural populations. Consistent with this, we found that, although STRF neurons encode stimulus information through synchronized activity, task-related information in the primate A1 is encoded more as a structured dynamic process in the population of nSTRF neurons. Together, these findings suggest that modulatory multisensory behavior is supported by nSTRF neurons and identifies, for the first time, a functional differentiation between the role that STRF and nSTRF neurons contribute to behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12444874/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144823113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual distortions in human amblyopia are correlated with deficits in contrast sensitivity.","authors":"Farzaneh Olianezhad,Jianzhong Jin,Sohrab Najafian,Akihito Maruya,Qasim Zaidi,Jose-Manuel Alonso","doi":"10.1523/jneurosci.1111-25.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1111-25.2025","url":null,"abstract":"Amblyopia (lazy eye) is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that causes deficits in visual acuity and shape perception. The loss of visual acuity is thought to originate from weakened cortical responses to stimuli. Here, we provide evidence for a similar mechanism to explain distortions in shape perception. We introduce a computational model that simulates perceptual distortions of grating patterns drawn by humans with amblyopia (Barrett et al., 2003). The model simulates a large variety of distortions by performing a weighted sum of rectified sinusoidal gratings (average: 3.3 gratings ∼6 times larger than foveal receptive fields in the primary visual cortex) with different dark-light duty cycles. The simulations accurately reproduce self-reported perceptions of amblyopic patients and decrease drawing-percept differences when ideal percepts (stimuli) are replaced with simulated percepts (9.03±12.37%, p=0.0002, Wilcoxon test comparing normalized Laplacian pyramid distances, Laparra et al., 2016). The simulations also reveal an increase in the number of stimulus orientations contributing to visual percepts in amblyopia, and a strong correlation between contrast sensitivity deficits and both magnitude of perceived visual distortions (r=0.96, p=0.0007) and predicted spread of cortical activation (r=0.82, p=0.02). The results also demonstrate a compensatory shift in the spatial frequency distribution of cortical filters in amblyopia, which closely resembles the spatial frequency shift caused by contrast reduction in thalamocortical inputs of male cats. Taken together, our results indicate that amblyopia compensates weakened cortical responses by increasing the spread of cortical activation to include neurons with mismatched stimulus preferences that cause perceptual distortions.Significance Statement Amblyopia (lazy eye) affects millions of humans worldwide, yet the neural mechanisms underlying its perceptual deficits remain poorly understood. Here, we introduce a computational model that accurately simulates a large variety of amblyopic perceptual distortions with a weighted-sum of rectified sinusoidal gratings. The simulations reveal strong correlations among amblyopia deficits in contrast sensitivity, distortions in shape perception, and predicted cortical spread. Based on these results, we propose a cortical mechanism that compensates amblyopia weakened responses by increasing cortical spread to neurons with mismatched stimulus preferences that distort perception. Taken together, our results provide a mechanistic framework that links visual deficits in contrast sensitivity with distortions in shape perception while providing new insights into how developmental visual disorders alter sensory processing.","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibitory Neurons Marked by the Connectivity Molecule Kirrel3 Regulate Memory Precision.","authors":"Arnulfo Tuñon-Ortiz, Dimitri Tränkner, Chandler M Peterson, Omar Shennib, Fangfei Ye, Jiani Shi, Sarah N Brockway, Olivia Raines, Abbey Mahnke, Matthew Grega, Keun-Young Kim, Mark H Ellisman, James G Heys, Moriel Zelikowsky, Megan E Williams","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1760-24.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1760-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The homophilic adhesion molecule Kirrel3 drives synapse formation between dentate granule (DG) neurons and GABA neurons, and Kirrel3 gene variants are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in humans. However, the circuit function and behavioral relevance of Kirrel3-expressing neurons are unknown. Using intersectional genetics, we identified a population of Kirrel3-expressing GABA neurons that regulate memory discrimination in male and female mice. Using chemogenetics with in vivo electrophysiology and behavioral assays, we discovered that activating Kirrel3-expressing GABA neurons, but not parvalbumin neurons, potently inhibits CA3 neuron activity and impairs contextual memory discrimination during recall, revealing a critical role for these neurons in the retrieval of precise memories. Light and electron microscopy of Kirrel3-expressing GABA neurons suggests that they receive direct excitation from DG neurons and project onto CA3 dendrites. Together, this multiscale approach demonstrates how cell type-specific expression of adhesion molecules mark subsets of neurons that control key features guiding memory and behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12444912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144795997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Regeneration and Functional Recovery of the Olfactory System of Adult Zebrafish Following Brain Injury.","authors":"Erika Calvo-Ochoa, Nathaniel W Vorhees, Theodore P Lockett, Skylar L DeWitt-Batt, Evan A Thomas, Abigail B Gray, Nobuhiko Miyasaka, Yoshihiro Yoshihara, Christine A Byrd-Jacobs","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2456-24.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2456-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Olfactory dysfunction is a common outcome of brain injuries, negatively affecting quality of life. The adult mammalian nervous system has limited capacity for olfactory recovery, making it challenging to study olfactory regeneration and recovery. In contrast, zebrafish are ideal for such studies due to its extensive and lifelong regenerative abilities. In this work, we describe a model of excitotoxic injury in the olfactory bulb (OB) using quinolinic acid lesions in adult zebrafish of both sexes. We observed extensive neurodegeneration in both the OB and olfactory epithelium, including a reduction of bulbar volume, neuronal death, and impaired olfactory function. Recovery mechanisms involved tissue remodeling, cell proliferation, and neurogenesis, leading to full restoration of olfactory function by 21 d. This study provides a model to further investigate the effects of excitotoxicity on olfactory dysfunction and highlights zebrafish's remarkable regenerative abilities, providing insights into potential therapeutic strategies for restoring olfactory function following brain injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12444855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144823115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altered Molecular Composition of a Specific Subset of Prefrontal Cortical Excitatory Synapses in Schizophrenia.","authors":"Andrea Lorincz, Maria Ashaber, Zoltan Nusser","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0645-25.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0645-25.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abnormal excitatory synaptic transmission in the human prefrontal cortex has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia based primarily on genetic evidence. However, changes in synaptic function cannot be predicted from altered gene expressions, but determining the amount, density, and subsynaptic distribution of synaptic proteins is the only reliable indirect readout of function. Detecting proteins in individual synapses of human postmortem tissues has been severely constrained by technical limitations. Here we overcome this limitation by optimizing a high-resolution, quantitative localization method to facilitate antigen recognition at excitatory synapses in postmortem brains of both sexes. Using PSD-95 immunoreactivity as molecular marker of excitatory synapses, we demonstrate the lack of significant differences in synapse density and size in upper cortical layers of control and schizophrenia subjects. The synaptic densities of postsynaptic AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits and presynaptic molecules Bassoon and Munc13-1 are also indistinguishable between control and schizophrenia subjects. The number of Munc13-1 nanoclusters, marking presynaptic neurotransmitter release sites, does not differ either. Excitatory synapses on parvalbumin expressing interneurons contain similar AMPA but significantly lower NMDA receptor densities in schizophrenia compared with control subjects. Our study provides the first comprehensive comparison of key functionally relevant synaptic proteins in individual human excitatory synapses and demonstrates that changes in the molecular composition of only a specific subset of excitatory synapses may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12444913/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144884186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined Auditory, Tactile, and Visual FMRI Reveals Sensory-Biased and Supramodal Working Memory Regions in the Human Frontal Cortex.","authors":"Sean M Tobyne, James A Brissenden, Abigail L Noyce, David C Somers","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0773-25.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0773-25.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Selectivity for sensory modality characterizes distinct subregions of the human brain, well beyond the primary sensory cortices. We previously identified frontal and posterior cortical regions that are preferentially recruited for visual versus auditory attention and working memory (WM). Here, we extend our approach to include tactile cognition and to characterize cortical regions recruited by WM in each of three sensory modalities. The joint organization of visual-selective, auditory-selective, tactile-selective, and supramodal WM recruitment within individual subjects has not been fully investigated previously. Male and female human subjects participated in a blocked fMRI task requiring them to perform <i>N-</i>back WM judgments in auditory, visual, or tactile (haptic) modalities. We confirmed our prior reports of multiple visual-biased and auditory-biased frontal lobe regions. We also observed several bilateral tactile-selective regions abutting previously described visual- and auditory-selective regions, including the dorsal and ventral precentral sulcus, the postcentral sulcus, and the anterior intraparietal sulcus. Several cortical regions were recruited by WM in all three sensory modalities in individual subjects, including the precentral sulcus, inferior frontal sulcus, intraparietal sulcus, anterior insula, and presupplementary motor area. Supramodal regions exhibited substantial overlap with visual-biased regions in the frontal and parietal cortex and comparatively little overlap with tactile- or auditory-biased regions. Lastly, resting-state analyses revealed that auditory-, visual-, and tactile-selective WM regions segregate into modality-specific networks that span the frontal and posterior cortex. Together, these results shed light on the functional organization of sensory-selective and supramodal regions supporting higher-order cognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12444861/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144805176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal evidence accumulation through saccadic sampling for object recognition.","authors":"Zhihao Zheng, Jiaqi Hu, Gouki Okazawa","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2453-24.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2453-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Visual object recognition has been extensively studied under fixation conditions, but our natural viewing involves frequent saccadic eye movements that scan multiple local informative features within an object (e.g., eyes and mouth in a face image). These saccades would contribute to object recognition by subserving the integration of sensory information across local features, but mechanistic models underlying this process have yet to be established due to the presumed complexity of the interactions between the visual and oculomotor systems. Here, we employ a framework of perceptual decision making and show that human object categorization behavior with saccades can be quantitatively explained by a model that simply accumulates the sensory evidence available at each moment. Human participants of both sexes performed face and object categorization while they were allowed to freely make saccades to scan local features. Our model could successfully fit the data even during such a free viewing condition, departing from past studies that required controlled eye movements to test trans-saccadic integration. Moreover, further experimental results confirmed that active saccade commands (efference copy) do not substantially contribute to evidence accumulation. Therefore, we propose that object recognition with saccades can be approximated by a parsimonious decision-making model without assuming complex interactions between the visual and oculomotor systems.<b>Significance statement</b> When we view an object to judge its identity or properties, we move our eyes to inspect multiple local features, gathering dynamic information. How does object recognition unfold during this complex sequence of events? To explain object recognition with saccades, should we model precisely how the visual and oculomotor systems exchange information in the brain? Instead, we demonstrate that human object recognition can be quantitatively explained by a decision-making model that processes each snapshot of an image sequence and simply integrates information over the course of multiple eye movements. This model approximates human behavior without additional mechanisms, even under experimental conditions in which people freely move their eyes to scan local features without constraint during face and object recognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145076406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}