Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment最新文献

{"title":"Field-scale testing and numerical simulation of polymer micropiles-reinforced soil-rock bedding slopes","authors":"Zhichao Zhang,&nbsp;Xuefeng Tang,&nbsp;Xiang He,&nbsp;Zhenjie Cai,&nbsp;Anhua Gao,&nbsp;Rufa Huang","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04150-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04150-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soil-rock interface landslides are common geological hazards in mountainous regions. While conventional cement-based micropiles are widely used for slope stabilization, their long curing time limits their application in emergency treatments. This study introduces polymer micropiles as a rapid-response alternative, leveraging the quick-setting and high tensile strength properties of polymer grouts. Field-scale tests and numerical simulations were performed to investigate the mechanical response and settlement deformation characteristics of the bedding slopes reinforced with polymer micropiles under loading. Results showed that polymer micropiles significantly improved slope bearing capacity, reduced crest settlement, and decreased surface displacement. Specifically, the bearing capacity of slopes reinforced with single and double rows of polymer micropiles increased by 111% and 211%, respectively, compared to the unreinforced slope. Settlement at the slope crest decreased by 76.9% and 90.4%, while lateral displacement at the slope toe was reduced by 77.8% and 92.8%. The final slope morphologies showed significant differences, with pronounced extrusion and soil detachment observed in the untreated slope, contrasted by only minor surface cracks in the polymer micropile reinforced slope. The simulations revealed that the micropiles fractured at the sliding plane when reaching the ultimate bearing capacity, indicating the compatibility of polymer micropile with the slope soils and the reinforcing effect of the micropiles. These findings demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of polymer micropiles for emergency landslide stabilization, offering a critical window for disaster response and permanent slope stabilization efforts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143379815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new framework for automated extraction of in-situ dangerous rock blocks based on a semi-deterministic block theory","authors":"Yangli Zhou,&nbsp;Haiying Fu,&nbsp;Mingzhe Zhou,&nbsp;Yanyan Zhao,&nbsp;Jihuan Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04107-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04107-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Numerous dangerous rock blocks are located on rock slopes, potentially threatening the construction and safety operation of the adjacent engineering facilities. The dangerous rock block identification has been realized for decades in rock mechanics and engineering. However, studies on the automated identification of in-situ dangerous rock blocks (ISDRBs) are limited. In this study, a novel framework is proposed for automated extraction of ISDRBs based on a new semi-deterministic block theory considering discontinuity geometric characteristics. It involves four main steps: (1) establishment of the slope point cloud model using an unmanned aerial vehicle multi-angle photography method; (2) automated identification and information extraction of discontinuities based on various algorithms; (3) identification and geometrical characterization of in-situ rock blocks (ISRBs) based on the improved block candidates searching algorithm and polyhedral modeling; (4) stability analysis of ISRBs to extract ISDRBs based on the semi-deterministic block theory. In this framework, the actual positions, geometric characteristics, and safety factors of ISDRBs can be well-reflected, providing a quantitative reference for rockfall disaster prevention and mitigation design. The framework is applied to the stability analysis of the steep rocky slope on the left bank of the Nujiang (NJ) Bridge. The analysis results indicate that, after considering discontinuity geometric characteristics, 52.6% of the ISDRBs cannot form. Ultimately, 45 ISDRBs are identified, predominantly tetrahedron in geometry, and their volumes range from 0.02 to 32.57 <span>(:{text{m}}^{text{3}})</span>, with the majority being smaller than 5 <span>(:{text{m}}^{text{3}})</span>. A convenient and feasible evaluation method based on ISDRB information is finally proposed to further discuss the blocky rock mass system stability. In conclusion, automated extraction of ISDRBs can provide accurate quantitative references for rockfall disaster prevention and mitigation design.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143373310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the control mechanism of thick-layered rock beams on the toppling failure of soft-hard interbedded anti-dip slopes in reservoir areas","authors":"Yang Liu,&nbsp;Da Huang,&nbsp;Jianbing Peng,&nbsp;Dongming Gu,&nbsp;Hao Li","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04138-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04138-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The soft-hard interbedded anti-dip slopes (SHIADSs) in the reservoir area represent a type of layered anti-dip rock slopes characterized by unique rock layering in a particular geological context and are widely distributed. This study examines the failure evolution of a SHIADS, with an embedded thick-layered rock beam, in the Three Gorges reservoir area by applying the universal distinct element code (UDEC) under the combined effects of reservoir water softening and seepage. The simulation results indicate that the thick-layered rock beams within the slope play a critical role in influencing the failure process of the slope’s rock layers. Furthermore, the study investigates how the location and thickness of rock beams impact the deformation of SHIADSs within the reservoir area. As the rock beam’s location moves closer to the interior of the slope, the area of the slide body above the rock beam decreases considerably, while the area below the rock beam increases significantly. As the rock beam’s thickness increases, the area of the slide body above the rock beam decreases significantly, while the area below it remains largely unchanged. The forces in the rock beams are consistent with the independent cantilever beam model, and the changes in location and thickness are essentially changes in the tensile stresses in the rock beams. The findings of this study provide valuable guidance and reference for the reinforcement of SHIADSs in reservoir areas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143361729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An advanced numerical approach for flowslides in informal landfills considering the softening and state transition of MSW","authors":"Qi-Teng Zheng,&nbsp;An-Zheng Li,&nbsp;Shi-Jin Feng,&nbsp;Fu-Sheng Zha,&nbsp;Yong Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04149-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04149-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Landfilled waste exhibits strain-softening behavior at large deformations due to fiber failure and fluid-like transitions, complicating the identification of trigger mechanisms for landfill flowslides. This study presents an advanced numerical approach to address strain-softening and state transitions in landfill flowslide disasters. A solid-viscous constitutive model, which decomposes effective stress into solid and viscous stress components, is introduced. The solid-liquid interaction is modeled through coupled displacement-pore pressure formulations. Validation of the proposed model extends beyond prior field data to include ring shear tests, flowslide model tests and centrifuge experiments, ensuring robust assessment of viscous stress and the solid-viscous constitutive formulation. Two case studies involving heavy rainfall and high leachate level demonstrate the approach’s advantages. Under heavy rainfall, failure initiates above the wetting front due to the dissipation of matrix suction and weakening fiber embedment. In contrast, high leachate level-induced flowslides exhibit deeper failure surfaces and longer sliding distances. Complete slope failure occurs when the unsaturated waste reaches its peak strength, and the failure surface fully penetrates. These findings provide critical insights into the mechanisms driving landfill flowslides and offer guidance for risk mitigation strategies in waste management practices. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143361664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of soluble salt content on unfrozen water and matric suction during cooling of loess in Ili region, China","authors":"Zhichao Liang,&nbsp;Wenyuan Ren,&nbsp;Shuangcun Li,&nbsp;Aijun Zhang,&nbsp;Yuguo Wang,&nbsp;Lisi Niu,&nbsp;Haijun Hu","doi":"10.1007/s10064-024-04014-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-024-04014-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soluble salts significantly influence the freezing characteristic parameters of frozen soil. Previous studies have either insufficiently addressed the effect of sodium sulfate on matric suction or not comprehensively revealed the mechanism by which temperature affects matric suction at freezing temperature. In this study, the moisture and suction sensors were used to quantify the freezing temperature (FT), unfrozen water content (UWC), and matric suction (MS) of Ili loess with varying soluble salt contents. The impact of soluble salt content on three freezing characteristic parameters were investigated with the underlying mechanisms revealed. The results indicated that there was an initial decrease in both freezing and supercooling temperatures as the soluble salt content increased. Beyond a soluble salt content of 14 g/kg, an increase in both the freezing and supercooling temperatures was observed. Specimens with different soluble salt contents exhibited distinct UWC, which could be categorized into three stages based on temperature. A crystal precipitation stage was observed beyond the soluble salt content of 14 g/kg. Moreover, the proposed fitting model for UWC by incorporating the soluble salt content into the Gardner model demonstrated high accuracy. The MS can also be divided into three stages with temperature. Notably, specimens with soluble salt contents of 20 and 26 g/kg exhibited nonlinear increases in MS at temperatures of 5 °C and 10 °C due to crystal precipitation. Furthermore, theoretical calculations indicated the complete precipitation of sodium sulfate during the positive temperature stage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143361937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the seepage mechanism of deposit with inverse graining","authors":"Yixiang Song,&nbsp;Yueqi Zhao,&nbsp;Qiujie Meng,&nbsp;Chao Yang","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04137-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04137-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The inverse graining deposit (IGD) resulting from landslides is frequently susceptible to seepage-induced erosion failure, posing a significant threat to infrastructure, exemplified by the Sichuan-Tibet Railway, as well as the local population. In this study, the phenomenon of fluid flow-induced particle migration within IGD has been examined through seepage tests utilizing a proprietary experimental apparatus and numerical simulations utilizing a coupled computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM) coupling scheme, focusing on elucidating particle dynamics and the underlying migration mechanisms. The experimental findings reveal that continuously graded IGD and discontinuously graded IGD are vulnerable to localized erosion and piping erosion, respectively. Furthermore, the critical hydraulic gradient for erosion diminishes with the reduction in fine particle content, unevenness coefficient, and hydraulic gradient in the lower layer. Numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the erosion mechanism and to assess the impact of fine particle migration and particle content on the overall stability. The findings from these simulations indicate that the absence of fine particles in the middle and upper layers of IGD leads to an inability to replenish particle loss in the lower layer, thereby exacerbating erosion. Consequently, IGD, particularly with those with discontinuous gradation, may play a pivotal role in promoting erosion behavior. It is imperative to conduct further research to examine the influence of layer number, gradation continuity, and the order of particle size distribution in situ, to assess the stability of the deposit under seepage conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143370039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the accuracy of rebound test to predict rock UCS: reliability analysis and a novel wave impedance-based approach","authors":"Shenghao Piao,&nbsp;Sheng Huang,&nbsp;Yingjie Wei,&nbsp;Jianhui Tan,&nbsp;Baosong Ma","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04128-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04128-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The rebound test, which measures the rebound height (<i>R</i>_<i>H</i>) to swiftly assess the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rock, is a potential alternative to address the costly and time-consuming of traditional direct testing methods. However, practical applications have revealed significant predictive inaccuracies with rebound testing, raising doubts about the reliability of current standards and previously empirical equations. This study critically evaluates the reliability of the rebound testing standard and existing empirical equations using the N-type Schmidt hammer. A total of 482 rock samples from Western China was analyzed through a series of laboratory tests, indicating that the N-type Schmidt hammer causes a significant decrease in UCS, even leading to sample damage. Moreover, the choice of rebound testing standard substantially influences the testing results. Cross-validation of reference and laboratory data exposed regional variations in data distribution characteristics, and statistical analysis showed that existing equations, developed from limited data, are not universally applicable. To enhance prediction accuracy, this research proposes the use of wave impedance to characterize initial rock damage, thereby gives a practical physical significance to the predictive equation. This research contributes to the refinement of current rebound testing standards and presents a novel methodology for improving the accuracy of rebound testing in rock mechanics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143361858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unified rock pillar strength formula for mine design","authors":"Cesar Arriagada,&nbsp;Javier Vallejos,&nbsp;Lorena Burgos,&nbsp;Adeline Delonca,&nbsp;Felipe Ochoa-Cornejo,&nbsp;Jorge Velásquez","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04104-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04104-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents a new equation to design rock pillars in underground excavations. The study is based on rigorous statistical analysis of empirical databases and equations used in the engineering design process. The new formula has three fitting functions that consider the rock mass quality, the shape of the rock pillar, and the scale effects. The new equation has two distinctive advantages: (1) It takes into account the Rock Mass Rating of Bieniawski-1989 (RMR_B89), and (2) It unifies the strength of the intact rock, scaling the strength of laboratory tests to the scale of rock pillars. The results suggest that the proposed new formula (and corresponding fitting formulae) provide better estimations than empirical approaches, at both the laboratory and rock pillar scale levels. Specific recommendations to use the equations are based on the rock mass quality, geometrical properties, and spatial location of the rock pillars. The premise of this study was to overcome the three main disadvantages of empirical formulae used in the engineering design of rock pillars: (1) disregarding of the rock mass quality of rock pillars in the formulation. (2) Dependency on local site geomechanical conditions (site conditions dependent equations). (3) The non-uniformity between the intact rock strength measured in the laboratory and the pillar strength. The results of this work provide a step forward in the design of rock pillars, structures engineered with the natural in-situ rock mass, to sustain underground openings, and guarantee safe underground excavations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic impact of hillslope landslide sediment transfer to ecological environment recovery in earthquake disturbed area","authors":"Jiang Xiong,&nbsp;Huayong Chen,&nbsp;Chuan Tang,&nbsp;Ming Chen,&nbsp;Tao Yang,&nbsp;Lingfeng Gong,&nbsp;Xianzheng Zhang,&nbsp;Qingyun Shi,&nbsp;Ning Li,&nbsp;Mingwei Li","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04125-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04125-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the Wenchuan seismic disturbed region, the landslide sediment transfer has seriously damaged the vegetation. On the contrary, the vegetation recovery can improve the post-seismic slope instability by the root reinforcement effect and reduce landslide sediment transfer. However, due to limited earth observations, it remains elusive that the dynamic response of hillslope landslide sediment transfer to ecological environment recovery in earthquake disturbed area. We analyzed the prolonged evolution of landslide sediment transfer potential (<i>LSTP</i>) and surface recovery in epicentre of Wenchuan earthquake using the standardization landslide sediment transfer potential index (<i>SIH</i>) and normalized difference vegetation index (<i>NDVI</i>), respectively. As well, the dynamic relationship between landslide sediment transfer and vegetation recovery is discussed. We found that the LSTP in regions between Gengda and Caopo was dominated by high and extreme levels between 2008 and 2013, and it gradually enhanced during this period, which poses a negative impact on vegetation recovery. On the contrary, the LSTP continued to decline after 2013, which provided a positive impact on vegetation recovery, and average NDVI recovered at a rate of 0.05 yr⁻¹. In recent years, more than 78.33% of the study area was dominated by moderate and slight LSTP, and the NDVI has almost returned to pre-earthquake levels, which provides a linear impact on decay of landslide erosion and landslide sediment supply for channel. However, the species that breed slowly (trees) will gradually rehabilitate for a longer period, so the impact of vegetation restoration on landslide sediment reduction needs further long-term observation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing landslide deformation and activity in a changing local environment: a case study of Zhouqu County in the Bailong River Basin","authors":"Zijing Liu,&nbsp;Haijun Qiu,&nbsp;Ya Liu,&nbsp;Yaru Zhu,&nbsp;Xingyuan Jiang,&nbsp;Fei Wang,&nbsp;Yanqian Pei,&nbsp;Bingzhe Tang","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04106-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04106-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Climate change and frequent earthquakes influence the surface deformation of landslides and further lead to catastrophic event. However, due to the deficiency effective long-term monitoring data for landslides, it is difficult to quantitatively analyze the actual impact of the changing local environment on landslide deformation. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the effects of rainfall and earthquakes on landslides deformation in Zhouqu County, China, using Multi-Temporal Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (MT-InSAR) technique. The results showed that in recent years, the unstable areas and the fastest deformation velocity of the five occurred landslides (Suoertou, Daxiaowan, Xieliupo, Zhongpai and Qinyu landslides) studied have significantly increased. Meanwhile, the time series displacement data of five landslides showed that the deformation trend changed from a steady state to an accelerated state. Furthermore, our findings revealed that an augmentation in precipitation not only exacerbated the incidence of rainstorms, thereby facilitating the occurrence frequency of devastating landslides, but also demonstrated a correlation between annual precipitation and variations in the deformation trend of landslides. Smaller values of the magnitude (reciprocal), depth, and epicentral distance resulted in greater surface displacement of the landslide; conversely, larger values resulted in smaller surface displacement. These quantitative correlations suggest that, due to the perpetual alterations in the environment, landslides are progressively transitioning from a state of relative stability to one of heightened activity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143108302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}