Journal of Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Multivariate Pattern Analysis of EEG Reveals Neural Mechanism of Naturalistic Target Processing in Attentional Blink.","authors":"Mansoure Jahanian, Marc Joanisse, Boyu Wang, Yalda Mohsenzadeh","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2214-23.2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2214-23.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human brain has inherent limitations in consciously processing visual information. When individuals monitor a rapid sequence of images for detecting two targets, they often miss the second target (T2) if it appears within a short time frame of 200-500ms after the first target (T1), a phenomenon known as the attentional blink (AB). The neural mechanism behind the attentional blink (AB) remains unclear, largely due to the use of simplistic visual items such as letters and digits in conventional AB experiments, which differ significantly from naturalistic vision. This study employs advanced multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) of human EEG data (including 17 females and 18 males) to explore the neural representations associated with target processing within a naturalistic paradigm under conditions where AB does or does not occur. Our MVPA analysis successfully decoded the identity of target images from EEG data. Moreover, in the AB condition, characterized by a limited time between targets, Tl processing coincided with T2 processing, resulting in the suppression of late representational markers of both Tl and T2. Conversely, in the condition with longer inter-target interval, neural representations endured for a longer duration. These findings suggest that the attentional blink can be attributed to the suppression of neural representations in the later stages of target processing.<b>Significance Statement</b> Within a naturalistic paradigm, we investigated the phenomenon known as attentional blink, where individuals struggle to identify a second target in a rapid sequence when the first target precedes it too closely. Attentional blink is purported to reflect an apparent bottleneck in the attention system's ability to rapidly redirect attentional resources; however, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains hotly debated. Our findings reveal that during a rapid presentation of natural images, a short temporal gap between targets results in reduced neural repre-sentations of targets and the occurrence of attentional blink. Conversely, when a greater temporal gap exists between targets, neural representations are preserved. This study provides valuable insights into how the human brain per-ceives the ever-changing visual world around us.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142734240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epitope tagging with genome editing in mice reveals that the proton channel OTOP1 is apically localized and not restricted to Type III \"sour\" taste receptor cells.","authors":"Joshua P Kaplan, Wenlei Ye, Heather Kileen, Anne Tran, Ziyu Liang, Jingyi Chi, Chingwen Yang, Paul Cohen, Emily R Liman","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1560-24.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1560-24.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gustatory system allows animals to assess the nutritive value and safety of foods prior to ingestion. The first step in gustation is the interaction of taste stimuli with one or more specific sensory receptors, that are generally believed to be present on the apical surface of the taste receptor cells. However, this assertion is rarely tested. We recently identified OTOP1 as a proton channel and showed that it is required for taste response to acids (sour) and ammonium. Here we examined the cellular and subcellular localization of OTOP1 by tagging the endogenous OTOP1 protein with an N-terminal HA epitope (HA-OTOP1). Using both male and female HA-OTOP1 mice and high-resolution imaging, we show that OTOP1 is strictly localized to the apical tips of taste cells throughout the tongue and oral cavity. Interestingly, immunoreactivity is observed in the actin-rich taste pore above the tight junctions defined by Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) and also immediately below these junctions. Surprisingly, OTOP1 immunoreactivity is not restricted to Type III taste receptor cells (TRCs) that mediate sour taste but is also observed in glia-like Type I TRCs proposed to perform housekeeping functions, a result that is corroborated by scRNA-seq data. The apical localization of OTOP1 supports the contention that OTOP1 functions as a taste receptor and suggests that OTOP1 may be accessible to orally available compounds that could act as taste modifiers.<b>Significance Statement</b> It is generally accepted that humans and other vertebrates can detect five basic tastes, each mediated by a unique receptor. Recently the receptor for sour taste was identified as the proton channel OTOP1. Here we show that OTOP1 is expressed at the apical surface of taste receptors cells, consistent with a sensory function. Surprisingly, OTOP1 is not restricted to Type III taste cells that detect sour tastes but is also expressed by glia-like taste cells, where it may play a role in removing excess protons. These results provide insight and tools applicable to understanding the contribution of OTOP1 to cell physiology and pathology in other contexts where the channel is expressed such as in the vestibular system.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142734124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parieto-Frontal networks mediate contextual influences in the appraisal of pain and disgust facial expressions.","authors":"Giada Dirupo, Vincent Di Paolo, Emilie Lettry, Kevin Schwab, Corrado Corradi-Dell'Acqua","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2233-23.2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2233-23.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We appraise other people's emotions by combining multiple sources of information, including somatic facial/body reactions and the surrounding context. A wealthy literature revealed how people take into account contextual information in the interpretation of facial expressions, but the mechanisms mediating such influence still need to be duly investigated. Across two experiments, we mapped the neural representations of distinct (but comparably unpleasant) negative states, pain and disgust, as conveyed by naturalistic facial expressions or contextual sentences. Negative expressions led to shared activity in fusiform gyrus and superior temporal sulcus. Instead, pain contexts recruited supramarginal, postcentral and insular cortex, whereas disgust contexts triggered the temporo-parietal cortex and hippocampus/amygdala. When pairing the two sources of information together, we found higher likelihood of classifying an expression according to the sentence preceding it. Furthermore, networks specifically involved in processing contexts were re-enacted whenever a face followed said context. Finally, the perigenual medial prefrontal cortex showed increased activity for consistent (<i>vs</i> inconsistent) face-contexts pairings, suggesting that it integrates state-specific information from the two sources. Overall, our study reveals the heterogeneous nature of face-context information integration, which operates both according to a state-general and state-specific principle, with the latter mediated by the perigenual medial prefrontal cortex.<b>Significance Statement</b> With the aid of controlled database and a comprehensive paradigm, our study provides new insights of the brain and behavioral processes mediating contextual influences on face emotion-specific processing. Our results reveal that context operates both in face-independent and face-conditional fashion, by biasing the interpretation of any face towards the state implied by associated context, and also triggering processes that monitor the consistency between the different sources of information. Overall, our study unveils key neural processes underlying the coding of state-specific information from both face and context and sheds new light on how they are integrated within the medial prefrontal cortex.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142717498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lesions to different regions of frontal cortex have dissociable effects on voluntary persistence.","authors":"Camilla van Geen, Yixin Chen, Rebecca Kazinka, Avinash R Vaidya, Joseph W Kable, Joseph T McGuire","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0068-24.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0068-24.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Deciding how long to keep waiting for uncertain future rewards is a complex problem. Previous research has shown that choosing to stop waiting results from an evaluative process that weighs the subjective value of the awaited reward against the opportunity cost of waiting. Activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) tracks the dynamics of this evaluation, while activation in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and anterior insula (AI) ramps up before a decision to quit is made. Here, we provide causal evidence of the necessity of these brain regions for successful performance in a willingness-to-wait task. 28 participants (20 female and 8 male) with lesions to different regions of the frontal lobe were tested on their ability to adaptively calibrate how long they waited for monetary rewards. We found that participants with lesions to the vmPFC waited less overall, while participants with lesions to the dmPFC and anterior insula were specifically impaired at calibrating their level of persistence to the environment. These behavioral effects were accounted for by systematic differences in parameter estimates from a computational model of task performance.<b>Significance Statement</b> Achieving positive outcomes in education, health or personal finance often involves pursuing larger future rewards at the cost of smaller, more immediate ones. Most neuroscience research on future reward pursuit has focused on the initial discrete choice between a smaller reward that will arrive quickly or a larger reward that will arrive later. However, once the choice has been made, persisting in the initial choice of the later reward through the waiting period is perhaps even more critical to success. Here, we identify specific and dissociable causal roles for different regions of prefrontal cortex in determining people's ability to adaptively persist. This finding extends our understanding of how the brain supports subjective value maximization in the context of delayed rewards.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142717497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slow oscillation-spindle coupling predicts sequence-based language learning.","authors":"Zachariah R Cross, Randolph F Helfrich, Andrew W Corcoran, Adam J O Dede, Mark J Kohler, Scott W Coussens, Lena Zou-Williams, Matthias Schlesewsky, M Gareth Gaskell, Robert T Knight, Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2193-23.2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2193-23.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sentence comprehension involves the rapid decoding of both semantic and grammatical information, a process fundamental to communication. As with other complex cognitive processes, language comprehension relies, in part, on long-term memory. However, the electrophysiological mechanisms underpinning the initial encoding and generalisation of higher-order linguistic knowledge remain elusive, particularly from a sleep-based consolidation perspective. One candidate mechanism that may support the consolidation of higher-order language is the temporal coordination of slow oscillations (SO) and sleep spindles during non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM). To examine this hypothesis, we analysed electroencephalographic (EEG) data recorded from 35 participants (M_age = 25.4, SD = 7.10; 16 males) during an artificial language learning task, contrasting performance between individuals who were given an 8hr nocturnal sleep period or an equivalent period of wake. We found that sleep relative to wake was associated with superior performance for rules that followed a sequence-based word order. Post-sleep sequence-based word order processing was further associated with less task-related theta desynchronisation, an electrophysiological signature of successful memory consolidation, as well as cognitive control and working memory. Frontal NREM SO-spindle coupling was also positively associated with behavioural sensitivity to sequence-based word order rules, as well as with task-related theta power. As such, theta activity during retrieval of previously learned information correlates with SO-spindle coupling, thus linking neural activity in the sleeping and waking brain. Taken together, this study presents converging behavioral and neurophysiological evidence for a role of NREM SO-spindle coupling and task-related theta activity as signatures of successful memory consolidation and retrieval in the context of higher-order language learning.<b>Significance statement</b> The endogenous temporal coordination of neural oscillations supports information processing during both wake and sleep states. Here we demonstrate that slow oscillation-spindle coupling during non-rapid eye movement sleep predicts the consolidation of complex grammatical rules and modulates task-related oscillatory dynamics previously implicated in sentence processing. We show that increases in theta power predict enhanced sensitivity to grammatical violations after a period of sleep and strong slow oscillation-spindle coupling modulates subsequent task-related theta activity to influence behaviour. Our findings reveal a complex interaction between both wake- and sleep-related oscillatory dynamics during the early stages of language learning beyond the single word level.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142689531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Saliency response in superior colliculus at the future saccade goal predicts fixation duration during free viewing of dynamic scenes.","authors":"Jessica Heeman, Brian J White, Stefan Van der Stigchel, Jan Theeuwes, Laurent Itti, Douglas P Munoz","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0428-24.2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0428-24.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eye movements in daily life occur in rapid succession and often without a predefined goal. Using a free viewing task, we examined how fixation duration prior to a saccade correlates to visual saliency and neuronal activity in the superior colliculus (SC) at the saccade goal. Rhesus monkeys (three male) watched videos of natural, dynamic, scenes while eye movements were tracked and, simultaneously, neurons were recorded in the superficial and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (SCs and SCi respectively), a midbrain structure closely associated with gaze, attention, and saliency coding. Saccades that were directed into the neuron's receptive field (RF) were extrapolated from the data. To interpret the complex visual input, saliency at the RF location was computed during the pre-saccadic fixation period using a computational saliency model. We analyzed if visual saliency and neural activity at the saccade goal predicted pre-saccadic fixation duration. We report three major findings: 1) Saliency at the saccade goal inversely correlated with fixation duration, with motion and edge information being the strongest predictors. 2) SC visual saliency responses in both SCs and SCi were inversely related to fixation duration. 3) SCs neurons, and not SCi neurons, showed higher activation for two consecutive short fixations, suggestive of concurrent saccade processing during free viewing. These results reveal a close correspondence between visual saliency, SC processing, and the timing of saccade initiation during free viewing and are discussed in relation to their implication for understanding saccade initiation during real-world gaze behavior.<b>Significance statement</b> Contrary to traditional controlled stimuli/task studies, eye movements in day-to-day life are not discrete events but occur in (rapid) succession and often without a predefined goal. Therefore, the study of visual processing during free viewing of dynamic scenes is an essential step in understanding visual processing in its functional context. We present an investigation into saliency and visual responses in the superior colliculus (SC) during task-free viewing of dynamic videos and their correspondence to saccade initiation. In short, these results show the correspondence between fixation duration, pre-saccadic visual saliency at the saccade goal and SC processing and provide first evidence of a neural correlate of concurrent visual processing across a chain of saccades in the SC during free viewing.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142689524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression of Concern: L'Episcopo et al., \"Plasticity of Subventricular Zone Neuroprogenitors in MPTP (1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine) Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease Involves Cross Talk between Inflammatory and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathways: Functional Consequences for Neuroprotection and Repair\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2033-24.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2033-24.2024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11580761/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142631364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth Hormone Receptor in Lateral Hypothalamic Neurons Is Required for Increased Food-Seeking Behavior during Food Restriction in Male Mice.","authors":"Mariana R Tavares, Willian O Dos Santos, Isadora C Furigo, Edward O List, John J Kopchick, Jose Donato","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1761-23.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1761-23.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Growth hormone (GH) action in the brain regulates neuroendocrine axes, energy and glucose homeostasis, and several neurological functions. The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) contains numerous neurons that respond to a systemic GH injection by expressing the phosphorylated STAT5, a GH receptor (GHR) signaling marker. However, the potential role of GHR signaling in the LHA is unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that ∼70% of orexin- and leptin receptor (LepR)-expressing neurons in the LHA are responsive to GH. Male mice carrying inactivation of the <i>Ghr</i> gene in the LHA were generated via bilateral injections of an adeno-associated virus. In <i>ad libitum</i>-fed mice, GHR ablation in LHA neurons did not significantly change energy and glucose homeostasis. Subsequently, mice were subjected to 5 d of 40% food restriction. Food restriction decreased body weight, energy expenditure, and carbohydrate oxidation. These effects were similarly observed in control and LHA^ΔGHR mice. While food-deprived control mice progressively increased ambulatory/exploratory activity and food-seeking behavior, LHA^ΔGHR mice did not show hyperactivity induced by food restriction. GHR ablation in the LHA reduced the percentage of orexin neurons expressing c-Fos during food restriction. Additionally, an acute GH injection increased the expression of c-Fos in LHA^ORX neurons. Inactivation of <i>Ghr</i> in LepR-expressing cells did not prevent hyperactivity in food-deprived mice, whereas whole-brain <i>Ghr</i> knock-out mice showed reduced ambulatory activity during food restriction. Our findings indicate that GHR signaling in the LHA regulates the activity of orexin neurons and is necessary to increase food-seeking behavior in food-deprived male mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11580784/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142367203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal Mapping of Auditory Onsets during Speech Production.","authors":"Garret Lynn Kurteff, Alyssa M Field, Saman Asghar, Elizabeth C Tyler-Kabara, Dave Clarke, Howard L Weiner, Anne E Anderson, Andrew J Watrous, Robert J Buchanan, Pradeep N Modur, Liberty S Hamilton","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1109-24.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1109-24.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human auditory cortex is organized according to the timing and spectral characteristics of speech sounds during speech perception. During listening, the posterior superior temporal gyrus is organized according to onset responses, which segment acoustic boundaries in speech, and sustained responses, which further process phonological content. When we speak, the auditory system is actively processing the sound of our own voice to detect and correct speech errors in real time. This manifests in neural recordings as suppression of auditory responses during speech production compared with perception, but whether this differentially affects the onset and sustained temporal profiles is not known. Here, we investigated this question using intracranial EEG recorded from seventeen pediatric, adolescent, and adult patients with medication-resistant epilepsy while they performed a reading/listening task. We identified onset and sustained responses to speech in the bilateral auditory cortex and observed a selective suppression of onset responses during speech production. We conclude that onset responses provide a temporal landmark during speech perception that is redundant with forward prediction during speech production and are therefore suppressed. Phonological feature tuning in these \"onset suppression\" electrodes remained stable between perception and production. Notably, auditory onset responses and phonological feature tuning were present in the posterior insula during both speech perception and production, suggesting an anatomically and functionally separate auditory processing zone that we believe to be involved in multisensory integration during speech perception and feedback control.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11580786/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Dynamic Link between Respiration and Arousal.","authors":"Daniel S Kluger, Joachim Gross, Christian Keitel","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1173-24.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1173-24.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Viewing brain function through the lens of other physiological processes has critically added to our understanding of human cognition. Further advances though may need a closer look at the interactions between these physiological processes themselves. Here we characterize the interplay of the highly periodic, and metabolically vital respiratory process and fluctuations in arousal neuromodulation, a process classically seen as nonperiodic. In the data from three experiments (<i>N</i> = 56 / 27 / 25 women and men), we tested for covariations in respiratory and pupil size (arousal) dynamics. After substantiating a robust coupling in the largest dataset, we further show that coupling strength decreases during task performance compared with rest and that it mirrors a decreased respiratory rate when participants take deeper breaths. Taken together, these findings suggest a stronger link between respiratory and arousal processes than previously thought. Moreover, these links imply a stronger coupling during periods of rest, and the effect of respiratory rate on the coupling suggests a driving role. As a consequence, studying the role of neuromodulatory arousal on cortical function may also need to consider respiratory influences.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11580776/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142394784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}