Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment最新文献

{"title":"Defining the geological units susceptible to landslides in Pannonian Croatia using energy relief index","authors":"Vlatko Gulam,&nbsp;Davor Pollak,&nbsp;Iris Bostjančić,&nbsp;Tihomir Frangen","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04186-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04186-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Climate change is anticipated to have predominantly negative impacts on human habitats in the coming decades, leading to significant environmental transformations, including an increase in landslide frequency. This paper introduces a novel approach to evaluating the susceptibility of geological units (GUs) to landslides, based on an analysis of the energy relief index. The method is applied to Pannonian Croatia, specifically the North Croatian Basin and the Hrvatsko Zagorje Basin, where landslides are the predominant mass movement process. Previous attempts to create landslide susceptibility maps for Croatia did not adequately analyze landslide inventories. Our approach utilizes three key datasets: landslide inventory, geological maps, and relief energy, to clearly identify which GUs are most frequently in an unstable equilibrium state. The findings highlight that the youngest isolated Miocene unit (M₇) has the highest landslide susceptibility. This method shows significant promise by enabling precise identification of landslide-prone GUs and offering the potential for integration into the production of small-scale landslide susceptibility maps, particularly for determining weighting factors for GUs within specific study areas. However, it is crucial to ensure that the landslide inventory accurately represents the entire landslide population in the study area.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10064-025-04186-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143571064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Capillary water absorption characteristics of sandstone in Nankan Grotto: impacts from salt types and concentrations","authors":"Xuening Zhang,&nbsp;Jiawen Xie,&nbsp;Xiyong Wu,&nbsp;Sixiang Ling,&nbsp;Wei Wei,&nbsp;Xiaoning Li","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04196-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04196-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The capillary water absorption issues of the sandstone have significantly influenced their salt weathering conditions. This work aimed to explore the influences of different salt types and concentrations for the capillary water absorption of sandstone in Nankan Grotto. Three sets of capillary water absorption tests were designed. In addition, the mineralogical, major element, micro-structure, and physical properties of sandstone were also analysed. It is found that the mineralogical compositions of the sandstone were quartz, feldspar, illite-smectite mixed layer, illite, and chlorite. The water absorption weight curves showed three stages: rapid water absorption stage (0–4 h), slow water absorption stage (4–36 h), and inactive water absorption stage (after 36 h). The capillary rise height curves showed two stages: sharp increase in 0–20 min and very slow increase after 20 min. The capillary water absorption coefficient (A_cap) results revealed that all of the salt solutions (Na₂SO₄, NaNO₃, and Na₂SO₄ + NaNO₃) promoted the capillary water absorption in sandstone. The promoting effect of Na₂SO₄ solution was the most remarkable, followed by Na₂SO₄ + NaNO₃ solution. The promoting effect of NaNO₃ solution was insignificant. The maximum water absorption velocities under the NaNO₃ solution conditions were always greater than those under the Na₂SO₄ solution conditions, and smaller than that under deionized water. This was due to the highest viscosity of Na₂SO₄ solution. The Hall model fitted the capillary water absorption curves better than Feng and Janssen model. In addition, the modified model for capillary rise height prediction demonstrated good agreements with those obtained from experiments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143564400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial desaturation experimental study of calcareous sand based on yeasts","authors":"Xiao Xie,&nbsp;Yumin Chen,&nbsp;Yi Han,&nbsp;Saeed Sarajpoor,&nbsp;Junwei Guo","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04195-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04195-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Microbial induced desaturation and precipitation (MIDP) has been proven to be an environmental-friendly and reliable method for liquefaction mitigation. This study further explored MIDP with yeasts that had better performance for soil desaturation. First, the growth characteristics of two kind of yeasts were analyzed. Then the gas production ability of yeasts was measured by drainage method. Finally, the shaking table test was conducted to investigate the liquefaction mitigation effect. The results showed that the yeast anaerobic gas production reaction can reduce the saturation degree of calcareous sand from 100% to 86.76%. In the shaking table test, bacterial solution of 4% sucrose content achieved the best desaturation effect, the saturation degree of the bottom layer could be reduced to 59.9%. The excess pore pressure ratio of the soil at the different depths had a decreasing trend. The change of soil shear wave velocity changes was tested after desaturation, and found that the shear wave velocity increased from 10 m/s to 70 m/s with a regularity as the saturation degree decreased. The results of this study provided a new perspective on yeast in calcareous sand desaturation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143570904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing fracture mechanics in thermally treated, uniaxial loaded grouted non-persistent medium-hard rock: a digital image correlation and FracPaQ analysis","authors":"Gaurav Kumar Mathur,&nbsp;Arvind Kumar Jha,&nbsp;Gaurav Tiwari","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04201-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04201-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dynamic loading along the rock joints from factors such as thermal loads, excavation, and seismic wave velocity further exacerbates susceptibility. It is crucial to restore the strength of such rock masses using appropriate techniques to enhance the stability of slopes and tunnels and mitigate future distress and damage. This study investigates the impact of uniaxial loading on the peak strength and fracture propagation behaviour of non-persistent rock masses subjected to temperatures from 100 °C to 400 °C. These parameters have been examined in jointed samples (i.e., prepared by dental plaster (DP) with joint at 30° inclinations to the horizontal in the middle of the specimen) and filled with grouts using (i) cement, (ii) sand-cement mortar (in a 1:3 ratio) and bio-concrete (SCB) mix, and (iii) epoxy resin. The results reveal that grouting can mitigate the presence of defects in any rock mass. Without heat-treated specimens with epoxy grout are more effective than those with cement and SCB mix grout. The study also clearly delineates the effects of temperature variation on the strength behaviour of both un-grouted and grouted specimens. The strain field of samples without subjected to heat treatment varies from 0.01 to 0.25, 0.05 to 0.55, 0.02 to 0.14 and 0.01 to 0.1 in un-grouted, SCB mix, cement and epoxy grouted, respectively. In un-grouted specimens, strain increases with higher thermal treatments, transitioning from tensile to far-field failure modes. When grouting is introduced, an increase in strain is observed. In specimens grouted with SCB mix, shear cracks dominate up to 250 °C, after which far-field cracks appear. In cement-grouted specimens, far-field cracks are observed up to 200 °C, followed by a transition to tensile failure mode. However, far-field failure mode in epoxy grouted specimens initiates from the onset of thermal treatments, starting at 100 °C. The detailed observations on crack propagation along un-grouted and grouted specimens is made via Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and FracPaQ analysis. The DIC technique enables precise measurement of strain distribution and deformation, while FracPaQ provides detailed analysis of fracture networks and orientations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143564333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiscale progressive 3D geological modeling based on isochronous stratigraphy identification in urban underground space","authors":"You Zhang,&nbsp;Ling-Ling He,&nbsp;Yu-Yong Jiao,&nbsp;Han-Fa Peng,&nbsp;Shun-Chang Liu,&nbsp;Qian-Bing Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04185-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04185-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>3D geological modeling facilities the visualization of geological conditions to hone engineering decisions in the utilization of urban underground space, but it poses significant challenges due to multiscale application scenarios within different resolutions, as well as complex coupled modeling procedures between geometry and properties. Massive multisource geological data have been collected in Wuhan city. Nevertheless, a regional 3D geological model had not been established yet. To address these issues, a multigrid progressive 3D geological modeling scheme is proposed and then adopted to multiscale progressive 3D geological modeling in Wuhan city. Initially, the geological framework is established with grid division according to the regional geological evolution surveys, and 3D geological structure modeling is subsequently implemented by discrete smooth interpolation method leveraging borehole and synthetic data extracted from geological profiles with nodes identification. Following isochronous stratigraphy features analysis of geological properties and borehole density assessment within grid subdivision, the 3D property model is built using an optimized ordinary kriging method constrained by the multiscale structure model. Finally, the 3D geological model is validated and updated under the multiscale framework in conjunction with new site investigations. The multiscale progressive 3D geological modeling workflow is employed in urban metro construction scenarios, and it paves a way to promote the application of geological survey achievements in the whole life cycle of urban underground space development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143564393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and characterization of rock discontinuities under complex terrain conditions based on UAV photogrammetry and ANN algorithm","authors":"Xiandong Ma,&nbsp;Shengwen Qi,&nbsp;Weiwei Zhu,&nbsp;Yongchao Li,&nbsp;Zan Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04193-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04193-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rock discontinuities are crucial to the stability of rock mass. Under complex high-steep slope conditions, such as the interference of vegetation, a large number of discontinuity sets, and a high degree of weathering, the characterization of rock discontinuities is usually challenging. To this end, this paper proposed an approach for rock discontinuity identification and characterization based on UAV photogrammetry and artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm. UAV photogrammetry was used to obtain 3D point clouds of the study area. The vectors of multi-dimensional features including point cloud orientation features (Normal vectors), geometric features (Anisotropy, Planarity, Roughness, etc.), and optical features (RGBVI), were obtained by calculation. Then, by constructing an ANN model and using the multi-dimensional feature vectors as the network input, the multivariate classification task of rock discontinuities was realized. The ANN algorithm can simultaneously identify and classify all discontinuities of the rock mass and non-discontinuities, as well as each rock discontinuity set. On this basis, the extraction of the individual discontinuities was achieved by the Fast-marching approach. Two case studies were utilized to illustrate the methodology. The results show that this approach has high accuracy and high computational efficiency. The main advantage of the proposed approach is that the ANN can handle complex discontinuity extraction tasks without a complicated pre-processing process, making it highly applicable.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143564330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The feasibility of using corn stalk ash to improve sulfate saline soil and its damage mechanical properties under freeze–thaw cycles","authors":"Jian Liu,&nbsp;Laigui Wang,&nbsp;Hewan Li,&nbsp;Guochao Zhao,&nbsp;Han Gao","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04197-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04197-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The salinization of sulfate saline soil in frozen regions can lead to severe potential environmental hazards, such as increased salt heaving and collapsibility. Corn stalk ash (CSA), a typical agricultural waste that is non-polluting to soil, groundwater, and the environment, possesses high pozzolanic activity and is a potential amendment for sulfate saline soil. To verify the feasibility of using CSA to improve sulfate saline soil, a series of experiments were conducted to study the effects of CSA content, salt content, and freeze–thaw cycles on the mechanical properties of the improved soils. A statistical damage constitutive model was established that comprehensively considers the coupled effects of freeze–thaw, salinity, moisture, and loading to more accurately describe the improvement effects of CSA. The study shows that CSA is highly effective in improving sulfate saline soil. The application of this method can significantly increase the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of sulfate saline soil and greatly enhance their freeze–thaw resistance. The best improvement effect was observed with a CSA content of 15%. Furthermore, the coupled statistical damage constitutive model more accurately and intuitively analyzed the entire deformation and failure process of the improved soil under coupled effects, showing that the addition of CSA enhances the brittle characteristics of the improved soil while reducing its plastic deformation and ductile failure characteristics. In summary, the method of using CSA to improve sulfate saline soil is highly effective and environmentally friendly, providing a theoretical basis for improving sulfate saline soil in seasonally frozen regions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the initiating and resisting mechanisms of toppling deformations in anti-inclined rock slopes","authors":"Yibing Ning,&nbsp;Huiming Tang,&nbsp;Jianbing Peng,&nbsp;Yanjun Shen,&nbsp;John V. Smith,&nbsp;Tao Ding","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04131-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04131-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Toppling in layered anti-inclined rock slopes generally trends towards self-stabilization over long periods of time. This progressive process poses a distinct challenge in the accurate evaluation of the stability condition of an anti-inclined rock slope. The universal distinct element code (UDEC) was used in this study to reproduce the mechanics of a toppling failure. We developed two FISH functions to capture detailed joint damage and track the evolution of the interlayer normal forces. The initiating and resisting mechanisms of toppling were investigated based on the results of the numerical simulation. An improved limit equilibrium method, which considers the effects of the interlayer forces, was established to quantitatively evaluate the stability of anti-inclined rock slopes subjected to initial rotation. We proposed a ratio between the actual slope deformation and the deformation in the layer symmetry condition to determine the self-stabilization of toppling deformations. The results demonstrate that initial rotation of rock columns is prone to occur on steep slopes with larger layer dip angles and lower internal friction angles of the rock layers. Significant differentials between principal stresses create larger interlayer shear stresses, thereby facilitating the initial rotation of rock columns. The toppling deformation is considered to have reached a stable state when the sum of the orientations between the initial and deflected layers in the middle of the slope equals 180°. The case study indicates that the formation of gaps between layers and the downward movement of interlayer normal forces significantly reduce the slope stability, with <span>(:{F}_{mathrm{s}})</span> decreasing from 1.99 to 1.01. As toppling deformations reach self-stabilization, the deformation factor of safety in the middle of the slope remains approximately 1.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143533096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction models of Newmark sliding displacement considering pulse-like ground motions","authors":"Shiyuan Ju,&nbsp;Jinqing Jia,&nbsp;Xing Gao","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04184-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04184-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Several machine learning-based Newmark sliding displacement prediction models have been developed by researchers to assess the seismic performance of numerous slopes in a region. Sliding displacements induced by pulse-like ground motions (PGMs) are larger and cause more severe damage. However, existing machine learning-based models cannot accurately predict PGMs-induced sliding displacements. In this research, a Newmark sliding displacement prediction model considering PGMs is developed by improving in two aspects: sliding displacement generation and intensity measurements (IMs) selection. The improvement in sliding displacement generation can avoid unfavorable underestimation of sliding displacements. While the improvement in IMs selection can increase the efficiency of models in previous studies, the R² is improved by up to 83.71% and the RMSE is reduced by up to 45.49%. In addition, the proposed prediction models can satisfy the sufficiency requirement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143533098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic stability analysis of bidirectional jointed rock slope","authors":"Haiying Fu,&nbsp;Yanyan Zhao,&nbsp;Mingzhe Zhou,&nbsp;Qilin Li","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04188-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04188-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The southwestern region of country is characterized by its complex topography and high average elevation, with numerous jointed rock slopes. Additionally, the intricate terrain of high-altitude areas frequently results in seismic activity. This paper is based on the #1 tunnel slope project in the region, employing both shake table experiments and numerical simulations to analyze the failure modes of the jointed rock slope under seismic conditions and the stability of the jointed rock slope under different parameters. The integrated evaluation method was used in this paper to evaluate the dynamic stability of the slope, which considered both the seismic permanent displacement method and the Dynamic Strength Reduction Method. The specific conclusions are as follows: (1) The failure process of the jointed rock slopes was categorized into three distinct stages: local shear slip, slip surface formation and complete failure. The failure mode was summarized as shear slip failure occurring along the joint surfaces, accompanied by the collapse of locally fragmented rock masses. (2) the slope angle emerged as a significant factor influencing the failure mode of jointed rock slopes. Larger slope angles, greater joint dip angles and smaller joint spacings correlated with increased failure severity and diminished stability. (3) the maximum permanent displacement is positively correlated with both the slope angle and joint dip angle.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143533072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}