Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment最新文献

{"title":"Compressive behavior of EICP-treated calcareous sands under one-dimensional high-pressure compression conditions","authors":"Qian Zhang,&nbsp;Weimin Ye,&nbsp;Yonggui Chen,&nbsp;Wei Su,&nbsp;Qiong Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10064-026-05016-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-026-05016-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Calcareous sand is commonly used as filling materials for the construction of infrastructure foundations in island or coastal engineering projects. However, its susceptibility to particle breakage and high compressibility threaten the safety and stability of geotechnical structures built on calcareous sand foundations. Enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) technique has shown great potential for the soil reinforcement. To investigate the compressive characteristics and deformation mechanism of EICP-treated calcareous sands under high-pressure conditions, a series of one-dimensional compression tests were conducted at vertical pressures of up to 70 MPa. Through variations on the initial dry density and cementation level, the compressive behavior, particle gradation and microstructure were analyzed and discussed. The results revealed that the dominant deformation mechanism transformed from particle breakage to particle aggregation with increasing the carbonate content (<i>C</i>_<i>c</i>). After high-pressure compression, the EICP-treated calcareous sand was composed by newly graded aggregates bonded by particles of various sizes. The “grade-jump” of the original sand particles within the bonded aggregates led to the particle size distribution curve shifting toward the aggregation region after compression. When a certain threshold of <i>C</i>_<i>c</i> was achieved, a considerable proportion of carbonate bonds remained intact and fractured sand particles coexisted within large-sized bonded particle aggregates. The EICP-treated calcareous sand could maintain the overall structural stability under high-pressure conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"85 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147830191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geological information in shield tunnelling: exploration, estimation, prediction, and perspectives","authors":"Tao Yan,&nbsp;Shui-Long Shen,&nbsp;Annan Zhou,&nbsp;Zhen-Yu Yin","doi":"10.1007/s10064-026-05014-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-026-05014-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper reviewed the geological exploration, inference, and prediction methods in tunnelling. We summarised many types of geological exploration equipment, which can directly obtain the geotechnical parameters and provide the point data for geological estimation and prediction at various measured points. Then, the geological estimation approaches based on statistical-probabilistic methods were compared to show their capability to evaluate the geological conditions between different boreholes. Additionally, we reviewed various artificial intelligence (AI) methods applied to establish the relationship between shield parameters and geotechnical parameters for the geological types classification, geotechnical parameters prediction, and real-time geological feature identification ahead of the shield cutterhead. Finally, we proposed the next-generation intelligent geological exploration framework for smart shield tunnelling. By implementing the space-air-ground-machine intelligent monitoring and detection system, the construction 4.0 system is established based on Digital Twins, Internet of Things (IoT) techniques, Building Information Model (BIM) technology and Physics-informed neural network (PINN) prediction models. The engineers can adjust tunelling parameters in various formations using a Geographic Information System (GIS) platform and virtual reality technology to improve the efficiency and safety of smart shield tunnelling.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"85 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147830190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An investigation into the shear mechanical properties and failure features at the interface of soil-rock strata","authors":"Zihan Zhou,&nbsp;Linfeng Wang,&nbsp;Xinrong Liu,&nbsp;Xiaohan Zhou,&nbsp;Peiyao Li","doi":"10.1007/s10064-026-04887-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-026-04887-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The soil-rock interface’s shear mechanical properties and failure characteristics significantly influence excavations’ stability within bi-material geological conditions. Employing a multi-scale methodology, the morphological features of the interface were first investigated through field surveys. Indoor shear tests were then designed and conducted alongside mesoscale numerical simulations using the Particle Flow Code (PFC) to validate and gain mesoscopic insights into the failure mechanisms. This integrated approach aimed to explore the shear mechanical characteristics and failure patterns of the silty clay–slightly weathered sandstone interface under varying roughness degrees and burial depths. Our findings reveal that: (1) The shear stress-displacement curve of the interface undergoes three distinct phases: initial elastic deformation, elastoplastic deformation, and strain-hardening deformation. The slope of the stress growth curve during the strain-hardening stage remains nearly constant with increased normal pressure but escalates with increasing undulation. (2) The peak shear stress exhibits a linear enhancement with escalating normal pressure. It increases with undulation to a certain point before stabilizing, indicating a high sensitivity to undulation variations at lower degrees of undulation. (3) Three failure modes were identified based on the experimental observations: shear slip failure, localized defect failure, and overall shear failure. (4) The interface fracture predominantly features tensile fissures, with normal pressure increments chiefly amplifying shear-induced fractures, while elevated undulations augment both shear and tensile cracks simultaneously; a continuous shear fracture zone forms near the tips of the rock asperities at a shear displacement of approximately 2 mm, with its width expanding with increased normal pressure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"85 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Excavation-induced stress release and ground improvement depth in normally consolidated rock, transitional rock, and soil media","authors":"Erkan Bozkurtoğlu","doi":"10.1007/s10064-026-05010-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-026-05010-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Excavation-induced stress-release governs the mechanical response of geomaterials and may influence ground deformation and foundation performance beneath excavation bases. Although the concept of normal consolidation is commonly associated with soils, stress-states governed primarily by present overburden conditions may also occur in transitional rock and rock masses. This study presents a simplified analytical framework for evaluating excavation-induced stress redistribution and for defining preliminary ground-improvement depth envelopes in normally consolidated geomaterials. The proposed formulation is based on a one-dimensional reference stress framework governed by self-weight and reformulates the overconsolidation ratio (OCR) to represent excavation-induced stress-release as a normalized indicator of unloading. Within this framework, the depth at which the normalized OCR approaches unity is expressed as a function of excavation depth, defining an asymptotic analytical limit associated with the attenuation of excavation-induced stress redistribution. For normally consolidated soils, this limiting depth is approximately proportional to excavation depth (≈ 201·ED), which should be interpreted as a theoretical upper-bound envelope rather than a physically mobilized disturbance depth. The analytical framework is used to derive preliminary expressions for estimating ground-improvement depth in soils and to define ratio-based influence envelopes for transitional rock and rock environments. The proposed relationships are intended as screening-level engineering indicators that translate excavation depth and structural importance into rational ranges of ground-improvement depth. Although real excavation behaviour is governed by complex three-dimensional processes, recognition of such asymptotic stress-release envelopes may provide useful insight into the potential extent of excavation influence zone and support preliminary design assessment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"85 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10064-026-05010-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical behavior and fracture mechanism of rock under Brazilian splitting test via the FEM-CZM method","authors":"Zhang Huijian,&nbsp;Liu Yongde,&nbsp;Zhou Xuemin,&nbsp;Wang Fei,&nbsp;Chen Zekun","doi":"10.1007/s10064-026-05013-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-026-05013-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To investigate the Brazilian splitting mechanical response and crack evolution pattern of different types of rock under different loading fixtures as well as the behaviour of multi-fractured rock tested under the same test fixture, this study employed secondary development of ABAQUS software using Python programming to globally embed cohesive elements into solid elements. Laboratory Brazilian tests and digital image correlation (DIC) tests were carried out using a GCTS rock testing system (RTR-1000), and the results of these tests were used to verify the numerical simulation results. Numerical simulation studies were subsequently performed under multiple working conditions. (1) With respect to limestone and granite, the variation trends of the stress‒strain curves and the failure process generated by numerical simulations are highly consistent with those obtained from laboratory tests. (2) Under the action of flat loading fixtures, point loading fixtures, and arc loading fixtures, cracks in both limestone and granite initiate at positions approximately 0.66R–0.86<i>R</i> above or below the specimen centre (where <i>R</i> represents the radius), with the initiation dominated by a tension‒shear composite mode. (3) The crack propagation modes of the multifractured limestone and granite exhibit a “two-stage”–“three-stage”–“two-stage” pattern with variations in the fracture dip angle. At different crack dip angles, the main cracks of both the limestone and the granite initiate at or near the lower left side of Fracture 3 and extend along the loading direction. The findings of this study provide an important reference for elucidating the Brazilian rock splitting behaviour and improving the safety assessment of rock mass engineering projects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"85 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical behaviors of rooted soil in triaxial tests and implications for rainfall-induced landslides","authors":"Jingye Chen,&nbsp;Jun Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10064-026-05003-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-026-05003-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Extreme rainfall frequently triggers landslides in vegetated areas, and exploring the mechanical properties of rooted soil is critical for understanding such hazards. Using Chinese fir, the most prevalent plant species in Northern Guangdong, as the research subject, this study investigates the mechanical behavior of rooted soil via triaxial tests, with a specific focus on how root characteristics, including root biomass, root angle, and root diameter, regulate the shear strength, deformation, and instability of the soil. Results indicate that roots enhance soil shear strength and inhibit contractive deformation, with this effect becoming more pronounced as root biomass increases, as the angle between roots and potential failure planes grows larger, and as root diameters decrease. Furthermore, roots suffering tensile stress alter the movement patterns of soil particles, increasing the likelihood of soil dilation. However, under conditions of low root biomass and coarse roots, roots are prone to fracture or slippage, causing the soil to revert to a contraction state. The experiments also indicate that roots effectively mitigate soil static liquefaction induced by rainfall infiltration, thereby reducing the likelihood of landslide fluidization. This study contributes to the establishment of constitutive models for rooted soil and provides theoretical support for the treatment of this type of landslide.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"85 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stress propagation characteristics of different coal pillars along floor under multi-seam mining conditions","authors":"Dongxiao Zhang,&nbsp;Zihui Wang,&nbsp;Yan Tan","doi":"10.1007/s10064-026-04958-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-026-04958-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Under the condition of multi-coal seam mining, the remaining coal pillars left by the upper coal seam mining will cause stress concentration phenomena on the floor and the underlying coal seams. To reveal the characteristics of stress propagation in the floor of coal pillars, the stress distributions of these pillars are classified into three categories based on engineering practices: large quasi-elastic coal pillars, medium plastic coal pillars, and small plastic coal pillars. Numerical simulations were conducted considering seven types of strata distributions, followed by a physical model test to validate the results. It shows how the distribution of rock properties affects the stress concentration range and propagation angle in the underlying strata of three coal pillar types. Ultimately, a semi-plane theoretical model based on the Coal-goaf-coal(CGC) structure was developed, and the stress distribution equation for the Coal-goaf-coal-goaf-coal(CGCGC) structure was derived. Under the CGCGC structure, the stress distribution patterns of the three types of coal pillars are similar. Significant stress concentration occurs on both sides of the coal pillars and within the remaining coal pillars. Moreover, under the same in-situ stress, the vertical stress in the floor is the lowest beneath the small coal pillar, followed by the medium and then the large coal pillar. The research results can provide a theoretical reference for the risk assessment of residual coal pillars in multi-coal seam mining engineering.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"85 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupled flow–deformation and slope stability analysis of MSW landfills on unsaturated collapsible loess: A case study","authors":"Amir Akbari Garakani,&nbsp;Saman Soleymani Borujerdi,&nbsp;Mostafa Ghaffari","doi":"10.1007/s10064-026-05015-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-026-05015-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examines the hydromechanical behavior, leachate flow, and stability of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills constructed on unsaturated collapsible loess, with emphasis on soil unsaturation, leachate infiltration, and groundwater depth. A detailed case study of the Azadshahr landfill in Golestan Province was analyzed to evaluate stress–deformation response and stability under static and seismic conditions. A coupled finite element framework was used: SIGMA/W for transient seepage and stress–strain analysis, CTRAN/W for leachate transport, and SLOPE/W for stability assessment. Landfill construction was modeled over 10 years, incorporating varying geometries, groundwater depths, and contamination levels. Unsaturated soil behavior was characterized through the soil water retention curve, hydraulic conductivity function, and an extended Mohr–Coulomb criterion with saturation-dependent effective stress. Laboratory tests established the mechanical properties of natural loess and synthetic MSW, including the degrading effects of leachate on shear strength and stiffness. Findings show that leachate infiltration markedly weakens the soil, reducing cohesion from 8 to 5.6 kPa and friction angle from 29° to 21°. Minimum static and seismic factors of safety decline to 1.112 and 0.788, below recommended limits. Settlements reached 73.5 cm at the base and lateral displacements up to 10 cm at side slopes. Higher groundwater depth reduced settlement in uncontaminated conditions but increased instability when leachate was present. Overall, the results underscore the importance of effective leachate management, consideration of unsaturated soil behavior, and groundwater control to ensure landfill stability and limit long-term deformation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"85 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on deformation characteristics and failure modes of high-altitude ancient landslide in Lijie North Hill, Zhouqu, China","authors":"Xiao-hui Yang,&nbsp;Fei Hu,&nbsp;Xiao-jie Liu,&nbsp;Yuan-wen Jiang,&nbsp;Xin Jiang,&nbsp;Xue-liang Cui,&nbsp;Kun-quan Chen,&nbsp;Shi-kui Zhu","doi":"10.1007/s10064-026-05005-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-026-05005-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The high-altitude ancient landslide in Lijie north hill, Zhouqu County, China, located at the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has been in a state of long-term creep. It has reactivated eight times in the past 50 years. This study used field investigation, engineering geological drilling, laboratory geotechnical tests and time-series InSAR. It analyzed the engineering geological composition and surface time-series deformation of the landslide. It summarized the deformation characteristics and clarified the failure mode. Results show that the landslide is a high-altitude accumulation landslide along the Bailongjiang fault zone. The slide mass is mainly composed of loess and gravelly soil. The slope structure is significantly degraded with well-developed fractures. In 2021, the sliding zone of the reactivated slope deepened. This caused the failure of existing prevention and control structures. The landslide then evolved into two bodies: H1-1 and H1-2. Both show combined deformation: toe retrogression and rear pushing. InSAR results show a significant positive correlation between deformation and precipitation. On May 23, 2020, rainfall of 21.62 mm triggered a sudden increase in displacement rate. The slope quickly changed from slow creep to accelerated deformation. The failure mode includes three stages: tensile cracking initiation in the source area; impact and crushing in the transport zone; debris flow deposition in the accumulation zone. The results can provide references for understanding reactivation mechanisms and prevention of high-altitude ancient landslides.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"85 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of influencing factors and prediction model of resistivity in unsaturated loess","authors":"Ye Wang,&nbsp;Huanhuan Li,&nbsp;Yaning Li,&nbsp;Aoyu Zheng,&nbsp;Yongquan Li,&nbsp;Wenyu Dang","doi":"10.1007/s10064-026-04928-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-026-04928-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soil resistivity has wide-ranging applications in rock geology, and its study is important for characterizing soil properties, hydrological processes, and geological risk assessment. However, many factors influence soil resistivity, which complicates the quantification of relationships between resistivity and these factors. This study conducted resistivity tests on unsaturated loess using the four-electrode method. We systematically analyzed the effects of temperature, water content, and dry density on loess resistivity. A predictive model was developed and optimized using genetic algorithm. Finally, we evaluated the model’s applicability to different soil textures. The results indicate that soil resistivity decreases exponentially with increasing temperature and water content, whereas it decreases linearly with increasing dry density. Among the factors affecting soil resistivity, water content is the dominant factor, followed by temperature, with the influence of dry density being comparatively small. The model proposed in this study yields robust predictive performance and demonstrates strong applicability to other soil types. These findings provide a theoretical basis and reference for monitoring soil resistivity and for parameter-inversion applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"85 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}